Introduction to GIS. A Tutorial for Creating Water Management Zone in Tidal Lowlands using ArcGIS 10

INTRODUCTION TO GIS (1

st Draft)

A Tutorial for Creating Water Management Zone

in Tidal Lowlands using ArcGIS 10

Rahmadi, Ir, M.Sc, M.Si

May 2012

INTRODUCTION TO GIS

A Tutorial for Creating Water Management Zone

in Tidal Lowlands using ArcGIS 10

@Rahmadi, 2012. 1st edition. For Internal and academic purposes use only. Please refer to the

Author for using and citing of this module.

Introduction to GIS – A tutorial for Creating Water Management Zone in Tidal Lowlands Using ArcGIS 10

Rahmadi, May 2012 i

Table of contents

Foreword .................................................................................................................................................... ii

1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 GIS: an introduction to ArcGIS ................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Tidal Lowland Development and Water Management Zoning .................................................. 3

1.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 4

2 ArcMAP Tutorial .................................................................................................................................. 5

2.1 Main feature in ArcMAP ............................................................................................................ 5

2.2 Adding Spatial Data to ArcMap ................................................................................................. 5

2.3 Displaying data in ArcMap ........................................................................................................ 6

3 Creating Water Management Zoning................................................................................................. 9

3.1 (Hydro)-topography and potential tidal irrigation ...................................................................... 9

3.2 Drainability .............................................................................................................................. 16

3.3 Soils ........................................................................................................................................ 17

3.4 Salinity Intrusion ...................................................................................................................... 18

3.5 Land Quality ............................................................................................................................ 18

3.6 Water Management Zone ....................................................................................................... 21

Reference ................................................................................................................................................. 23

List of tables

Table 1 Telang I in the wet season ........................................................................................................... 21

List of figures

Figure 1 ArcGlobe Viewer in ArcGIS Desktop ............................................................................................ 2

Figure 2 ArcMap Viewer in ArcGIS Desktop ............................................................................................... 2

Figure 3 Coastal lowlands of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua ................................................................. 3

Figure 4 Water Management Zone Process ............................................................................................... 9

Figure 5 Pyrite distribution and peat distribution ...................................................................................... 17

Figure 6 Salinity Intrusion ......................................................................................................................... 18

Figure 7 Overlay process to generate land quality using model builder ................................................... 18


Rahmadi, May 2012 ii

Foreword

This module is intended for DDILDM students to learn on how to use ArcGIS 10 in a classroom

setting. This module is meant to be a complement of many ArcGIS software manuals such as

Esri training products, or the ArcGIS help options. Many reference of GIS only focus on a

tutorial on how to works with ARGIS, but his module was prepared to be used as one of

reference how to create water management zoning using ArcGIS as it is very rare to found a

reference on this field.

Before start to use this module, It is advised for users of this manual to know basic operation of

ArcGIS 10: creating data and editing feature, geo-referencing and geo-processing, as not all

details steps explained in it.

As to be used as one of many references, this Module hopefully will help students of DD-ILDM

particularly and other readers in general to learn on GIS in relation water management purposes

especially those who dealing with land and water development expertise.

This module is a first draft and still continuously being updated so if any suggestions,

recommendation on concepts and techniques to make this module more useful are pleasantly

welcome.

Jakarta, May 2012

Rahmadi M.Sc, M.Si

Independent GIS-RS

Email: [email protected]


Rahmadi, May 2012 1

1 Introduction

1.1 GIS: an introduction to ArcGIS GIS or well known as Geographic Information System is a computer package of integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. The core of the system is database, a collection of maps and associated information in digital form. GIS are rapidly becoming standard tools for management of natural resources and are used to decision maker in evaluating various alternative development plans. It is difficult to think of the resource planning without a geographic information system. GIS has capabilities to model the potential outcome for a

series of development scenarios (Chrysoulakis et al, 2003).

In this study ArcGIS 10.x or 9.x will be used to analyse spatial data to generate map of water management zoning.

ArcGIS is a system of parts that can be deployed on a single desktop or distributed on a

heterogeneous computer network of workstations and servers. Users can deploy various parts

of this system to implement a GIS of any size from a single-user system to workgroups and

departments, for large enterprises, and for societal GIS systems. ArcGIS consists of some

application extension perform any GIS task, simple to advanced, including, including mapping,

data management, geographic analysis, data editing and geoprocesssing (Environmental

System Research Institute, 2001a).

ArcGIS includes the geodatabase, which is a data model for representing geographic

information using standard relational database technology. The geodatabase, shorthand for

geographic database supports the storage and management of geographic information in

standard relational database management system tables. For example, a table can be used to

store a feature class where each row in the table represents a feature. Each row in the table

has a shape column used to hold the geometry or shape of the feature.

The ArcGIS

Spatial Analyst

extension was chosen to model these distance, elevation and as

well as drainability, hydro-topographic, soils, etc and to generate water management zoning,

because it can create representational or process models of lowlands development.

Representational models are the simpler and built in of the model types and describe the layer

as a series of data layers, the result often being a coloured map with points, lines and polygons

denoting points of interest also in raster format. One of the advantages of these maps is that

they can be informative while being easy to read and understand.

Process models attempt to describe the interaction of the objects that are modelled in

representational models. The software can combine information from two or more layers to

create new datasets of increasing complexity. As with representational models, simple models

are often the most meaningful (Environmental System Research Institute, 2001b).

ArcGIS Desktop is the primary application used by GIS professionals to compile, author, and use geographic information and knowledge. It is available at three functional levels—ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo.


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ArcGIS Desktop includes an integrated suite of comprehensive desktop applications—ArcMap, ArcCatalog™, ArcToolbox™, and ArcGlobe. Each application has a rich set of GIS tools and operators. ArcGIS Desktop can also be extended by purchasing a range of optional extensions that add specialized capabilities. For example:

The ArcGIS Spatial Analyst extension adds raster geoprocessing and modeling.

The ArcGIS 3D Analyst extension adds many 3D GIS capabilities and visualization applications.

The ArcGIS Data Interoperability extension adds the ability to directly use dozens of GIS data formats in ArcGIS.

(Environmental System Research Institute, 2008c)

Figure 1 ArcGlobe Viewer in ArcGIS Desktop

Figure 2 ArcMap Viewer in ArcGIS Desktop


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1.2 Tidal Lowland Development and Water Management Zoning

Indonesia contains some 34 million ha of lowlands, located mainly on the islands of Sumatra,

Kalimantan and Papua. Being located in the coastal zone, these lands are often characterised

by waterlogged conditions, and shallow to deep peat overlying unconsolidated, and often

(potentially) acidic clays. Tidal rivers and creeks in the estuaries may be saline, particularly

during the dry season. Non-tidal inland freshwater lowlands are found in other locations. Main

natural habitats were originally swamp forest and peat swamp forest, along with mangrove in

brackish and marine areas. Except for remnants of primary forest, primarily located in the

Protected Area (PA) system and on Papua, many areas are now characterised by large tracts

of degraded forest and secondary scrub (Euroconsult Molt Mac Donald, 2008).

Figures put the total lowlands area reclaimed for agriculture at about 4 million hectares in 1993

(1.5 hectares of it through government-sponsored development and 2.5 hectares by

spontaneous settlement). By 2000, more than 4.9 million ha of plantation estates had also

been developed by the private sector in Indonesia’s lowlands, along with some 0.45 million

hectares that had been converted to brackish-water aquaculture (Giesen et al, 2007). These

reclaimed areas generally have a good potential for agricultural development, with a rice crop

in the wet season and a second rice crop, or a dry food crop in the dry season. The

Government of Indonesia wants to maintain food self-sufficiency, among others in rice. While

especially on Java and Bali large areas are taken out of production, primarily due to

urbanisation, the tidal lowlands may have to play an increasing important role in achieving this

objective (Schultz, 2008). In the near future, intervention to this lowlands area will highly

increase especially in agricultural sector, settlement, industrial zones as well as integrated

urban development in Indonesia. The major part of urbanisation is expected to take place in

deltaic and coastal areas. Tidal lowlands become more and more important and especially will

be the future for agricultural development in Indonesia. Step wise approach should be

implemented to achieve a sustainable development, a balance between for development and

conservation as environmental consideration (Rahmadi, 2009).

Figure 3 Coastal lowlands of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua

Source: Water Management for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptive Development in Lowlands (WACLIMAD), 2011.


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Water Management Zoning

Water management options in lowlands are to a large extent determined by the hydro-

topographical conditions. In combination with a water management strategy this makes it in

principle possible to subdivide an area into different land suitability zones based on more or

less identical water management conditions. This Land Suitability Zones (LSZ) can be effective

indicators to delineate areas where similar water management conditions may be expected. To

derive the land suitability zoning for a tidal lowland area, a geographical information system

(GIS) can well be used, in this module ArcGIS10 will be used as a tool.

Land suitability zoning should at least distinguish between the hydro-topographic categories (A

to D) and the main soil characteristics. The drainability is important as well, but it may be

difficult to determine this accurately due to variation and complexity of land and water

characteristic in tidal lowland. Nevertheless, in this module some steps to create and generate

drainability also will be explained based on previous and recent of related experiences.

Water Management Needs

Water management needs are different for different land unit and different types of land use.

Wetland rice calls for inundated field with possibility for leaching, while dry foot crops need

stable groundwater tables at depth well below the surface. In tidal lowlands there are two basic

options involve the water supply option for leaching and flushing of wetland rice and the

drainage option for dry crops and tree crops (leaching of the root zone during of high tide and

flushing during low tide). The water supply option involves improvement of freshwater supply

for soil leaching by creating for example a one-way flow, or low-fit pumping for supplementary

irrigation in the C/D areas. The drainage option focuses on improving drainage of the soils and

creating dry land conditions by maintaining the groundwater table well below ground level.

Water management zoning is closely related to the land suitability of an area, land use

planning and the decision making process, if the area will be developed for irrigated wetland

rice, or dry foot crops, or a combination of crops. Based on the water management zoning,

water management systems for the area can be designed. Water management zoning in this

module is based on secondary block as a hydrological unit boundary, and Telang I is chosen

as an example to develop a water management zoning.

1.3 Objectives

The objective of writing this module are to describe a tutorial especially for student of double

degree of University of Sriwijaya and Unesco-IHE (DD-ILDM) or any other related users as one

of many references to know and understand of using ArcGIS as a tool of spatial analyses as

well as a tool to model water management zoning or any related purposes. The prerequirement

of using this module is that users have already known principle of ArcGIS especially familiar

with geo-processing.


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2 ArcMAP Tutorial

2.1 Main feature in ArcMAP

ArcMap can be started by clicking ‘start menu’ and then follow by clicking ‘ArcGIS’ and ‘ArcMap

10, as shown in the following figure.

ArcMap is the tool for creating, viewing, querying, editing, composing, and publishing maps, after starting ArcMap, display will be presented as shown in the following:

2.2 Adding Spatial Data to ArcMap

Data added to a map in ArcMap are referred to as Layers. The steps below run through adding

several layers to ArcMap.

To add a data source, click ‘add data icon’ on the button bar. Or can also done by

choosing File | Add data from menu bar. The add data dialog box will appear.

Table of contents

Maps display area

Menu Bar buttonBar

Data view

Layout view


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In this exercise, all required data are stored in the folder C:\Data\2012\WMZ_Telang1 on your

PC, or also can be stored in other your own system folder structure.

1. To access this data we firstly have to connect to the folder that containing the data:

2. Click on ‘Connect To Folder Icon’ , and then navigate to folder: C:\Data\2012\

WMZ_Telang1\vector, and follow by clicking OK.

3. A list of data layers will be displayed.

4. Select all the data layers by clicking once on each in the list and hold on the Ctrl or Shift

key:

5. When all required data files are highlighted click Add, and ignore if appear a message

saying ‘unknown spatial information’, we will fix this afterward. Click OK

2.3 Displaying data in ArcMap

Every layer which already chose will appear in the Table of Contents (TOC) in the left side of

the window bar, and all layers will be displayed in the map display area in the right side of the

window:


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To turn on or to turn off displaying each layer can be done by ticking a tic box in the left-side of

each layer in the Table of Contents.

Navigation tools

ArcMap navigation tool located in the tool bar, or if you can’t find it by checking in menu bar:

Customize | Toolbars | Tools. Each tool has its own function related to navigation properties

to explore your displayed map:

Color and Style tools

ArcMap will automatically display random a set symbol of color and style of your layers. But this

can be changed easily and specifying a new color and symbol by double clicking on layer

symbol. 1. Right-click parcels/layer symbol in the table of contents and click Properties. 2. Click the Symbology tab. 3. Under Categories in the Show window, click unique to symbols in a style. 4. Click drop arrow button of value field and choose ‘sceme’ and click ‘add all value’ 5. Color can be changed by choosing default color ramp, by clicking drop arrow. 6. Individual color also can be changed by clicking each parcel and change color as you prefer. 7. Each parcel can be arranged its position to be putted in upper part or lower part by choosing

its parcel and the follow with clicking direction arrow to move it down or up.

Zoom in Zoom out

pan Full extent

Fixed Zoom in Fixed Zoom out

Go back to previous extent Go to next extent

Select feature by:

Clear selected features Select elements

Identify Hyperlink

HTML pop up Measure

Find Find route

Go to XY Open time slider windows

Create viewer windows


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Layer properties in ArcMap

Symbol selector and color ramp in ArcMap

Detail tutorial of ArcMap 10 can be read in the website of ESRI: www.esri.com or any related

GIS and ArcGIS references. The pre requirement of using this module is that users have

already known principle of ArcGIS, we will continue to the next chapter on ‘Developing Water

Management Zoning’.

http://www.esri.com/


Rahmadi, May 2012 9

3 Creating Water Management Zoning

As mentioned in the previous chapter, water management zoning is closely related to the land

suitability of an area and land use planning. Land suitability in the lowlands influenced by

several key factors i.e. (hydro)-topography, drainability, salinity and land characteristics.

The following flowchart simplify all key factors that considered to be used for creating Water

Management Zoning:

Figure 4 Water Management Zone Process

3.1 (Hydro)-topography and potential tidal irrigation

Hydro Topographical condition is defined as the elevation of the fields relative to actual high

canal water levels at the nearest drainage or intake point, and usually expressed in the number

of tidal irrigations which can be applied. It provides a simple definition of the tidal irrigations

potential and soil and water management conditions at field level.

Four hydro-topographic classes are generally distinguished (Euroconsult, 1997):

category A (tidal irrigated areas). The fields can be flooded by the tides at least 4 or 5 times

Digital Elevation

Models

Satellite

Imagery Basemap

layers

Tidal Irrigation

Land Quality/

Land Suitability

Proposed Water

Management

Zone

Drainability Soils Salinity

Actual Water

Management

Zone

Sources

First Analyses

Second Analyses

Third Analyses

Output

Orthophoto/

levelling

Landuse Tidal WL


Rahmadi, May 2012 10

during a 14-day neap-spring tidal cycle in both the wet and the dry season. These areas are situated mostly in depressions, or close to river mouths;

category B (periodically tidal irrigated areas). The fields can be flooded by the tides at least 4 or 5 times during a 14-day neap-spring tidal cycle in the wet season only;

category C (areas just above tidal high water). The fields cannot be regularly flooded during high tide. The groundwater table may still be influenced by the tides. Cropping is mainly dependent on rainfall, although some additional water supply by infiltration might be possible with an intensive field ditch system. Many category C areas in the wet season are generally planted with a rice crop. For the dry season a dry food crop is the most likely alternative. With a sufficiently large tidal range the cultivation of tree crops is an option for these areas;

category D (upland areas). The fields are entirely above tidal influence. Dry food crops and tree crops are best suited to these areas when they do not receive extra water from adjoining higher areas.

The overall hydro-topography of Telang I can be assessed by analyzing relations between tidal

water levels, the hydraulic infrastructure and field levels. Actual and predicted water levels in

the tidal rivers and open primary canals are relatively well known. Predicted high water levels

are higher than present water levels in the primary canals as there is much storage in the fields

and canals. With increased flood and water control storage will reduce and actual water levels

will approach predicted levels.

Key layers to calculate (hydro)-topography is topographic data, in GIS well known as Digital

Elevation Models (DEM). DEM can be created by using point height distribution or contour

distribution and interpolate to raster DEM data. In this case DEM of Telang I have already

available and can be used directly (stored in C:\data\2012\WMZ_Telang 1\raster\dem_clip10).



Once DEM data is available then we can pursue to calculate hydro-topography. As hydro-

topography refers to condition in wet and dry season so we need to generate tidal irrigation

potential both for wet and dry season.

Steps to prepare layers of (hydro) topography are the following: 1. In Arc Catalog, right click on the preferred folder: New | shapefile to create new

shapefile. Give a file name of this new shapefile and choose point as feature type, as we will create points in selected location that representing a value of High Water Level (HWL).

2. Click OK and return to ArcMap. Add a new shapefile that we just created on the above

step (see section 2.2).

3. Start editing this new point shapefile by clicking editor toolbar: editor | start editing and a

dialog box of create new feature will appear as presented below:

4. Start to create new feature (point), click point on Construction tools, and start to

clicking a point in selected location in displayed map areas. Finish it for the whole areas

and choose stop editing in editor toolbar and save it.



5. Now we have the whole point location of HWL (in this case for wet season) which is

already including a head loss factor that represented a water level in each.

6. Next steps are to give a value on each point represented of HWL. This HWL and its

head loss are generated using Duflow 1D Hydraulic Modelling. We also can make two

layers, first is a layer of head loss value representing from zero to a certain valued

(based on simulation) and second a layer with a value of HWL reprensing the whole

areas. The real HWL will be created by subtracting HWL with head loss. Another way to

create HWL is to entry directly a value of HWL that already calculate its head loss, eg.

1.75 m MSL and then 1.50 m MSL or on another word we already were assuming 25

cm head loss from point to another point. The second step is faster than the first one,

and we will use second step in this tutorial.

7. Right click on layer in the Table of Contents | Open Attribute Table. On the attribute

table choose add field and add field dialog box will appear.



8. Type a field Name and choose float Type of data. Fill in precision and scale with

number. Precision is total characters represent on how many number will be used in

this filed, in this case we only use 4. While scale for field properties represent decimal

number of field, e.g. 1.25 of two (2) decimal numbers.

9. Open attribute table and start editing using editor tool bar and entry each record with

value of High water level (HWL). When all record have been entered with HWL value,

stop editing and save it.

10. Now will interpolate HWL points from vector file into raster file using arctoolbox, click

spatial analyst tools | interpolation | IDW. IDW dialog box will appear as shown on

the following. Enter input point features data HWL we created on above steps and

choose z_value field with HWL field data using arrow drop. Fill in output raster with

name of file you want to create on specific folder and also fill in output cell size with

number of desired resolution, in this case 10 m. Leave the rest field as it is or by default.

Click OK for final touch.



11. After execution, indicator of interpolation will appear in the bottom-right of ArcMap

screen, and result will automatically appear in your screen when finish.

12. After having DEM and HWL, we will use a math module to subtract topography and

HWL distribution. In the arctool box, again choose Spatial Analyst Tools | Math |

Minus. Dialog box as shown on the following figure will appear. Enter DEM for input

raster or constant value 1 and HWL for input raster or constant value 2. Fill in output

raster with desired file name in selected folder, and the click OK. The negative result of

this subtraction is showing inundation and conversely results when positive or can not

be inundated.



13. Re-class result of subtraction by choosing reclassify in arctool box | spatial analyst

tools | reclass | reclassify.

14. Fill in input raster file as a result of point (12), click classify and chose equal interval ,

classes: 3 classes | OK.

By clicking OK, dialog box will appear as shown the following:



15. Re-class old values into new values: > - 0.25 m, -0.25 m – 0 m, and > 0 m. Minus (-)

means inundated while positive (+) means no inundation. Remember that let the

highest and the lowest values as it were, as you will corrupt original boundary. Click OK

and the following screen appear like the following:

16. To create hydro (topography), repeat all steps from 1 – 15 for dry season. By combining

wet and dry season you can distinguish category A (can be inundated both in wet and

dry season) and category B (can be inundated in wet season only).

3.2 Drainability

Drainability is defined as a water level (surface and/or groundwater) under drainage conditions.

It varies with micro levels variations of the topography, soil types and control structure. To

prepare a drainability map, two different images are needed, which are a topographic map and

a damping factor map. To create a damping factor map, similar steps of creation of (hydro)

topographic as described above can be done.

Steps to prepare layers of drainability are the following:

1. Use shapefile to create hydo topography (see point 1 – 8)

2. Repeat point (9) but, now use Mean water level (MWL) value both of wet and dry

season instead of High Water Level (HWL).



3. Repeat point 10 – 15 but then used the following classification:

< 0 m (very poor)

0 – 0.30 m (poor)

0.30 – 0.60 m (good)

> 0.60 m (very good)

4. Repeat all steps for dry season.

3.3 Soils

Two types of soils used in this exercise are potential acid sulphide soils (Pyrite distribution) and

peat dept distribution. Both of layers are based on surveyed data. Original maps were geo-

referenced and digitized as it were. Since prerequisite of this module is having familiar with

basic operation of ArcMap so detail of digitations works will not be explained. For analyses

purposes, pyrite depth classified into 3 classes which are: 50-75 cm, 75-100 cm and more that

100 cm, while peat depth also classified into 3 classes which are: 0-15 cm, 15-40 cm and more

than 40 cm.

Figure 5 Pyrite distribution

and peat distribution



3.4 Salinity Intrusion

Salinity intrusion is measured by using EC meter based on moving salinity measurement from

the mouth of Musi river, Telang river and Upang river and classified into 3 classes: < 1 month

intrusion, 1-2 months and 2-3 months. As salinity map also based on survey data, so a layer of

this map also need to be digitized as we did for soil layers.

Figure 6 Salinity Intrusion

3.5 Land Quality

Land quality is a combination between two hydrological land qualities with one flooding type

land quality, one drainage potential land quality and one soil type land quality. Land quality is

generated using model builder in ARCGIS. Five layers namely tidal irrigated, drainability, soils

(peat and pyrite layers) and salinity intrusion is overlaid using model builder with the same

percentage influenced. Model builder were chosen in this study because all geographic

overlays will be repeated for different season and scenarios. With model builder, all processes

can be repeated with same model but with different data, so process can be done faster and

easier.

Figure 7 Overlay process to generate land quality using model builder



This raster overlay process can also be done manually using spatial analyst tools. In this

exercise overlay process described using spatial analyst tools. The weighted overlay table

allows the calculation of a multiple-criteria analysis between several rasters. Steps to create

land quality are:

1. Using arctool box click spatial analyst tools | weighted overlay. The weighted overlay

table allows the calculation of a multiple-criteria analysis between several rasters The

dialog box will appear on your ArcMap screen as the following figure:

2. Click button and then fill in the following dialog box:

3. Choose tidal irrigation layer (hydro-topography), drainability, soils and salinity by

clicking arrow drop-button. Choose field data with each unique or specific value

represented for each record. Set scale value to for each layer according to its suitability,

e.g. for pyrite set scale value from harmless until hazardous depth (from 3 – 1, where 3

= deep pyrite and 1 = shallow pyrite). Chronological scale of each layer can be

arranged inversely according to the users. Balances the percent influence of the input

rasters equally and sums them to 100 by clicking button of set equal influence. Select

from a list of predefined evaluation scales. You can also define your own evaluation



scale with the From, To, and By controls. The more evaluation scale the more detail

combination you will get. Click OK for executing the process.



In Telang I, based on overlay process there are two mains land quality found: Tidal irrigation

and land with sufficient drainage potential. Some land quality also found but only in a few areas

covered. For tidal irrigation land quality, areas define with small tidal range of <30 cm during

wet season in adjoining river/primary/ secondary canal; distance to canal < 1.5 km, or Areas

with a canal distance < 1.5 km from a tidal river, no deep flooding. Tidal irrigation depends here

on the combined effect of rainfall, relatively small canals, high tides and the low position of the

land. Location in the Primary canal 8 (P8) and southern part of primary 6 (P6) are examples of

this land qualities. Drainage probably could be a problem during reclamation stage, but in the

second stage where canals are already completed with control structure, these areas become

a very potential for irrigated rice. Areas located along the main river, creeks and depression

area in Telang I also classified as tidal irrigation land qualities.

Higher areas classified as Lands with sufficient drainage potential. Area with effective drainage

depth > 30 cm (after peat has disappeared) is classified in these criteria. Effective drainage

depth 30 - 60 cm, canal distance less than 1.5 km from tidal river and usually land with

elevation > 1.75 m above means sea level. During low tide more time is available for drainage

and drainage potential compares with land quality of drainage > 60 cm. The highest area is

classified as sufficient drainage potential with drainage depth > 60 cm. Areas with these criteria

can be cultivated with tree crop or dryland crops such as palawija.

Muck/pyrite soils also found in a few areas only, and since in the data for overlay processes

pyrite is classified in deep pyrite (> 100 cm) so there is no land quality of this criterion found.

Peat soil in this study also based on the data of Telang saleh project which only have shallow

peat and predict there is peat soil anymore.

Table 1 Telang I in the wet season

Land quality Area

(ha) %

tidal irrigation (A) 4,221 16.4

tidal irrigation (B) 10,453 40.5

Lands with drainage 30-60 m 8,684 33.7

Lands with drainage >60 m 2,423 9.4

Total 25,781 100

3.6 Water Management Zone

Water management zoning is areas in a hydraulic boundary (in this study secondary block)

which have dominant land quality and have the same water management options. In Telang I,

there are 3 main water management zone based on present hydro-topography, drainability,

saline intrusion and soil characteristic. A present land use is used to check and re-delineate

water management zone. They are water management zoning (WMZ) I, III and VIII, WMZ I is

water management for tree crop or dryland crop or rainfed rice depended on its field

characteristic and farmers objectives. Area located in the higher areas with potential drainage

more than 60 cm. WMZ III is tidal irrigated areas, with category A or B for rice tidal irrigated

areas and WMZ VIII for rainfed areas or dryland crops, located in area with drainage potential

30-60 cm. Usually planted with rainfed rice in the present situation. In the northern part of

Telang I, this area was planted with coconut due to the peat layer in the past.





Reference

Chrysoulakis, N., M. Diamandakis and P. Prastacos. 2003: GIS Integration of Aster Stereo

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2007.

Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI), 2001. .ArcGIS user guide. Environmental

Systems Research Institute.

Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI), 2001. Model Builder for ArcView Spatial

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Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI), 2009. ArGIS 9. Geoprecesssing in ArcGIS

tutorial. Environmental Systems Research Institute.

Euroconsult, 1997. Project Completion Report. Telang-Saleh IISP-Integrated Irrigation Sector

Project. Ministry of Public Works.

Euroconsult, 1997. O&M Manual Telang I. Telang-Saleh IISP-Integrated Irrigation Sector

Project. Ministry of Public Works.

Euroconsult Mott MacDonald, 2008. Towards Formulation of a National Lowland Development

Strategy for Indonesia. Final Report. Directorate Lowlands and Coasts, Ministry of Public

Works.

Euroconsult Mott MacDonald, 2012. Assignment Completion Report. Water Management for

Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptive Development in Lowlands (WACLIMAD).

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