Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
Dec 31, 2015
Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
THE HUMAN BODY• Anatomy
• Ana- up, temos/tomos- cutting – Dissections
• Study of the structures in thebody
• Physiology
• Physis- nature, logos- study
• Study of the functions of the body’s parts
Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function
• The form of each body structure allows that structure to carry out its specific task– Function follows form, and form
follows function• Function always reflects structure• What a structure can do depends on
its specific form
The Anatomical Position
All of the following assume that the body is in the anatomical position
Standing (or lying) facing front (or up)
Feet together pointed forward
Palms up, thumbs pointing away from the body.
The body is subdivided into cavities based on position or
anatomical location:Axial Portion of Skeleton
•The Head/ Skull– Cranial– Facial (orbital, middle ear, nasal,
oral)
•The vertebral column•The Trunk/ rib cage
– Thoracic cavity– Abdominal cavity– Pelvic cavity
Body Cavities:1. Cranial
2. Vertebral
3. Thoracic
4. Pleural (ea. houses a lung)
5. Pericardial (encloses heart)
6. Abdominal
7. Pelvic
8. Scrotal
Appendicular Portion of Skeleton
• The right and left upper limbs (arms)
• The right and left lower limbs (legs)
*Includes shoulder & hip bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
Body Surfaces
• Rear—Posterior/ Dorsal
• Front—Anterior/ Ventral
Body Planes--Just as there are three planes in space (3
dimensions) the body has 3 spatial planes
1. Coronal or Frontal – Splits body into anterior and
posterior halves
2. Midsagittal– Splits the body into right and left
halves– Sagittal- any cut within that
plane
3. Transverse or Horizontal– Divides the body into upper and
lower halves
Heart—section ?
Skull—section?
Name this head section!
Location Reference Words:*These are based on 2 body areas/parts
in relation to each other*
1. Superior = body parts above other parts
2. Inferior = body parts below other parts
3.Cranial = body parts near the head
4. Caudal (towards the tail) = body parts located near the sacral region of the spinal column (or near the tail bone)
5. Medial = body parts located near the middle or midline of the body
6. Lateral = body parts located away from the midline or middle of the body
7.Proximal = body parts close to the point of reference
8. Distal = body parts away from the point of reference
9.Superficial = toward the surface of the body
10.Deep = farther into the body
11.Plantar = on or towards the sole of the foot
12.Palmar = on or towards the palm of the hand
13. Anterior (Ventral)- towards the front
14. Posterior (Dorsal)- towards the back
Directional Movement Reference Words:
1. Abduction = to move (an upper or lower limb) away from the mid-line of the body
2. Adduction = to move (upper or lower limb) towards the mid-line of the body
3. Extension = straighten a limb
4. Flexion = bend a limb
Body Regions• We’ll be examining body region terms in lab
– Abdominal– acromial– Antebrachial– Antecubital– Axillary– Brachial– Carpal– Celiac– Cephalic– Gluteal– Pectoral– pedal