Introduction to Information System

• 1. Information System Concepts Prepared by Sir Gio Friginal

2. Information System System - Set of components that interact to achievecommon goal Information A measure of the quantity of data in a message (information theory concept) Any data that is relevant or has some value (information system concept) Data Any sign, symbol or measure, which is a form thatcan be directly captured by a computer or machine Real-world data represent facts in the real world. Ex. Population Synthetic data random numbers generated by a computer 3. Information System Information vs. Data Data becomes relevant and of value if it actuallymakes a difference in a decision-making process If data has no relevance to the decision made,then data is not information The value of information therefore depends onthe context If it ceases to be in that context, then it ceases tobe information 4. Information System A particular discipline or branch of learning that isconcern with the application of information toorganizational needs Study of information production, flow and use withinorganizations A combination ofhardware, software, people, procedures and data thatprovides data processing capabilities for a business ororganization Makes extensive use of Information Technology, tocapture, transmit, store, manipulate and displayinformation 5. Information System Information Technology Development, installationand implementation of computer systems andapplications Capabilities of Information System Input Processing Output Feedback 6. Information System Input capturing or gathering of raw data which canbe in a manual process or may be automated Input can come from: An inquiry, which is a request for information Source data Response to prompt (ex. Y or N) Message to another user on the system Editing to a record An instruction (ex. Print file, Save file) 7. Information System Processing Producing useful outputs Can be calculations, comparisons, and to store data for future use Manually or with the assistance of computers Ex. Payroll system hours worked * hourly rate 8. Information System Output Come in documents, reports, and transaction datawhere it involves producing useful information Various forms: Hard copy, soft copy, control output 9. Information System Feedback Enhancement or adjustment to input or processing activities Important to managers and decision makers 10. Manual vs. Computer-BasedInformation System Both types of use established patterns for workpractices and information flow Manual Information System Manual systems consist of people, procedures, and data Manual information system can include analyst thatmanually draw charts and trend lines that help themassists in making investment decisions These analyst track data on stock prices (input) thendevelops patterns on graph papers (output) anddetermines prices of stocks would be likely in a few daysor weeks (process) 11. Manual vs. Computer-BasedInformation System Computer-Based Information System Hardware Software Database Telecommunication People 12. Manual vs. Computer-BasedInformation System Manual Payroll SystemThe Payroll Clerk1.Receives time sheets from supervisor2.Retrieves each employees record file from the filing cabinet3.Calculates the gross wage manually with a calculator4.Manually calculates all deductions to get the net wage5.Manually types the pay cheque and stub6.Updates the payroll register (stores every detail of wagespaid, deductions made, etc) study of informationproduction, flow and use within organizations 13. Manual vs. Computer-BasedInformation System Computer-based Payroll SystemThe Payroll Clerk1.Processes the stored time-sheet details2.Retrieves each employees record from database file3.Calculates the gross salary4.Calculates deductions5.Prints the net cheques6.Updates the payroll register 14. Functional-based VS IntegratedInformation System Function-based Integrated System Intended for the exclusive support of a specific application area Has its own set of database files, which start out being the same Database files easily become different as one is updated but the other ones arent 15. Functional-based VS IntegratedInformation System Integrated Information System Share a common set of database files Only one database file implies 0% redundancy and 100% data integrity Database Management System software is used as a tool to integrate data and information flow through an organization 16. Types of Information System Knowledge-Based System Expert System (ES) Decision Support System (DSS) Executive Information System (EIS) Management Information System Database Management Systems Transaction Processing System 17. Knowledge-Based System Uses knowledge-base techniques that supportsdecision-making and is capable of cooperating withusers of information systems Does not only store information, but also the rulesthat can be used to manipulate the information toanswer questions about it. Knowledge is provided as a set of explicit rules abouthow to manipulate different kinds of data orinformation Examples of knowledge-based systems are: ExpertSystem, Decision Support System and ExecutiveInformation System 18. Expert System Application programs that perform a task that wouldotherwise be performed by a human expert Tools that allow programs to be built that closelyresemble human logic It is a program that stimulates the judgment andbehavior of human or organization that has expertknowledge and experience in a particular field It contain knowledge-base containing accumulatedexperience and set of rules 19. Expert System Examples of Expert System are those used to diagnosehuman illness, make financial forecast, scheduleroutes for delivery vehicles and those that play chesscan then be enhanced with additions to the knowledgebased Applications Computer fault diagnosis Medical diagnosis VLSI design Chemical analysisSoftware development and debuggingConfiguring computer systems GeneticsFinancial analysis Geology Education 20. Expert System Advantages Used for solving the difficult problems, usually those that require high levels of expertise on the part of human problem solvers Provide increased consistency and standardization of the techniques used in solving problem Different analysts using the same program will obtain the same results Suitable for problems that involves diagnosis, design and interpretation 21. Expert System Building an expert system involves extracting the relevantknowledge from the human expert Knowledge engineer has the job of studying how humanexperts make decisions, extract the knowledge needed,translate the rules into terms that the computer can understandand build the expert system knowledge-base Initial prototype Building an expert system can be very difficult. Subconscious The most commonly used technique for developing expertsystems are rule-based programming. This technique usesrules to represent heuristics or rules of thumb, which specify aset of actions to be performed for a given situation 22. Expert System IF-THEN portions The IF portion of a rule is a series of patterns thatspecify the data which causes the rule to be applicable The expert system will provide the mechanism calledan inference engine that automatically determineswhich rules are applicable The THEN portion of a rule is a set of actions to beexecuted when a rule is applicable Goal driven vs. data driven 23. Expert SystemRule-based Expert System Architecture 24. Expert SystemGuidelines The need for a solution must justify the cost involved indevelopment Human expertise is not available in all situations where it isneeded The problem may be solved using symbolic reasoningtechniques The problem is well-structured and does not require (much)common sense knowledge The problem cannot be easily solved using more traditionalcomputing methods Cooperative and articulate experts exist The problem is of proper size and scope 25. Expert SystemThis example will identify if a certain Norwegian coin is 20 Kroner, 5 Kroner or 1 Kroner Identify the variable SIZE COLOR DECORATION 26. Expert SystemAssign the range of values for each variable SIZE Diameter is >25 mm Diameter is 25 mm and COLOR is BRONZE andDECORATION is Ship THEN coin is 20 Kroner IF SIZE 25 mm and COLOR is silver and DECORATION isLion THEN coin is 5 Kroner 28. Decision Support System Management Decision Systems Interactive computer based system for informing andsupporting decision makers It help decision-makers use data and models to solveproblems Can take on many different forms and can be used in manydifferent ways Can be a computer program that analyzes business dataand presents it so those users can make business decisionsmore easily It is a tool that helps managers retrieve, summarize andanalyze decision relevant data 29. Decision Support System Classification of DSS Enterprise-wide DSS Desktop DSS 30. Decision Support System Typical information thata decision supportsystem might gatherand present would be: Comparative sales figures Project revenue figuresbased on new productssales assumptions The consequences ofdifferent decisionalternatives, given pastexperiences in a contextthat is described 31. Decision Support System Characteristics of a DSS Handle large amount of data Obtain and process from different sources Provide report and presentation flexibility Have both textual and graphical orientation Perform complex, sophisticated analysis and comparisons using advance software packages Support optimization, satisfying and heuristic approach Perform what if and goal-seeking analysis 32. Decision Support System Some other terms used to describe a system intended toinform and support decision-makers are: Business intelligence Data mining On-line analytical processing (OLAP) Groupware Knowledge ware Knowledge management 33. Executive Information System A tool that provides direct on-line access to relevant information in a useful and navigable format It is commonly considered as a specialized form of decision support system (DSS) Help executives to make decisions at the strategic level by providing graphics and communication support technologies in accessible places They help executives address unstructured decision problems by creating an environment which helps them think about strategic problems in an informed way 34. Executive Information System Example Drill-down analysis Status access 35. Executive Information System Differ from other traditional information systems inseveral ways Specifically tailored to the executives needs Able to access data about the specific issues and problems as well as aggregate results Provide extensive on-line analysis, tools including trend analysis and exception reporting capability Access a broad range of internal and external data Particularly easy to use, either mouse driven or touch screen Used directly by executives without assistance Present information in a graphical form 36. Executive Information System Purpose To support managerial learning about an organization, itsworks process, and its interaction with the externalenvironment To allow timely access information To direct management attention to specific areas of theorganization or specific business problems 37. Transaction Processing System A TransactionProcessing System (TPS)is a type of informationsystem that collects,stores, modifies andretrieves the datatransactions of anenterprise Payroll system was thefirst transactionprocessing system 38. Transaction Processing System Features of TPS Rapid Response Reliability Inflexibility Controlled processing 39. Transaction Processing SystemMethods of TPS Batch processing On-line or Real-time transactionprocessing (OLTP) On-line entry withdelayed processing 40. Transaction Processing System Batch processing 41. Transaction Processing System On-line or Real-time transaction processing (OLTP) 42. Management InformationSystem An integrated computer system for business and otherorganizations that collects and analyzes informationfrom all departments to support operations,management and decision making functions It is designed to provide an organizationsmanagement with up-to-date information whenever itis needed 43. Management InformationSystem Outputs of MIS Scheduled reports Reports that come out at fixed times Key-indicator reports Brings together all the key variables that change over time inany business Demand reports Reports that come out when somebody needs them Exception reports Report that comes out only when something happens, like anaccident or other non expected occurrence 44. Questions?Clarifications?