Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 1

What is Anatomy?

• Branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts.– Form and organization

What is Physiology?

• The functions of body parts - what they do and how they do it.

• Anatomy and Physiology depend on each other.

• List an example that illustrate how the structure of a body part makes possible its function.

• Teeth shape to breakdown food.• Finger shapes are suited for grasping.• Chambers in the heart…

1.3 Levels of Organization

• Atoms• Molecules• Macromolecules• Organelles• Cell• Tissue• Organ• Organ systems• Organism

1.4 Characteristics of Life

1. Movement2. Reproduce3. Grow4. Respond to stimuli5. Respiration6. Digestion (Metabolism)7. Absorption 8. Circulation9. Assimilation (Anabolism)10. Excretion

1.5 Maintenance of Life

Requirements to stay alive:1. Water2. Foods3. Oxygen4. Heat5. Pressure

Vital Signs

Signs:1. Temperature2. Blood pressure3. Pulse4. Breathing

Homeostasis

• Stable internal environment.• Organism adjusts to the changing

environment.

• Homeostatic mechanisms – self-regulating control systems.

Homeostatic Mechanism

• Receptors – provide information about the stimuli of the environment.

• Control center (set point) – tells what a particular value should be. 37C or 98.7F

• Effectors – cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment.

• Ex. temperature

Negative Feedback1. Receptors measure deviations for the set point.2. Effectors are activated that return conditions

toward normal.3. The deviation from the set point progressively

lessens.4. Effectors are gradually shut down.• ----this is called negative feedback, because the

deviation from the set point is corrected. Reduces the action of the effectors. Important we do not want the effectors to go too far.

Positive Feedback

• Effectors produce a lot of a substance.• Ex. Lactating

1.6 Organization of the Human Body

Body Cavities:Axial Appendicular

Axial

• Head, neck, trunk

Cavities:Cranial cavityVertebral canalThoracic cavityAxial cavityPelvic cavityAbdominal cavityDiaphragm

Organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity are called viscera.

Mediastinum: separates the thoracic cavity into two compartments. (which contains the lungs)

Viscera (in abdominal cavity): stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, most of the small and large intestines.

Viscera (in pelvic cavity): terminal portion of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the reproductive organs.

Smaller Cavities within the head

1. Oral cavity2. Nasal cavity3. Orbital cavities4. Middle ear cavities

Membranes

• Serous Membrane – two layered, covers organs.- outer layer – parietal– Inner layer - visceral (lines the organs)

– Serous fluid – lubricating fluid.

Other Membranes

• Pleura = lungs• Pericardium = heart• Peritoneum = organs

• Visceral Pleura / Parietal Pleura • Visceral Pericardium / Parietal Pericardium

• Visceral Peritoneum / Parietal Peritoneum

Nervous system: carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands.

Endocrine system: hormones, glands, target cells.Cardiovascular: carries gases, nutrients, hormones, and

wastes through vessels.Lymphatic: lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, nodes,

thymus, and spleen. Transports tissue fluid to blood stream, fatty substances away from the digestive organs. Defend the body against infections.

Digestive system: breakdown food, absorb nutrients, excrete waste.

Respiratory: transport of gases to and from blood stream.

Urinary system: remove wastes from blood, maintain body’s water and salt concentrations.

Reproductive system: reproduction

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AnatomicalTerminology

Proximal: body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part.

Distal: body part that is farther from the point of attachment.

Superficial: near surfaceDeep: more internal than superficial parts.

Body Planes

Axial or Transverse

Can be used to describe a particular organ or body part.

Ex. bone

Anatomical Position

Anatomical TerminologyAbdominal – region between the thorax and pelvis.Acromial – point of the shoulder.Antebrachial – forearmAxillary – armpitBrachial – armBuccal – cheekCarpal – wristCeliac – abdomenCephalic – headCervical – neckCostal – ribsCoxal – hipCrural – leg

Cubital – elboxDigital – fingerDorsal – backFemoral – thighFrontal – foreheadGluteal – buttocksInguinal – depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin).Lumbar – lower backMammary – breastMental – chinOccipital – lower posterior region of the head

Orbital – eye cavityOtic – earPalmar – palm of the handPatellar – front of the kneePectoral – chestPedal – footPelvic – pelvisPlantar- sole of the footSacral – posterior region between the hipbones.Sternal – middle of the thorax, anteriorly.Tarsal – instep of the foot.Umbilical – navelVertebral – spinal column

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