Introduction to Chakra

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Chakra

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Chakra (disambiguation)[1].

This article's introduction section[2]may not adequately summarize[3]its

contents. To comply with Wikipedia's lead section guidelines, please consider

modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points

in such a way that itcan stand on its own as a concise version of the article.(discuss[4]). (July 2014)

In Santana[5]/Hindu[6]and tantric[7]/yogic[8]traditions and other belief systems

chakrasare energy points or knots in the subtle body[9]. Chakras are part of the subtle

body, not the physical body, and as such are the meeting points of the subtle (non-

physical) energy channels, called nadiis. Nadiis are channels in the subtle body through

which the life force (prana[10]), or vital energy[11]moves.Various scriptural texts andteachings present a different number of chakras. There are many chakras in the subtle

human body according to the tantric texts, but there are seven chakras that are

considered to be the most important ones.

Their name derives from the Sanskrit[12]word for "wheel[13]" or "turning[14]", but in the

yogic context a better translation of the word is 'vortex or whirlpool'.1note 1

The concept of chakra features in tantric[15]and yogic[16]traditions of Hinduism[17]and

Buddhism[18].

Etymology

Written in Sanskrit[19]as (IAST[20]: Cakra), the word derives from the Proto-Indo-

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European[21]*keklos, and its cognates include Greek[22]kuklos, Lithuanian[23]kaklas,

Tocharian B[24]kokaleand English "wheel," as well as "circle" and "cycle".2

Bhattacharyya[25]'s review of Tantric[26]history says that the word chakrais used to

mean several different things in the Sanskrit sources:3

1. "Circle," used in a variety of senses, symbolising endless rotation[27]of shakti[28].

2. A circle of people. In rituals there are different cakra-sdhanin which adherents

assemble and perform rites[29]. According to theNiruttaratantra[30], chakras in the

sense of assemblies are of 5 types.

3. The term chakra also is used to denote yantras[31]or mystic[32]diagrams[33],

variously known as trikoa-cakra, aakoa-cakra, etc.

4. Different "nerve plexus[34]within the body."

In Buddhist[35]literature the Sanskrit term cakra(Pali[36]cakka) is used in a different

sense of "circle," referring to a Buddhist conception of the Cycle of Rebirth[37]

consisting of six states in which beings may be reborn.4

The linguist Jorma Koivulehto[38]wrote (2001) of the annual FinnishKekri[39]

celebration having borrowed the word from early Indo-Aryan[40].5

History

While breath channels (nis[41]) of yogic practices had already been discussed in the

classical Upanishads[42], it was not until the eighth-century Buddhist Hevajra Tantra[43]

and Carygiti, that hierarchies of chakras were introduced.67

Characteristics

The Texts and teachings present different numbers of chakras. Also different physical

structures are considered chakras. David Gordon White thus emphasizes:

"In fact, there is no "standard" system of the chakras. Every school, sometimes every

teacher within each school, has had their own chakra system."8

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The following features are common:

They form part of the body, along with the breath channels, or nadis[44], and the

winds (vayus[45]).

They are located along the central channel (sushumna/avadht).

Two side channels cross the center channel at the location of the chakras.

They possess a number of 'petals' or 'spokes'.They are generally associated with a mantra[46]seed-syllable, and often with a

variety of colours and deities.

Use in religious traditions

Hindu Tantra

Main article: Kundalini energy[47]

[48]

Thousand Petalled Crown Chakra, Two Petalled Brow

Chakra, Sixteen Petalled Throat Chakra (Nepal, 17th

Century)

David Gordon White traces the modern popularity of

the "Hindu" seven chakra system to Arthur Avalon's[49]

The Serpent Power,which was Avalon's translation of a

late work, the Satcakranirupana.9 In actuality, there

are several models and systems present in Hindu

tantric literature, as White documents.10 Kundalini[50]

is a feature of Hindu chakra systems.

Buddhist Tantra

Vajrayana

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Main article: Vajrayana[51]

Chakras play an important role in the main surviving branch of Indian Vajrayana,

Tibetan Buddhism[52]. They play a pivotal role in completion stage[53]practices, where

an attempt is made to bring the subtle winds of the body into the central channel, to

realise the clear light of bliss and emptiness, and to attain Buddhahood[54]

.11

The Vajrayana system states that the central channel (avadht) begins at the point of

the third eye like of lord Shiva, curves up to the crown of the head, and then goes

straight down to the lower body. There are two side channels, the rasanand lalan,

which start at their respective nostrils and then travel down to the lower body. The

apna vyu governs the lower terminations of the three channels. The lower end of the

central channel ends in the rectum. The lower end of the lalanends in the urinary

tract. The lower end of the rasanchannel emits semen.[citation needed[55]]

The side channels run parallel to the center channel, except at locations such as the

navel, heart, throat and crown (i.e. chakras) where the two side channels twist around

the central channel. At the navel, throat and crown, there is a twofold knot caused by

each side channel twisting once around the central channel. At the heart wheel there is

a sixfold knot, where each side channel twists around three times. An important part of

completion stage practice involves loosening and undoing these knots.[citation

needed[56]]

Within the chakras exist the 'subtle drops'. The white drop exists in the crown, the red

drop exists in the navel, and at the heart exists the indestructible red and white drop,

which leaves the body at the time of death. In addition, each chakra has a number of

'spokes' or 'petals', which branch off into thousands of subtle channels running to every

part of the body, and each contains a Sanskrit syllable.[citation needed[57]]

By focusing on a specific chakra (while often holding the breath) the subtle winds enter

the central channel. The chakra at which they enter is important in order to realise

specific practices. For example, focusing on the subnavel area is important for the

practice of tummo[58], or inner fire. Meditating on the heart chakra is important for

realising clear light. Meditating on the throat chakra is important for lucid dreaming

and the practices of dream yoga. And meditating on the crown chakra is important for

consciousness projection, either to another world, or into another body.[citation

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Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche[73]teaches a version of the Six Lokas[74]sadhana[75]which

works with the chakra system.

Qigong

Qigong[76]also relies on a similar model of the human body as an energy[77]system,

except that it involves the circulation of qi[78](ki, chi) energy.1314 The Qi energy,

equivalent to the Hindu Prana, flows through the energy channels called meridians[79],

equivalent to the nadis, but two other energies are also important: Jing, or primordial

essence, and Shen, or spirit energy.

In the principle circuit of qi, called the Microcosmic orbit[80], energy rises up a main

meridian along the spine, but also comes back down the front torso. Throughout its

cycle it enters various dantians[81](elixir fields) which act as furnaces, where the types

of energy in the body (jing, qi and shen) are progressively refined.15 These dantians

play a very similar role to that of chakras. The number of dantians varies depending on

the system; the navel dantian is the most well-known (it is called the Hara in Japan), but

there is usually a Dantian located at the heart and between the eyebrows.16 The lower

dantian at or below the navel transforms essence, or jing, into qi energy. The middle

dantian in the middle of the chest transforms qi energy into shen, or spirit, and the

higher dantian at the level of the forehead (or at the top of the head), transforms Shen

into wuji, infinite space of void.17

Hesychasm

A completely separate contemplative movement within the Eastern Orthodox church is

Hesychasm[82], a form of Christian meditation. Comparisons have been made between

the Hesychastic centres of prayer and the position of the chakras.18 Particular emphasis

is placed upon the heart area. However, there is no talk about these centres as having

any sort of metaphysical existence. Far more than in any of the cases discussed above,

the centres are simply places to focus the concentration during prayer.

Western interpretations of Hindu Chakras

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[83]

Recent Western traditions associate colours and physiomotional functions for each of

the 7 main Chakras.

[84]

Western Adaptation of Hindu Yogic Chakras

Main article: Esotericism[85]

In Western culture, a concept similar to that of prana

[86]

canbe traced back as far as the 18th century's Franz Anton

Mesmer[87], who used "animal magnetism[88]" to treat

disease.

However it was only in 1927 that the shakta[89]theory of

seven main chakras, that has become most popular in the

West, was introduced, largely through the translation of two

Indian texts: the Sat-Cakra-Nirupana, and thePadaka-Pancaka, by Sir John

Woodroffe[90], alias Arthur Avalon, in a book titled The Serpent Power.19

This book is extremely detailed and complex, and later the ideas were developed into

the predominant Western view of the chakras by C. W. Leadbeater[91]in his book The

Chakras. Many of the views which directed Leadbeater's understanding of the chakras

were influenced by previous theosophist authors, in particular Johann Georg Gichtel[92],

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a disciple of Jakob Bhme[93], and his book Theosophia Practica (1696), in which Gitchtel

directly refers to innerforce centres, a concept reminiscent of the chakras.20

New Age

Main article: New Age[94]

According to medical intuitive and author, Caroline Myss[95], who described chakras in

her workAnatomy of the Spirit[96](1996), "Every thought and experience you've ever had

in your life gets filtered through these chakra databases. Each event is recorded into

your cells...", in effect your biography becomes your biology.21

The chakras are described[by whom?] as being aligned in an ascending column from thebase of the spine[97]to the top of the head. New Age[98]practices often associate each

chakra with a certain colour. In various traditions chakras are associated with multiple

physiological functions, an aspect of consciousness[99], a classical element[100], and

other distinguishing characteristics. They are visualised as lotuses/flowers with a

different number of petals in every chakra.

The chakras are thought to vitalise the physical body and to be associated with

interactions of a physical, emotional and mental nature. They are considered loci[101]of

life energy[102]or prana[103], also called shakti[104], qi[105](Chinese; kiin Japanese),

koach-ha-guf[106]22 (Hebrew), bios (Greek) & aether[107](Greek, English), which is

thought to flow among them along pathways called nadis[108]. The function of the

chakras is to spin and draw in this energy to keep the spiritual, mental, emotional and

physical health of the body in balance. They are said by some to reflect how the unified

consciousness of humanity (the immortal human being or the soul[109]), is divided to

manage different aspects of earthly life (body/instinct/vital energy/deeper

emotions/communication/having an overview of life/contact to God). The chakras are

placed at differing levels of spiritual subtlety, with Sahasrara[110]at the top being

concerned with pure consciousness, and Muladhara[111]at the bottom being concerned

with matter, which is seen simply as condensed, or gross consciousness.

In his book on Japa Yoga, Himalaya Press 1978, Swami Sivananda[112]states that a yogi

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that practices Japa with only the Om and is successful at Mahasamyama {oneness with

the object...in this case a Word being meditated on} becomes a direct disciple of that,

the OM, the most Holy of all words/syllables { the same as the word of creation as

recognised by the Torah, although this is not professed or quite possibly not even

recognised by those of secular authority in either Judaism or Christianity} thus the yogi

achieving this feat needs no Guru or Sat-guru* to achieve any Spiritual goal {*Archetype

/ Ascended Master i.e. A Krishna, a Rama, a Jesus, a Nanak a Buddha..et al.} and SwamiSivananda mentions that this yogi has a path that is, in all recognisable ways and

manners, reverse of that of other Yogis or Spiritual aspirants and their paths and those

include all Christian ascetics, in that this spiritual aspirant then works through the

chakras, mastering them from the crown down. Satprem explains in page 67 of his book

"Sri Aurobindo or the Adventure of Consciousness"(ISBN 81-85137-60-9[113]), in Sri

Aurobindo[114]and the Mother's Integral Yoga[115]the practitioner experiences a

"descent" where the Grace and Light works through and enlightens the chakras from top

crown chakra downwords.

Whereas every other well known path and all major religions[citation needed[116]] start

by trying to master the chakras starting with the 'Svadhisthana Chakra' {Sex}, these

Yogis aren't expected to renounce sex or certain foods, and by virtue of this they do not

need to remove themselves from the world of temptations and become monks or

recluses. They can stay in the world of men and live what appears to be a normal life

that observes whatever local custom{s} there may be. Trevor Ravenscroft also mentionsthis spiritual goal and achievement in his book, "The Cup of Destiny", and says that

these practices and achievements were known and the most highly regarded and desired

by the Templar Knights of old.

New Age[117]writers, such as Anodea Judith[118]in her book Wheels of Life, have written

about the chakras in great detail, including the reasons for their appearance and

functions.

Another interpretation of the seven chakras is presented by writer and artist Zachary

Selig[119]. In the bookKundalini Awakening, a Gentle Guide to Chakra Activation and

Spiritual Growth,he presents a unique codex titled "Relaxatia", a solar Kundalini[120]

paradigm[121]that is a codex of the human chakra system and the solar light spectrum,

designed to activate Kundalini through his colour-coded chakra paintings.23

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Some chakra system models describe one or more Transpersonal chakras[122]above the

crown chakra, and an Earth star chakra[123]below the feet. There are also held to be

many minor chakras, for example between the major chakras.

Rudolf Steiner[124]considered the chakra system to be dynamic and evolving. He

suggested that this system has become different for modern people than it was inancient times, and will in turn be radically different in future times.24 Steiner describes

a sequence of development that begins with the upper chakras and moves down, rather

than moving in the opposite direction. He gave suggestions on how to develop the

chakras through disciplining the thoughts, feelings, and will.25

[125]

7 Chakras

According to Florin Lowndes,26 a 'spiritual student' can further develop and deepen or

elevate thinking consciousness when taking the step from the 'ancient path' of

schooling to the 'new path' represented by Steiner's The Philosophy of Freedom[126].note

2

Endocrine system

The primary importance and level of existence of chakras is posited to be in the psyche.

However, there are those who believe that chakras have a physical manifestation as

well.27 The author Gary Osborn, for instance, has described the chakras as

metaphysical[127]counterparts to the endocrine glands[128],28 while Anodea Judith[129]

noted a marked similarity between the positions of the two and the roles described for

each.29 Stephen Sturgess also links the lower six chakras to specific nerve plexuses

along the spinal cord as well as glands.30 C.W. Leadbeater associated the Ajna chakra

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with the pineal gland[130],31 which is a part of the endocrine system. Edgar Cayce said

that the seven churches of the Book of Revelation[131]are endocrine glands[132].32

However, these associations have never been scientifically verified.

Spectrum of lightA development in Western practices dating back to the 1940s is to associate each one of

the seven chakras to a given colour and a corresponding crystal. For example, the chakra

in the forehead is associated with the colour purple, so to try and cure a headache a

person might apply a purple stone to the forehead. This idea has proven highly popular

and has been integrated by all but a few practitioners.

Mercier[133]introduces the relation of colour energy to the science of the light

spectrum[134]:

As humans, we exist within the 49th Octave of Vibration of the electromagnetic light

spectrum. Below this range are barely visible radiant heat, then invisible infrared,

television and radiowaves, sound and brain waves; above it is barely visible

ultraviolet, then the invisible frequencies of chemicals and perfumes, followed by x-

rays, gamma rays, radium rays and unknown cosmic rays.33

Understanding existence and physical form as an interpretation of light energy

through the physical eyes will open up greater potential to explore the energetic

boundaries of color, form and light that are perceived as immediate reality. Indian

Yogic teachings assign to the seven major chakras specific qualities, such as color of

influence (from the 7 rays of spectrum light), elements (such as earth, air, water &

ether), body sense (such as touch, taste, and smell), and relation to an endocrine

gland.34

Description of each chakra

There are seven major chakras, which are arranged vertically along the axial channel

(sushumna nadi[135]). David Gordon White traces the modern popularity of the seven

chakra system to Arthur Avalon's[136]The Serpent Power,which was Avalon's translation

of a late work, the Sat-Cakra-Nirupana.9 Below is a description of the seven chakras,

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with various associations. Each of these chakras also have its elemental deity (Vasu[137])

- demigod of its material element.

From the top down they are:

Sahasrara

[138]

Sahasrara[139](Sanskrit[140]: , IAST[141]: Sahasrra,

English: "thousand-petaled") or crown chakrais generally

considered to be the state of pure consciousness, within which

there is neither object nor subject. When the Kundalini

energy[142]rises to this point, it unites with the male

Shiva[143]energy, and a state of liberating

samadhi[144]is

attained. Symbolized by a lotus with one thousand multi-

coloured petals, it is located either at the crown of the head,

or above the crown of the head. Sahasrara is represented by

the colour white and it involves such issues as inner wisdom

and the death of the body.

Its role may be envisioned somewhat similarly to that of the

pituitary gland[145], which secretes hormones to

communicate to the rest of the endocrine system and also

connects to the central nervous system[146]via the

hypothalamus[147]. According to Gary Osborn, the

thalamus[148]is thought to have a key role in the physical

basis of consciousness[149]and is the 'Bridal Chamber'

mentioned in the Gnostic scriptures[150]. Sahasrara's inner

aspect deals with the release of karma[151], physical action

with meditation, mental action with universal consciousness

and unity, and emotional action with "beingness."35

In Tibetan buddhism, the point at the crown of the head is

represented by a white circle, with 33 downward pointing

petals. It is of primary importance in the performance of

phowa[152], or consciousness projection after death, in order

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to obtain rebirth in a Pure Land[153]. Within this state is

contained the White drop, or Bodhicitta[154], which is the

essence of masculine energy.

Corresponding deity for material element of this state is

Dhruva[155]

.

[156]

Ajna[157](Sanskrit[158]: , IAST[159]: , English:

"command") or third-eye chakrais symbolised by a lotus

with two petals, and corresponds to the colours violet, indigo

or deep blue, though it is traditionally described as white. It is

at this point that the two side nadis Ida (yoga)[160]and

Pingala are said to terminate and merge with the central

channel Sushumna, signifying the end of duality, the

characteristic of being dual (e.g. lightand dark, or maleand

female). The seed syllable[161]for this chakra is the syllable

OM, and the presiding deity is Ardhanarishvara[162], who is a

half male, half female Shiva/Shakti. The Shakti goddess of

Ajna is called Hakini.

Ajna (along with Bindu[163]), is known as the third eye[164]

chakra and is linked to the pineal gland[165]which may inform

a model of its envisioning. The pineal gland is a light sensitive

gland that produces the hormone melatonin[166]which

regulates sleep and waking up, and is also postulated to be the

production site of the psychedelic dimethyltryptamine[167],

the only known hallucinogen endogenous to the human body.

Ajna's key issues involve balancing the higher and lowerselves and trusting inner guidance. Ajna's inner aspect relates

to the access of intuition. Mentally, Ajna deals with visual

consciousness. Emotionally, Ajna deals with clarity on an

intuitive level.36

Some[] believe that the pineal and pituitary glands should be

exchanged in their relationship to the crown and third-eye

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chakras, based on the description in Arthur Avalon's book on

Kundalini[168]called Serpent Poweror empirical research.

In Tibetan Buddhism, this point is actually the end of the

central channel, since the central channel rises up from the

sexual organ to the crown of the head, and then curves over

the head and down to the third eye. While the central channel

finishes here, the two side channels continue down to the two

nostrils.

Corresponding deity for material element of this chakra is

Soma[169].

Vishuddha

[170]

Vishuddha[171](Sanskrit[172]: , IAST[173]: Viuddha,

English: "especially pure"), or Vishuddhi, or throat chakrais

depicted as a silver crescent within a white circle, with 16

light or pale blue, or turquoise petals. The seed mantra is

Ham, and the residing deity is Panchavaktra shiva, with 5

heads and 4 arms, and the Shakti is Shakini.Vishuddha may be understood as relating to communication

and growth through expression. This chakra is paralleled to

the thyroid[174], a gland that is also in the throat and which

produces thyroid hormone[175], responsible for growth and

maturation. Physically, Vishuddha governs communication,

emotionally it governs independence, mentally it governs

fluent thought, and spiritually, it governs a sense of

security.37

In Tibetan buddhism, this chakra is red, with 16 upward

pointing petals. It plays an important role in Dream Yoga, the

art of lucid dreaming[176].

Corresponding deity for material element of this chakra is

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Dyaus[177].

Anahata

[178]

Anahata[179](Sanskrit[180]: , IAST[181]: Anhata,

English: "unstruck") or heart chakrais symbolised by a

circular flower with twelve green petals called the

heartmind[182]. Within it is a yantra of two intersecting

triangles, forming a hexagram[183], symbolizing a union of the

male and female. The seed mantra is Yam, the presiding deity

is Ishana Rudra Shiva, and the Shakti is Kakini.

Anahata is related to the thymus[184], located in the chest.

The thymus is an element of the immune system[185]as well

as being part of the endocrine system. It is the site of

maturation of the T cells[186]responsible for fending off

disease and may be adversely affected by stress[187]. Anahata

is related to the colours green or pink. Key issues involving

Anahata involve complex emotions, compassion, tenderness,

unconditional love, equilibrium, rejection and well-being.

Physically Anahata governs circulation, emotionally itgoverns unconditional love for the self and others, mentally it

governs passion, and spiritually it governs devotion.38

In Tibetan Buddhism, this centre is extremely important, as

being the home of the indestructible red/white drop, which

carries our consciousness to our next lives. It is described as

being white, circular, with eight downward pointing petals,

and the seed syllable Hum inside. During mantra recitation inthe lower tantras, a flame is imagined inside of the heart,

from which the mantra rings out. Within the higher tantras,

this chakra is very important for realising the Clear Light.

Corresponding deity for material element of this chakra is

Vyu[188].

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Manipura

[189]

Manipura[190](Sanskrit[191]: , IAST[192]: Maipra,

English: "jewel city") or solar plexus/navel chakrais

symbolised by a downward pointing triangle with ten petals,

along with the color yellow. The seed syllable is Ram, and the

presiding deity is Braddha Rudra, with Lakini as the Shakti.

Manipura is related to the metabolic and digestive systems.

Manipura is believed to correspond to Islets of

Langerhans[193],39 which are groups of cells in the pancreas,

as well as the outer adrenal glands[194]and the adrenal cortex.

These play a valuable role in digestion[195], the conversion of

food matter into energy for the body. The colour that

corresponds to Manipura is yellow. Key issues governed byManipura are issues of personal power, fear, anxiety, opinion-

formation, introversion, and transition from simple or base

emotions to complex. Physically, Manipura governs digestion,

mentally it governs personal power, emotionally it governs

expansiveness, and spiritually, all matters of growth.40

Corresponding deity for material element of this chakra is

Agni[196].

Svadhishthana

[197]

Svadhishthana[198](Sanskrit[199]: , IAST[200]:

Svdhihna, English: "one's own base") or sacral chakrais

symbolized by a white lotus within which is a crescent moon,

with six vermilion, or orange petals. The seed mantra is Vam,

and the presiding deity is Brahma, with the Shakti being

Rakini (or Chakini). The animal associated is the crocodile of

Varuna[201].

This chakra is located in the sacrum[202]and is considered to

correspond to the testes or the ovaries that produce the

various sex hormones[203]involved in the reproductive

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cycle[204]. Svadhishthana is also considered to be related to,

more generally, the genitourinary system and the adrenals.

The key issues involving Svadhishthana are relationships,

violence, addictions, basic emotional needs, and pleasure.

Physically, Svadhishthana governs reproduction, mentally it

governs creativity, emotionally it governs joy, and spiritually

it governs enthusiasm.41

Corresponding deity for material element of this chakra is

Indra[205](head of Vasus) or Varuna[206].The seed syllable is

VAM.

Muladhara

Muladhara[207](Sanskrit[208]: , IAST[209]: Mldhra, English: "root

support") or root chakrais symbolized by a lotus with four petals and the color red.

This center is located at the base of the spine[210]in the coccygeal[211]region. It is

said to relate to the gonads[212]and the adrenal medulla[213], responsible for the

fight-or-flight response[214]when survival is under threat.42

Muladhara is related to instinct, security, survival and also to basic human

potentiality. Physically, Muladhara governs sexuality, mentally it governs stability,

emotionally it governs sensuality, and spiritually it governs a sense of security.43

Muladhara has a relation to the sense of smell.44

This chakra is where the three main nadis separate and begin their upward

movement. Dormant Kundalini[215]rests here, wrapped three and a half times around

the black Svayambhu linga, the lowest of three obstructions to her full rising (also

known as knots or granthis).45 It is the seat of the red bindu, the female drop (whichin Tibetan vajrayana is located at the navel chakra).[clarification needed[216]]

The seed syllable is Lam (pronounced lum), the deity is Ganesh[217],[citation

needed[218]] and the Shakti is Dakini.46 The associated animal is the elephant.47

The corresponding deity for material element of this chakra is Prithvi[219].

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Other chakras

There are said to be 21 minor chakras which are reflected points of the major chakras.48

These 21 are further grouped into ten bilateral minor chakras that correspond to the

foot, hand, knee, elbow, groin, clavicle, navel, shoulder and ear. The spleen may also be

listed by some authorities as a location for a minor chakra.

Secret chakras

There are said to be three chakras that are beyond the physical and the spiritual. They

are called Golata, Lalata, and Lalanaand "located on the uvula[220]at the back of the

throat, above the Ajna chakra, and within the soft upper palate".49 According to Robert

Svoboda they defy description in the sense of the above seven and can only be

experienced once Kundalini has fully awakened.

Minor chakras below Muladhara

There are said to be a series of seven chakras below Muladhara going down the leg,50

corresponding the base animal instincts, and to the Hindu underworld patala[221]. From

the top down they are:

Atala Located in the hips, it governs fear and lust.

Vitala Located in the thighs, it governs anger and resentment.

Sutala Located in the knees, it governs jealousy.

Talatala Translated as "under the bottom level", it is located in the calves andrepresents a state of prolonged confusion and instinctive willfulness.

Rasatala Located in the ankles, it is the centre of selfishness and pure animal nature.

Mahatala Located in the feet, this is the dark realm 'without conscience', and inner

blindness.

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Patala Located in the soles of the feet, this is the realm of malice, murder, torture

and hatred, and in Hindu mythology it borders on the realm of Naraka[222], or hell.

Popular culture

Chakra is featured in the Japanese manga[223]and anime[224]Naruto[225]andNaruto

Shippuden[226]as the verylifeblood essence of all life and magic,

In theBen 10[227]franchise, "manna" is a fictitious version of chakra.

It is also a key concept in an episode ofAvatar: The Last Airbender[228].

In the video gameDigital Devil Saga: Avatar Tuner[229], the main game locations are

named after the main chakras, and are visited in order with Muladhara being the

player character's home base. However, Vishudda is never visited (it is mentioned at

one point, however).

American hip-hop duo Ces Cru[230]released their fourth studio album "Constant

Energy Struggles[231]" in 2013, which included the track "Seven Chakras". There is

also a reference to chakras in "Meditate".

See also

Notes

1. 'Jump up to: ^cakra[tkr ][232]

pronounced [tkr][233]in Hindi; Pali[234]:

cakka Oriya[235]: Malayalam[236]: Thai[237]: Telugu[238]:

Tamil

[239]

:

Kannada

[240]

:

Chinese:/ pinyin[241]: ln Standard

Tibetan

[242]

: Wylie[243]

:khor lo

2. Jump up ^English translations include:

1916: The Philosophy of Freedom[244]. trans. Hoernl and Hoernl, ed. Harry

Collison. This is the only English translation of the first German edition.

1922:Philosophy of Spiritual Activity. Based on 2nd German edition, trans.

Hoernl and Hoernl.

1939:Philosophy of Spiritual Activity[245], trans. Hermann Poppelbaum, based on

Hoernl and Hoernl translation

1963:Philosophy of Spiritual Activity[246], trans. Rita Stebbing

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1964: The Philosophy of Freedom: The Basis for a Modern World Conception[247],

trans. Michael Wilson

1986: The Philosophy of Spiritual Activity: Basic Features of a Modern World

View[248], trans. William Lindeman

1995:Intuitive Thinking as a Spiritual Path: A Philosophy of Freedom, trans.

Michael Lipson, based on Wilson translation

2011: 'Rudolf Steiner'sPhilosophie der Freiheitas the Foundation of the Logic of

Beholding. Religion of the Thinking Will. Organon of the New Cultural Epoch',

trans. Graham B. Rickett, with commentary by G.A.Bondarev' [ISBN 978-1-105-

05765-6[249]]

There is a comparison tool[250]to compare most of the above translations.

References

1. Jump up ^http://www.light-

weaver.com/vortex/pdfs/Kundalini.Tantra.by.Satyananda.Saraswati.pdf[251]..(page

16)

2. Jump up ^Mallory, J.P. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. p 640

London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5[252].

3. Jump up ^Bhattacharyya, N. N. (1999).History of the Tantric Religion(Second

Revised ed.). New Delhi: Manohar. pp. 38586. ISBN[253]81-7304-025-7[254].

4. Jump up ^Edgerton, Franklin.Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary.

Volume II. p. 221. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers: Delhi, 1953. Reprint edition,

Delhi, 2004, ISBN 81-208-0999-8[255]. E.g., catvri devamanuycakri.

5. Jump up ^Koivulehto, Jorma 2001. The earliest contacts between Indo-

European[256]and Uralic[257]speakers in the light of lexical loans. Pp. 235263, no.

42 in: Carpelan et al. 2001.6. Jump up ^White, David Gordon. Yoga in Practice. Princeton University Press 2012,

page 14.

7. Jump up ^White, David Gordon (2003).Kiss of the Yogini. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press. p. 224. ISBN[258]0-226-89483-5[259].

8. Jump up ^White, David Gordon (2003).Kiss of the Yogini. Chicago: Univdersity of

Chicago Press. p. 222. ISBN[260]0-226-89483-5[261].

9. ^ Jump up to: abWhite, David Gordon (2003).Kiss of the Yogini. Chicago: University

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of Chicago Press. p. 221. ISBN[262]0-226-89483-5[263].

10. Jump up ^White, David Gordon (2003).Kiss of the Yogini. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press. pp. 221229. ISBN[264]0-226-89483-5[265].

11. ^ Jump up to: abcdGeshe Gelsang Kyatos[266], Clear Light of Bliss.

12. Jump up ^Tarthang Tulku. Tibetan Relaxation. The illustrated guide to Kum Nye

massage and movement A yoga from the Tibetan tradition. Dunkan BairdPublishers, London, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84483-404-4[267], pp. 31, 33

13. Jump up ^Lu K'uan Y[268], Taoist Yoga Alchemy and Immortality, Rider and

Company, London, 1970

14. Jump up ^Mantak and Maneewan Chia[269]Awaken Healing Light of the Tao(Healing

Tao Books, 1993), ch.5

15. Jump up ^Yang Erzeng, Philip Clart. The Story of Han Xiangzi: the alchemical

adventures of a Taoist immortal

16. Jump up ^Mantak and Maneewan Chia[270]Awaken Healing Light of the Tao(Healing

Tao Books, 1993), ch.13

17. Jump up ^Andy James. The Spiritual Legacy of Shaolin Temple

18. Jump up ^Mircea Eliade. Yoga, Immortality and Freedom

19. Jump up ^Woodroffe, The Serpent Power, Dover Publications, pp.317ff

20. Jump up ^C. W. Leadbeater[271], Gichtel and Theosophia Practica[272], Chakra,

Adyar, 1927

21. Jump up ^Chakras[273]Caroline Myss[274]website.22. Jump up ^Helena Blavatsky (1892). Theosophical Glossary. Krotona.

23. Jump up ^Selby, Jon and Selig, Zachary. (1992) Kundalini Awakening, a Gentle

Guide to Chakra Activation and Spiritual Growth, New York: Random House, ISBN

978-0-553-35330-3[275](0-553-35330-6)

24. Jump up ^Rudolf Steiner, "The astral centers (Chakras)", chapter I [1][276]of

Initiation and Its Resultstranslated by Clifford Bax (1909), early version of second

half of Steiner'sKnowledge of the higher worlds and its attainment[2][277]

25. Jump up ^Rudolf Steiner,How to Know Higher Worlds

26. Jump up ^Florin Lowndes, 'Enlivening the Chakra of the Heart: The Fundamental

Spiritual Exercises of Rudolf Steiner' ISBN 1-85584-053-7[278], first English edition

1998 from the original German edition of 1996, comparing 'traditional' chakra

teaching, and that of C.W.Leadbeater, with that of Rudolf Steiner. But see also

comment on Lowndes in Overview of the Literature[279], G.A.Bondarev

27. Jump up ^Saraswati, MD (19532001). Kundalini Yoga. Tehri-Garhwal, India:

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Divine Life Society, foldout chart. ISBN 81-7052-052-5[280]

28. Jump up ^The Shining Ones, Philip Gardiner and Gary Osborn, Watkins Publishing,

2006 edition, p44-45, ISBN 1-84293-150-4[281]

29. Jump up ^Wheels of Life, Anodea Judith

30. Jump up ^The Yoga Book, Stephen Sturgess, Element, 1997, p19-21, ISBN 1-85230-

972-5[282]

31. Jump up ^The Chakras, CW Leadbeater

32. Jump up ^Interpretating the Revelation, John Van Auken[283]

33. Jump up ^Patricia Mercier (2007). The Chakra Bible. Octopus Publishing Group Ltd.,

2007, p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84181-320-2[284].

34. Jump up ^Patricia Mercier (2007). p. 28

35. Jump up ^Patricia Mercier (2007). p. 302

36. Jump up ^Mercier (2007). p. 267.

37. Jump up ^Mercier (2007). p. 233.

38. Jump up ^Patricia Mercier (2007). p. 199.

39. Jump up ^Mercier (2007). p. 168.

40. Jump up ^Mercier (2007). p. 167.

41. Jump up ^Mercier (2007). p. 127.

42. Jump up ^"Root Chakra"[285]. ASIS Massage Education. Retrieved 17 January 2014.

43. Jump up ^Patricia Mercier (2007). p. 91.

44. Jump up ^Mumford, John (1995).A Chakra & Kundalini Workbook(Second ed.).

Llewellyn Worldwide[286]. p. 79. ISBN[287]1-56718-473-1[288].

45. Jump up ^The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess A Translation, Annotation and

Commentary, C. Mackenzie Brown, 1998, State University of New York Press, p195

ISBN 978-0-7914-3940-1[289]

46. Jump up ^Mumford, John (1988).Ecstasy Through Tantra(Third ed.). Llewellyn

Worldwide[290]. p. 72. ISBN[291]0-87542-494-5[292].

47. Jump up ^Mindell, Arnold; Sternback-Scott, Sisa; Goodman, Becky (1984).

Dreambody: the body's rle in revealing the self. Taylor & Francis[293]. p. 38.

ISBN[294]0-7102-0250-4[295].

48. Jump up ^Cross, J. R.Acupressure and Reflextherapy in the Treatment of Medical

Conditions. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2001, p. 12.

49. Jump up ^Svoboda, Robert.Aghora II: Kundalini, p. 71.

50. Jump up ^Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami.Merging with Shiva: Hinduism's

contemporary metaphysics, p. 231.

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15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantra

16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini_Yoga

17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism

18. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana

19. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit

20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST

21. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language

22. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language

23. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language

24. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharian_B

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26. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantra

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28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti

29. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite

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32. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism

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44. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadis

45. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayu

46. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra

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47. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus

48. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus

49. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness

50. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostic_Gospels

51. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma

52. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phowa

53. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Land

54. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhicitta

55. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhruva

56. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chakra06.gif

57. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajna

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58. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language

59. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST

60. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_(yoga)

61. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%ABja

62. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardhanarishvara

63. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindu_(symbol)

64. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_eye

65. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal_gland

66. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin

67. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine

68. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini_energy

69. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma

70. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chakra05.gif

71. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishuddha

72. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language

73. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST

74. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid

75. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_hormone

76. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucid_dreaming

77. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyaus

78. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chakra04.gif

79. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anahata

80. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language

81. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST

82. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhicitta

83. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagram

84. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus

85. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system

86. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cells

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87. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(medicine)

88. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81yu

89. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chakra03.gif

90. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipura

91. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language

92. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST

93. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islets_of_Langerhans

94. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glands

95. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion

96. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni

97. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chakra02.gif

98. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svadhishthana

99. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language

00. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST

01. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna

02. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrum

03. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_hormones

04. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_cycle

05. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra

06. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna

07. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muladhara

08. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language

09. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST

10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_column

11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccyx

12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonads

13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla

14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response

15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini_energy

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16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify

17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesh

18. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed

19. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi

20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_uvula

21. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patala

22. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)

23. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga

24. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime

25. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto

26. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto_Shippuden

27. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_10_(franchise)

28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender

29. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Devil_Saga:_Avatar_Tuner

30. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ces_Cru

31. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_Energy_Struggles

32. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Sanskrit

33. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hindi_and_Urdu

34. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali

35. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_language

36. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language

37. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language

38. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language

39. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language

40. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada

41. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin

42. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan_language

43. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration

44. http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA004/English/GPP1916/GA004_index.html

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45. http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA004/English/RSPC1949/PPSA_index.html

46. http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA004/English/RSPI1963/GA004_index.html

47. http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA004/English/RSP1964/GA004_cover.html

48. http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA004/English/AP1986/GA004_index.html

49. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781105057656

50. http://www.rsarchive.org/Books/GA004/Compare/index.php

51. http://www.light-weaver.com/vortex/pdfs/Kundalini.Tantra.by.Satyananda.Saraswati.pdf

52. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781884964985

53. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number

54. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7304-025-7

55. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120809998

56. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European

57. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic

58. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number

59. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-89483-5

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65. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-89483-5

66. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geshe_Gelsang_Kyatos&action=edit&redlink=1

67. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844834044

68. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lu_K%27uan_Y%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1

69. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantak_Chia

70. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantak_Chia

71. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Webster_Leadbeater

72. http://www.archeosofica.org/en/index.php/Theosophical-Excerpts/Gichtel-and-the-Theosophia-

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76. http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA010/English/MAC1909/GA010b_c01.html

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83. http://www.edgarcayce.org/ps2/mysticism_interpretating_revelation.html

84. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841813202

85. http://asismassage.com/massage-education/root-chakra/

86. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llewellyn_Worldwide

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91. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number

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93. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis

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