Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Objectives: 1.Define anatomy and physiology, and explain how they are related. 2.List and describe.

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 1Objectives:

1.Define anatomy and physiology, and explain how they are related.

2.List and describe major characteristics of life.3.List and describe major requirements of organisms.

4.Define homeostasis.5.Explain biological levels of organization.

6.Describe the locations of the major body cavities.7.Use appropriate terminology to describe relative positions,

body sections, and body regions.

Anatomical Position:

• Def: the body is standing erect, facing forward, with upper limbs at the sides, palms forward.

Anatomy & Physiology

• Anatomy: deals with the form and structure (morphology) of body parts – their forms and how they are organized

• Physiology: the study of the functions of body parts

• Difficult to separate the two because the functions of body parts are so dependent on the structure.

Characteristics of life

Metabolism:

• Def: all chemical changes within the cell considered together

• INCLUDES:1. Acquisition of food (digestion, absorption,

assimilation, circulation)2. Utilization of the food’s energy (movement,

responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration)

3. Excretion

Requirements of Organisms for Life

1. Water2. Food3. Oxygen4. Heat5. Pressure

• Vital signs

Homeostasis:

Def: the maintaining of the body’s internal environment within the normal range

Three parts to all homeostatic mechanisms (or control systems):1. Receptors – gather and supply information about

specific conditions in the body2. Set point – tells what a particular value should be

(i.e., normal temperature or blood pressure?) 3. Effectors – cause responses that alter conditions in

the internal environment

Fig. 1.3

01_04 Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanismSlide number: 2

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StimulusRoom temperaturerises above normal.

too high

Normal roomtemperature

Thermostatset point.

01_04 Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanismSlide number: 3

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ReceptorsThermostat in roomdetects change.

StimulusRoom temperaturerises above normal.

too high

Normal roomtemperature

Thermostatset point.

01_04 Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanismSlide number: 4

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Control centerThermostat detectsdeviation from set pointand signals effectors.

ReceptorsThermostat in roomdetects change.

StimulusRoom temperaturerises above normal.

too high

Normal roomtemperature

Thermostatset point.

01_04 Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanismSlide number: 5

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Control centerThermostat detectsdeviation from set pointand signals effectors.

ReceptorsThermostat in roomdetects change.

EffectorsHeater turns off; airconditioner turns on.

StimulusRoom temperaturerises above normal.

too high

Normal roomtemperature

Thermostatset point.

01_04 Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanismSlide number: 6

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Control centerThermostat detectsdeviation from set pointand signals effectors.

ReceptorsThermostat in roomdetects change.

EffectorsHeater turns off; airconditioner turns on.

StimulusRoom temperaturerises above normal.

ResponseRoom temperaturereturns toward set point.

too high

Normal roomtemperature

Thermostatset point.

Homeostasis (cont.) What makes the air conditioner shut off and not

make the room too cold? Review temperature homeostasis (p.7) Exit Slip: Using Figure 1.3 from your notes (or on

page 5), describe how one of the following homeostatic mechanisms would work: Blood pressure Oxygen levels Heart rate