08/10/2012 SPATA Training 4 Oct 2012 - Eurocode 2 1 Introduction to Eurocode 2 SPATA Training 4 October 2012 Charles Goodchild BSc CEng MCIOB MIStructE The Concrete Centre 2 •Setting the scene for the Eurocodes, • their format, • their hierarchy, • how they interact. • An overview of Eurocode 2, • highlighting changes from and • comparing it to BS8110 • How it all fits together. Outline 3 Setting the scene Eurocodes are being/ will be used in: • EU countries • EFTA Countries • Malaysia • Singapore • Vietnam • Sri Lanka • Others? CEN National Members Austria Belgium Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta The Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom 4 EN 1990 Basis of Design EN 1991 Actions on Structures EN 1992 Concrete EN 1993 Steel EN 1994 Composite EN 1995 Timber EN 1996 Masonry EN 1999 Aluminium EN 1997 Geotechnical Design EN 1998 Seismic Design Structural safety, serviceability and durability Design and detailing Geotechnical & seismic design Actions on structures Eurocode Hierarchy 5 • 58 Parts to Eurocodes plus National Annexes • Culture shock / steep learning curve • New symbols and terminology • Affects all materials • Confusion over timescales • Costs: ◦ Training ◦ Resources Challenges of the Eurocodes 6 BS 8110 and all old structural design British Standards have now been ‘withdrawn’. There will be a period of co-existence between our current codes and the Eurocodes. DCLG letter: “Building Control will continue to consider the appropriate use of relevant standards on a case by case basis….. [The ‘traditional’] British Standards may not necessarily be suitable ….. in the medium and long term.” DCLG 2012 Consultation document – Eurocodes only in AD A by 2013? Insurers? Large projects? International projects? Scottish Technical Handbook: ‘The structural design and construction of a building should be carried out in accordance with the following Structural Eurocodes’. Eurocodes: Timescales
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BS 8110 and all old structural design British Standards have now been ‘withdrawn’. There will be a period of co-existence between our current codes and the Eurocodes.
DCLG letter: “Building Control will continue to consider the appropriate use of relevant standards on a case by case basis….. [The ‘traditional’] British Standards may not necessarily be suitable ….. in the medium and long term.”
DCLG 2012 Consultation document – Eurocodes only in AD A by 2013?
Insurers? Large projects? International projects?
Scottish Technical Handbook: ‘The structural design and construction of a building should be carried out in accordance with the following Structural Eurocodes’.
Eurocodes: Timescales
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Eurocodes: Timescales
Highways:
HA IAN 124/11 July 2011
3 Implementation
“Unless otherwise agreed with HA Project Sponsors/Project
Managers and the Technical Approval Authority (TAA),
Eurocodes must be used for the design of new and
modification of existing highway structures (including
geotechnical works), . . . .”
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• Most of Europe using the same basic design codes:◦ Increased market for UK consultants◦ Increased market for UK manufacturers◦ Reduced costs when working in several European
markets◦ Greater transferability of highly skilled staff◦ Greater understanding of research, proprietary products
etc. ◦ Reduce software development costs
• Technically advanced codes
• Logical, organised to avoid conflicts between codes
Opportunities
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Each Eurocode Contains:
a. National front cover
(e.g. Eurocode 2)Format of the Eurocodes
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Each Eurocode Contains:
a. National front cover
b. National forward
Format of the Eurocodes
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Each Eurocode Contains:
a. National front cover
b. National forward
c. CEN front cover
Format of the Eurocodes
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Each Eurocode Contains:
a. National front cover
b. National forward
c. CEN front cover
d. Main text and annexes (which must be as produced by CEN)
Format of the Eurocodes
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Each Eurocode Contains:
a. National front cover
b. National forward
c. CEN front cover
d. Main text and annexes (which must be as produced by CEN)
e. Annexes - can by normative and/or informative
Format of the Eurocodes
National Annex(NA).
Format of the Eurocodes
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• Values of Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs)
(NDPs have been allowed for reasons of safety, economy and durability)
• Example: Min diameter for longitudinal steel in columns
min = 8 mm in text min = 12 mm in N.A.
• The decision where main text allows alternatives
• Example: Load arrangements in Cl. 5.1.3 (1) P
• The choice to adopt informative annexes
• Example: Annexes E [Strength class for durability] and J [particular detailing rules] are not used in the UK
• Non-contradictory complementary information (NCCI)
Snow (For sites located at altitude H <1000 m asl)
0.5 0.2 0
Wind loads on buildings (BS EN 1991-1-4) 0.5 0.2 0
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• BS EN 1990 (EC0): Basis of structural design
• BS EN 1991 (EC1): Actions on Structures
• BS EN 1992 (EC2): Design of concrete structures• BS EN 1993 (EC3): Design of steel structures
• BS EN 1994 (EC4): Design of composite steel and concrete structures
• BS EN 1995 (EC5): Design of timber structures
• BS EN 1996 (EC6): Design of masonry structures
• BS EN 1997 (EC7): Geotechnical design
• BS EN 1998 (EC8): Design of structures for earthquake resistance
• BS EN 1999 (EC9): Design of aluminium structures
The Eurocodes
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Eurocode 1 has ten parts:
• 1991-1-1 Densities, self-weight and imposed loads
• 1991-1-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire
• 1991-1-3 Snow loads
• 1991-1-4 Wind actions
• 1991-1-5 Thermal actions
• 1991-1-6 Actions during execution
• 1991-1-7 Accidental actions due to impact and explosions
• 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges
• 1991-3 Actions induced by cranes and machinery
• 1991-4 Actions in silos and tanks
Eurocode 1: Actions
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Eurocode 1 Part 1-1: Densities, self-weight and imposed loads
• Bulk density of reinforced concrete is 25 kN/m3
• The UK NA uses the same loads as BS 6399
• Plant loading not given
Eurocode 1
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• BS EN 1990 (EC0): Basis of structural design
• BS EN 1991 (EC1): Actions on Structures
• BS EN 1992 (EC2): Design of concrete structures• BS EN 1993 (EC3): Design of steel structures
• BS EN 1994 (EC4): Design of composite steel and concrete structures
• BS EN 1995 (EC5): Design of timber structures
• BS EN 1996 (EC6): Design of masonry structures
• BS EN 1997 (EC7): Geotechnical design
• BS EN 1998 (EC8): Design of structures for earthquake resistance
• BS EN 1999 (EC9): Design of aluminium structures
The Eurocodes
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Date UK CEB/fib Eurocode 2
1968 CP114 (CP110 draft) Blue Book (Limit state design)
1972 CP110 (Limit state design) Red Book
1975 Treaty of Rome
1978 Model code
1985 BS8110 Eurocode 2 (EC)
1990 Model Code
1993 EC2: Part 1-1(ENV) (CEN)
2004 EC2: Part 1-1 (EN)
2005 UK Nat. Annex.
2006 BS110/EC2 PD 6687
2010 EC2 Model Code 2010
Eurocode 2 is more extensive than old codes
Eurocode 2 is less restrictive than old codes
Eurocode 2 can give more economic structures [?]
Eurocode 2: Context
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• Code deals with phenomenon, rather than element types so Bending, Shear, Torsion, Punching, Crack control, Deflection control (not beams, slabs, columns)
• Design is based on characteristic cylinder strength
• No derived formulae (e.g. only the details of the stress block is given, not the flexural design formulae)
• No ‘tips’ (e.g. concentrated loads, column loads, )
• Unit of stress in MPa
• Plain or mild steel not covered
• Notional horizontal loads considered in addition to lateral loads
• High strength, up to C90/105 covered
• No materials and workmanship
• Part of the Eurocode system
Eurocode 2 & BS 8110 Compared
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Concrete properties (Table 3.1)
• BS 8500 includes C28/35 & C32/40
• For shear design, max shear strength as for C50/60