Introduction to Computing CS 101 Autumn 2004. Chapter 1 Introduction to Computing.

Introduction to ComputingIntroduction to ComputingCS 101CS 101

Autumn 2004Autumn 2004

Chapter 1Chapter 1Introduction to ComputingIntroduction to Computing

Power of 2Power of 2

o Prize request for inventing ChessPrize request for inventing ChessOne grain of rice on the first box of chessboard and One grain of rice on the first box of chessboard and

keep on doubling in successive boxeskeep on doubling in successive boxes

o Money GameMoney GameI pay you Rs 10,000 everyday for 30 days. You start I pay you Rs 10,000 everyday for 30 days. You start

with 1 paisa on the 1with 1 paisa on the 1stst day but will double the amount day but will double the amount every day for 30 days.every day for 30 days.

o 10,000 x 30 = 300,000 rupees = Rs 0.3 M10,000 x 30 = 300,000 rupees = Rs 0.3 Mo 223030-1 ~ 10.7 x 10-1 ~ 10.7 x 108 8 paisas = RS 10.7 Mpaisas = RS 10.7 M

Computer ArchitectureComputer Architecture

Arithmetic Logic UnitALU

Control UnitCU

Datapath

Memory

Input/Output

CPU

Memory OrganizationMemory Organization

Address Data/Instructions

012

65536

6553465535

0 0 01 1 1 1 1

8 bits = 1 byte

• 64 Kilo byte RAM = 64 x 1024 = 65,536 bytes of RAM• Needs 16 address lines

Memory AddressesMemory Addresses

=4 M419430422=2 M209715221=1 M104857620

=512 K52428819=256 K26214418=128 K13107217

=64 K6553616=32 K3276815=16 K1638414

=8 K819213=4 K409612=2 K204811=1 K102410

 5129 2568 1287 646 325

 164 83 42 21 Memory LocationsAddress Lines

Address & Data BusAddress & Data Bus

CPU

AddressBus

Memory

Data Bus

16 lines for 64K memory

8 lines for a byte of data transfer

SoftwareSoftware

o Set of instructions for the computer.Set of instructions for the computer.A = 5A = 5

B = 3B = 3

C = A+BC = A+B

Print C on the terminalPrint C on the terminal

o ExecutionExecution• A, B, and C are mapped into 3 memory locationsA, B, and C are mapped into 3 memory locations

• Contents of A & B are set to 5 & 3 respectivelyContents of A & B are set to 5 & 3 respectively

• Contents of A & B are brought into CPU & added Contents of A & B are brought into CPU & added

• Result is saved in CResult is saved in C

• Content of C are displayed on the terminalContent of C are displayed on the terminal

Program ExecutionProgram Execution

AddressAddress ContentContent

0000 0000 0000 00000000 0000 0000 0000 xxxx xxxxxxxx xxxx

0000 0000 0000 00010000 0000 0000 0001

…… ……

0000 0010 0000 00100000 0010 0000 0010 0000 01010000 0101

…… ……

0000 1100 0000 10000000 1100 0000 1000 0000 10000000 1000

…… ……

0110 0000 0000 00110110 0000 0000 0011 0000 00110000 0011

…… ……

1111 1111 1111 11111111 1111 1111 1111

A

B

C0000 0010 0000 0010

0000 0101

0000 0101 0000 1100 0000 10000110 0000 0000 0011

0000 0011

0000 0011

0000 1000

0000 0011

CPU

Memory

C = A + B

01

Address Bus

Data Bus

What is right with B=B+A?What is right with B=B+A?

AddressAddress ContentContent

0000 0000 0000 00000000 0000 0000 0000 xxxx xxxxxxxx xxxx

0000 0000 0000 00010000 0000 0000 0001

…… ……

0000 0010 0000 00100000 0010 0000 0010 0000 01010000 0101

…… ……

0000 1100 0000 10000000 1100 0000 1000 ……

…… ……

0110 0000 0000 00110110 0000 0000 0011 0000 00110000 0011

…… ……

1111 1111 1111 11111111 1111 1111 1111

A

B

0000 0010 0000 0010

0000 0101

0000 0101 0110 0000 0000 00110110 0000 0000 0011

0000 0011

0000 0011

0000 1000

0000 1000

0000 1000

CPU

Memory

B = A + B

01

Computer LanguagesComputer Languages

o MACHINE CODEMACHINE CODE

o ASSEMBLYASSEMBLY

o ADA, FORTRAN, BASICADA, FORTRAN, BASIC

o PASCAL, LISPPASCAL, LISP

o C, C++C, C++ Must for CS/CE/EEMust for CS/CE/EE

o Visual BASICVisual BASIC CS 101

Operating SystemOperating System

o Software thatSoftware thatefficiently utilizes computer resourcesefficiently utilizes computer resourcesresolves issues among various computer resolves issues among various computer

processesprocessesCompeting processesCompeting processesCooperating processesCooperating processes

Microprocessor History: 8080Microprocessor History: 8080o DesignerDesigner IntelIntel

o Introduction dateIntroduction date April 1974April 1974

o Introduction speedIntroduction speed 2 MHz2 MHz

o Maximum speedMaximum speed 3 MHz3 MHz

o CacheCache --

o Transistor countTransistor count 60006000

o Manufacturing processManufacturing process 6 micron6 micron

http://www.cpu-info.com

Microprocessor History: Microprocessor History: Pentium IIIPentium III

o DesignerDesigner IntelIntel

o Introduction dateIntroduction date Aug. 1999Aug. 1999

o Introduction speedIntroduction speed 450 MHz450 MHz

o Maximum speedMaximum speed 1400 MHz1400 MHz

o CacheCache 512 Kb512 Kb

o Transistor countTransistor count 9,500,0009,500,000

o Manufacturing processManufacturing process 0.25 & 0.18 0.25 & 0.18 micronmicron

http://www.cpu-info.comhttp://www.cpu-info.com

CPU

http://www.theregister.co.uk/2000/06/30/pentium_4_in_pictures/

Motherboard

http://www.theregister.co.uk/2000/06/30/pentium_4_in_pictures/

Pin outlay of Pentium

Pentium 4: From Inside Pentium 4: From Inside

Pentium 4Pentium 4

o 90, 130 nm Technology90, 130 nm Technology

o 2.8 – 3.8 GHz2.8 – 3.8 GHz 1/2000th of human hair

ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/Josh_Fab_24_061404.pdf

Technology TrendTechnology Trend

ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/Josh_Fab_24_061404.pdf

Technology TrendTechnology Trend

ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/Josh_Fab_24_061404.pdf

From Sand to PentiumFrom Sand to Pentium

ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/Josh_Fab_24_061404.pdf

SpeedSpeed

ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/Josh_Fab_24_061404.pdf

Why technology?Why technology?

o Government of Pakistan plans to spend Rs. Government of Pakistan plans to spend Rs. 903 Billion (about 903 Billion (about US$ 15.6US$ 15.6 Billion) in 2004 Billion) in 2004 – 2005 budget– 2005 budget @ 1 US$ = 58 PKR@ 1 US$ = 58 PKR

o Intel generated Intel generated US$ 20US$ 20 Billion in 2003 Billion in 2003