introduction to gis technology and its applications

INTRODUCTION TO GIS TECHNOLOGY AND ITS

APPLICATIONSBy

Dr. Baqer Al-Ramadan, City and Regional Department

King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٢

GIS

GIS: Geographic Information SystemsA system of SW & HW that supports: capture, management, manipulation, analysis, and display of “Geographic Information”

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٣

Geographic Information

Data that specify:

Features Location

Features Descriptive Attributes

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٤

Examples of Features

Oil Wells (point features) Streets/Roads (line features)Land Parcels (polygon features)

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٥

y Point (example: Oil Well)

x

Line (example: Road/Street)

Polygon (example: Land Parcel)

Features Location / Spatial Representation:Points, Lines, and Polygons

point

1,6

2,5

5,4

4,1

7,105,9

4,7

6,68,6

9,8

line

polygon

2,2

5 10

5

10

Features Location:Points, Lines, and Polygons

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٧

Points Points

Retail storesRetail stores

LinesLines

StreetsStreets

PolygonsPolygons

Land usesLand uses

Features Location / Spatial Representation:Points, Lines, and Polygons

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٨

Oil Wells (point features): Depth Year Drilled Volume of Oil Production

Roads (line features): Name Width Number of Lanes

Descriptive Attributes

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٩

Land Parcels (polygon features): Area Owner Name Owner Address & Contact Details Permit Number

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ١٠

Polygon Features

301

Line Features

201

Point Features

101

Points

Lines

Polygons

Features Location & Descriptive Attributes

Features Location/SpatialRepresentation

Descriptive Attributes

One-to-One Correspondence

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ١١

Descriptive AttributesDescriptive AttributesLocational DataLocational DataStreets

Example: Streets Network

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ١٢

GIS Concept: Information Has a Locational DimensionGIS Concept: Information Has a Locational Dimension

Locations

Networks

Areas

March 28, 2005Introduction to GIS Technology

and its Applications ١٣

GIS concept is not new!

London cholera epidemic 1854

Cholera death

Water pump

+

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ١٤

Benefits of GIS: Examples

Linking Location and Descriptive AttributesProviding a “Unified Database”Manipulating & Analyzing Geographic Information in new ways Automating map making and updating

Better information managementHigher quality analysisAbility to carry out “what if?” scenarios

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ١٦

Before GIS:Scattered Islands of Geographic Information

Maps

Maps Descriptive Attributes

Descriptive Attributes Maps Descriptive Attributes

Maps

Maps Descriptive Attributes

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ١٧

After GIS:A Unified Island of Geographic Information

A Unified GIS Database

Descriptive Attributes

Descriptive Attributes

Descriptive Attributes

Descriptive Attributes

MapsMaps

Maps Maps

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ١٨

Permit Issuing and TrackingMunicipal Facilities ManagementLand Records ManagementOptimum Site Selection for schools, hospitals, commercial centers..etc.

GIS Urban Applications -Examples

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ١٩

Other ApplicationsFacilities managementMarketing and retailingTransport/vehicle routingHealthInsuranceNatural Resources ManagementWater Wells InventoryForestry/Wild Life ManagementEnvironmental Impact AssessmentOil Spill TrackingGeology and Oil Exploration and many more….

DigitalMapping

Photo-grammetry

ComputerAided

Design

Surveying

RemoteSensing

Databases

GIS

Cross-disciplinary Nature of GIS

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٢١

Prof. Ian McHarg first to set the theoretical foundation of GIS His well known book “Design with Nature”

(published 1969)

However, extensive commercial activity relatively recent starting late 1980’s/early 1990’s

GIS: Historical Background

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٢٢

Milestones

1965: “Canada GIS”; first nation-wide GIS

1967: “New York Land Use and Natural Resources Inventory System”

1969: “Minnesota Land Management Information System”

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٢٣

Aerial Imagery

Elevation

Geodetic Control

Boundaries

Surface Waters

Transportation

Land Ownership

Soils

Sewer Lines

Water Lines

Land Cover

Demographics

Flood Zones

Layers Concept in GIS

Reality

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٢٤

Typical Layers in a GIS Database

Base map layer includes: Geodetic control points Contour lines Permanent geographic features such as

coastlines and rivers

Land parcels layer

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٢٥

Aerial Photo or satellite image as background

Streets network layer

Infrastructure/Utilities network layers: Electric, Phone, Water, and Sewer

Typical Layers in a GIS Database…

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٢٦

Planning layers Existing land use Planned land use/zoning Urban growth management lines Vacant land inventoryFacility location layers - schools, health centers, etc.

Typical Layers in a GIS Database…

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٢٧

Typical Layers in a GIS Database…

Boundary layers Municipal boundaries Neighborhood boundaries

Event location layers: Location of car accidents crime incident maps

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٢٨

Typical Layers in a GIS Database…

Environmental layers Well sites Contour maps Hazardous waste sites Flood plains/ wetlands

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٢٩

GIS Components

Software & Hardware

Database

Users

GIS Data

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٣٠

Data Input Systems

Manual DigitizingAutomated Scanning

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٣١

Manual Digitizing

Done through a digitizerCoordinates entered through a cursorSlow and costlyAccurate results

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٣٢

Automated Scanning

Maps scanned through a scannerFaster and lower costRequires substantial amount of editingLower accuracy

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٣٣

Capturing data

480585.5, 3769234.6

483194.1, 3768432.3

485285.8, 3768391.2

484327.4, 3768565.9

483874.7, 3769823.0

480585.5, 3769234.6

483194.1, 3768432.3

485285.8, 3768391.2

484327.4, 3768565.9

483874.7, 3769823.0

Hardcopy mapsHardcopy maps

GPSGPS

GISData

CoordinatesCoordinates

Digital dataDigital data

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٣٤

Data Output Peripherals

PlottersPrinters

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٣٥

DisplayMaps Graphs

Reports

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٣٦

Output

Florida.mxd

DocumentDocument

InternetInternetPaper mapPaper map

GIS Data

Florida.jpg

ImageImage

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٣٧

Average growth around 15% per year over the last two decadesU.S. vendors dominate world marketBusiness customers rapidly increasing

GIS Industry & Market

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications ٣٨

Commercial GIS Packages

ArcGIS (ESRI, USA)GeoMedia (InterGraph, USA)GeoGraphics (Bentley Corp., USA) MapInfo (MapInfo Corp., USA)STAR (STAR Company, Belgium)Many Others