Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009) Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines” Brief Profile of Cebu City Cebu City is located on the central eastern part of Cebu Province, the center island in Central Visayas, Southern Philippines. It is bounded by Mandaue City in the North and Talisay City in the South. On the East is Mactan Channel and on its West are the Municipality of Balamban and the City of Toledo. 1 It has a total land area of 326.10 square kilometres or 29,124.78 hectares. Its strategic location makes it accessible by air and sea transport. By plane, it is only an hour away from Manila and just a few hours to reach major cities in the Asia Pacific region. 2 It is composed of eighty barangays, thirty-six in the North District and thirty-four in the South District. Of these barangays, fifty are classified as urban and thirty as rural barangays. 3 Geographical Area and Zoning Of the city’s 29,124.78 hectares, only 5,598.53 hectares occupy the urban areas. However, 5o of the 80 barangays are classified as urban, while only 30 are classified rural scattered along some 23,526 hectares. The North district has 46 barangays while South district has 34 barangays. While only 28% of the city is within the 18% slope or less range, about 64% of the city’s lands are classified by the national government as alienable and disposable. The rest is classified as forest or timberland. Lands classified as timberland include areas that are within the critical watersheds and other protected areas of the city. Seventy-three percent of the city’s land is under the Nationally Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS). Twenty-three of the city’s barangays are totally or partially located in the four watershed areas: Mananga, Kotkot, Lusaran and the Cebu Watershed Reservation in Buhisan. As shown in the city’s Zoning Map (Figure 1), the coastal area facing the Mactan Strait is predominantly industrial. Commercial areas follow inward, followed by urban residential areas. As the slope goes higher, the areas are rural residential, followed the Sudlon National Park, as well as other open areas and parks. Pockets of institutional areas are scattered throughout the narrow coastal flatland where the commercial and industrial, as well as urban residential zones are found. 4 1 Cebu, CPDO, City Profile , 2008. 2 “Solid Waste Management in Cebu City,” June 15,2009 <http://kitakyushu.iges.or.jp/docs/sp/swm/3%20Cebu%20(Paper).pdf> 3 Barangay is the smallest political unit in the Philippines. 4 Cebu, CPDO, City Profile, 2008. Introduction to Cebu (Philippines)
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Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Brief Profile of Cebu City Cebu City is located on the central eastern part of Cebu Province, the center island in Central Visayas, Southern Philippines. It is bounded by Mandaue City in the North and Talisay City in the South. On the East is Mactan Channel and on its West are the Municipality of Balamban and the City of Toledo.1 It has a total land area of 326.10 square kilometres or 29,124.78 hectares. Its strategic location makes it accessible by air and sea transport. By plane, it is only an hour away from Manila and just a few hours to reach major cities in the Asia Pacific region. 2 It is composed of eighty barangays, thirty-six in the North District and thirty-four in the South District. Of these barangays, fifty are classified as urban and thirty as rural barangays.3
Geographical Area and Zoning Of the city’s 29,124.78 hectares, only 5,598.53 hectares occupy the urban areas. However, 5o of the 80 barangays are classified as urban, while only 30 are classified rural scattered along some 23,526 hectares. The North district has 46 barangays while South district has 34 barangays. While only 28% of the city is within the 18% slope or less range, about 64% of the city’s lands are classified by the national government as alienable and disposable. The rest is classified as forest or timberland. Lands classified as timberland include areas that are within the critical watersheds and other protected areas of the city. Seventy-three percent of the city’s land is under the Nationally Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS). Twenty-three of the city’s barangays are totally or partially located in the four watershed areas: Mananga, Kotkot, Lusaran and the Cebu Watershed Reservation in Buhisan. As shown in the city’s Zoning Map (Figure 1), the coastal area facing the Mactan Strait is predominantly industrial. Commercial areas follow inward, followed by urban residential areas. As the slope goes higher, the areas are rural residential, followed the Sudlon National Park, as well as other open areas and parks. Pockets of institutional areas are scattered throughout the narrow coastal flatland where the commercial and industrial, as well as urban residential zones are found.4 1 Cebu, CPDO, City Profile, 2008. 2 “Solid Waste Management in Cebu City,” June 15,2009 <http://kitakyushu.iges.or.jp/docs/sp/swm/3%20Cebu%20(Paper).pdf> 3 Barangay is the smallest political unit in the Philippines. 4 Cebu, CPDO, City Profile, 2008.
Introduction to Cebu (Philippines)
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Source: Cebu City Planning and Development Office
Figure 1. Cebu City Zoning Map
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Population Growth As of August 2007, Cebu City had a total population of 798,809.5 Although trend shows a slight decline in growth rate, at 2.19% (1990) 1.64% from 1995 to 20006, the city’s weekday population is slightly bigger, since it houses the biggest commercial areas, schools, hospitals and public offices that people from neighbouring towns and cities come to during daytime and weekdays. These transients and commuters contribute to the over-all waste generation of the city. With the base figure of 798,809 for 2007 and growth rate at 1.77% (2000), current population can be placed at 824,337. Socio-Economic Patterns Socio-economic events contribute to the fluctuation of waste generation in the City. Tourism is a major contributing industry because Cebu is considered as one of the main tourist destinations in the country. Tourism is at its peak from January to July. Both locals and visitors from other countries participate in celebrating major events. During this period, industrial and commercial establishments are busiest. Tourists go shopping, buy souvenirs and eat out.7 Major events contribute a large volume of wastes. The first event of the year which contributes to a lot of waste is New Year. Generated wastes usually spill off from the Christmas week, wherein people engage in gift-giving and major shopping sprees. However, the single biggest event which contributes the biggest waste generation is the Sinulog Festival. During Sinulog, thousands of pilgrims and visitors join the celebration for the feast of the Sto. Nino. The Festival features street dancing, face painting, party events, show bands, fireworks, a Mardi Gras Parade and other activities. During February, the Cebu X International Furniture & Furnishing Exhibition attracts buyers from around the world. Although commonly featured in this annual exhibit are indigenous materials such as rattan, bamboo, shells, and buri, the waste generated by visitors include PET bottles and Styrofoam. The Chinese New Year, on the other hand, is a vibrant Filipino-Chinese fanfare with dragon dances, fireworks. Valentines’ Day gift giving has also become popular among urban residents. The Lenten Season which falls on the last week of March to the first week of April is observed with religious processions in every church in the city and Visita Iglesia or church visits. A large volume of devotees visit the Sto. Nino during the week-long observance. April and May is summer time during which countryside fiestas are celebrated. People take tours in mango and flower farms of Cebu City’s Hillylands where anyone can stop along the roadside markets to buy fresh fruits and flowers. Flores de Mayo is celebrated all over Cebu City where visitors can watch the Santacruzan Parade where chosen women walk under floral arches in tiaras and ternos.
5 National Statistics Office, June 20, 2009 <www.census.gov.ph/data/census2007/index.html> 6 Cebu, CPDO, City Profile, 2008. 7 Calendar of Activities (Department of Tourism, 2008).
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Classes start in June. Major waste generation includes packaging materials for school supplies. It is also when the Annual Cebu Business Month is held. Cebuano retail merchants take chunks off tags prices and many warehouses hold export overruns and some of the biggest name brands in clothing. The Sugbayanihan, the longest barbecue grill, is also celebrated in June. July and August are usually lean months as tropical storms become more frequent. In July, the Fruits and Vegetables Festival is held at the City Hall Ground. September, on the other hand, signals the entry of the “ber” months before Christmas. Retailers offer a lot of bargains to attract buyers. Restaurant rows hold a series of concerts and events during the month-long Octoberfest. The Queen City International Run is held in November. By this time, the second semester opens in colleges and universities and more wastes are generated from packaging of schools supplies. Christmas in Cebu is more than a month-long celebration. The Christmas Food Street Festival is held and the traditional gift giving, shopping and parties render a surge in waste generation. Economic Growth Despite the global economic slowdown, Central Visayas showed economic resilience during the second quarter and first half of 2008. For Cebu City, the sectors which posted positive growth were the information and communication technology (ICT) and tourism industries. Demand for tourism-related services, building of accommodation establishments and various services increased as the region becomes one the top destinations in Asia. Business processes outsourcing (BPO) increased and expanded. At the Asiatown IT Park alone in Lahug, the number of locators increased from 20 to 30 in 2008. The upbeat tourism and ICT performance led to positive movements in other economic sectors as well, made evident by the vibrant construction industry. This increased the labor market in the region from 92.7% in 2006 to 93.8 in 2007. IT Park alone employed 4,000 more workers in the same period. This translated to growth in retail trade as more disposable income is earned by BPO employees. The ICT sector contributes to more power consumption leading to the development two power reserve projects to add 100 megawatts of the Cebu-Negros-Panay (CNP) power grid, both of which are targeted for completion by 2010. The transportation sector grew as traffic and volume of passengers and cargo handled increase. In particular, Cebu-based Cebu Pacific Air opened new routes national and international, prompting others to follow. 8 Development Outlook 8 NEDA, Central Visayas Remains Tough Amidst Global Financial Turmoil, DevPulse, Vol. 12, No. 23,May 20,2009 <http://www.neda.gov.ph/devpulse/pdf_files/central visayas.pdf>
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Because of international community recognition of Region 7 for its IT and tourism potentials, the region expects sustained growth in these sectors. In fact, the London-based Foreign Direct Investment magazine ranked Cebu City as eighth among 10 top Asian Cities in the future, while a study by Global Services placed the city as one of the favoured outsourcing destinations for global companies. Congruently, the region aims to further expand its tourism industry not only through continuous promotion of its ecotourism destinations, but also by penetrating new markets such as the Russians and Indians who are now becoming frequent visitors. Their numbers are expected to increase following moves by the Department of Tourism to streamline visa requirements for Indian guests.9
9 Ibid.
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
National Solid Waste Profile and Projection In 2001, World Bank projected waste generation increase in the Philippines from 10.67 million tons/year in 2000 to 14.05 million tons/year in 2010.10 The figures registered more than 30% increase in only ten years. Table 1. National Waste Generation, 2000-2010
2000 2010 REGION
MIL. T/YR. % OF
TOTAL MIL. T/YR.
% OF TOTAL
National Capital Region (NCR) 2.45 23.0 3.14 22.3 Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
0.17 1.6 0.21 1.5
Ilocos 0.50 4.7 0.63 4.5 Cagayan Valley 0.32 3.0 0.40 2.8 Central Luzon 0.96 9.0 1.32 9.4 Southern Tagalog 1.42 13.3 2.11 15 Bicol 0.54 5.1 0.65 4.6 Western Visayas 0.82 7.7 1.00 7.1 Central Visayas 0.74 7.0 1.01 7.2 Eastern Visayas 0.43 4.0 0.51 3.6 Western Mindanao 0.40 3.8 0.53 3.8 Northern Mindanao 0.37 3.4 0.47 3.4 Southern Mindanao 0.70 6.6 0.97 6.9 Central Mindanao 0.33 3.1 0.41 2.9 Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)
0.26 2.5 0.39 2.7
Caraga 0.26 2.4 0.31 2.2 National 10.67 100 14.05 100 Assumptions: Waste production rates2: National Capital Region: 0.71 kg/person/day urban population: 0.5 kg/person/day rural population: 0.3 kg/person/day It was assumed that the urban population would increase their waste production rate by 1 percent per year due to rising income levels (based on GHK/MRM International Report). Urban and rural population and growth rates by region are based on National Statistical Office, data for 2000.
Source: Philippine Environment Monitor, World Bank 2001 The National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) reports that the country’s solid waste generation per day is at 30,000 tons. It is composed of 73% from households, 26% from commercial establishments, industries, institutions and 1% from healthcare facilities.11
10 World Bank, Philippine Environment Monitor 2001 Solid Waste, 2001.
Overview of Solid Waste Generation in Cebu City
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Based on RA 9003, LGUs are the lead implementing agency for SWM programs. The LGUs operate under the National Solid Waste Management Framework that clearly defines the Philippine 3R strategy as: Avoid, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Treat, and Dispose. Local policies, programs and projects in managing solid waste revolve around this strategy. Although RA 9003 requires the mainstreaming of waste recycling and recovery, these are mainly taken up by the informal sector. For instance, only 6% of solid waste was recycled in Metro Manila in 1997 which increased to only 25% in 2007. As of the second quarter of 2008, only 2,361 Materials Recovery Facilities (MRF) are established serving 2,634 barangays nationwide, based on the NSWMC database. This is only .05% of the 42,000 barangays nationwide that should have established their own facility. As provided by the law, all open dumpsites and controlled disposal facilities should have been closed by February 16, 2004 and February 16, 2006, respectively. Currently, more than 1,000 open dumpsites and controlled disposal facilities are still operating. Conversion of these disposal sites to sanitary landfills encounters sitting and financing difficulties. 12 City Solid Waste Monitoring In the North and South District of Cebu City the quantity of waste generation per barangays was monitored by the Solid Waste Monitoring Division of Cebu City on a monthly basis, as indicated on Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Blanks indicate that no data was submitted by the barangays to the DPS at the given period. Because of this, the totals given: 38,446,458 tons for the North District and 51,315,739 for the South District do not completely reflect waste generation in the two areas. Table 4 indicates that most barangays have their own waste collection trucks and that only a few are being served by DPS collection. The table also shows that the DPS has some Task Force trips for some common areas serving commercial establishments, markets and major thoroughfares. For 2008, the monthly comparative waste generation (Table 5) shows 25% reduction in February (4,021.13) from January (5,061.92). It gained 6.14% by March and decreased again by almost 5% in April. This monthly up-down fluctuation continued until an increase in July. August to November shows continued decline in waste generation and an increase of 7.8% in December. Table 5 also shows no data of commercial and industrial sectors, as both sectors have their own waste management collection and disposal. The sectors also do not report their own solid waste monitoring to the concerned city offices.
11 Aguinaldo, E. 2008, “National and Local Initiatives on Solid Waste Management and Implementation of 3Rs in the Philippines”, Environment and Livable Cities 08, Manila, Philippines. 12 Ibid.
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu
City, Philippines”
Table 2. Volume of Garbage, North District, Cebu City Brgy Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu
Source: Department of Public Services, Solid Waste Management Division – Cebu City
Table 4. DPS and Barangay Collection (Ton/Day)
South District Central District North District Task Force Barangay DPS Brgy Total Barangay DPS Brgy Total Barangay DPS Brgy Total Barangay DPS Brgy Total
7. Talamban 5.34 4.79 10.13 3. Meto Aide 3.96 3.96
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu
City, Philippines”
Table 5. Monthly Monitoring Table CY 2008
Source: Solid Waste Monitoring Division, Cebu City
Day Shift/South District Night Shift/North District Volume of Garbage (Tons) No. of Equip. Dispatched No. of Equip. Dispatched Month
Res Mkt Com Hos Ind Total
Comparative (%)
↑ ↓ Target Actual Condmn Target Actual Condmn
January 3770.34
1138.95 152.63 5061.9
2 614 614 350 340 10
February 2921.09 981.99 118.05 4021.1
3 25.88% ↓ 634 633 1 294 294
March 3157.38
1005.21 121.65 4284.2
4 6.14% ↑ 676 675 1 324 324
April 3048.3 926.29 117.39 4091.98
4.69%↓ 642 642 298 298
May 3657.45
1060.35
165.82 4883.62
16.2% ↑ 638 638 339 339
June 3595.38 1034.3 138.49 4768.1
7 2.42% ↓ 658 658 326 326
July 4089.19
923.91 178.54 5191.64
8.16% ↑ 645 645 356 356
August 3669.41
1227.93 224.45 5121.7
9 1.36% ↓ 601 601 368 368
September 3482.04
1219.59 168.97 4870.6 5.16% ↓ 585 585 368 368
October 3364.89
1176.78 155.4 4697.0
7 3.7% ↓ 595 595 366 366
November 3280.71
1109.62 143.17 4533.5 3.6% ↓ 568 568 359 358 1
December 3503.8 1245.74 165.64 4915.1
8 7.8% ↑ 609 609 363 363
TOTAL 56440.84
13050.66 0 1850.2 0 56440.
84 7465 7433 2 4111 4100 11
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
METHODOLOGY Waste Sectors In the study, three major waste sectors were analyzed:
� Commercial Sector - Wastes disposed by businesses, institutions and market places that that are collected and transported by private and government haulers.
� Residential Sector - Wastes disposed by households collected and transported by private and government haulers.
� Industrial Sector - Waste generated from industrial areas and transported by private and government haulers.
Since there is only one transfer station in the city DPS Dispatching Area, waste source and sectors are readily determined with each truck. Data such as these are captured in the Truck Tag, Weight Master Form and the Hand Sort Form13. Because of this, sorting can be done at the Inayawan Sanitary Landfill before dumping. Population With the base figure of 798,809 for 2007 and growth rate at 1.77% (2000), current population can be placed at 824,337. These figures will be used for further population and waste generation projection in this paper. Sampling
� Sampling Schedule
To be able to cover a whole period of the city’s waste cycle, the schedule for the sampling activities was arranged as follows:
Table 6. Sampling Schedule Sampling Day Date Day of the
Week Shift
Day 1 May 21, 2009 Thursday Night shift Day 2 May 23, 2009 Saturday Day shift Day 3 May 25, 2009 Monday Night shift Day 4 May 27, 2009 Wednesday Day shift Day 5 May 29, 2009 Friday Night shift Day 6 May 31, 2009 Sunday Day shift Day 7 June 2, 2009 Tuesday Day shift
13 Data Capture Forms are on Appendix 6.3 on page 42
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterisation
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Each of the seven days represents a day of the week to complete a week-long cycle. Alternating shifts for sorting activities were schedule within the sampling period. The intervening days were intended to allow drying of washed materials for the moisture content analysis. During those times, the sorting area is free of other wastes to ensure the integrity of the samples.
� Collection of Samples
The number of samples was determined by computing the median based on the 80% confidence level in the number of samples for plastic waste. Table 7. Number of Samples for Waste Composition for Selected Confidence Levels
C.L. 95% C.L 90% C.L 80% C.L 70% Materia
ls Resident’l.
Commer’l.
Resident’l.
Commer’l.
Resident’l.
Commer’l.
Resident’l.
Commer’l.
Newsprint
224-2397
698-3563
58-600 170-991 16-150 48-223 9-58 21-101
Cardboard
899-1955
533-997 225-499 134-250 58-123 35-64 27-66 17-30
Aluminum
275-1437
754-4399
70-350 191-1100
19-92 60-275 10-42 23-123
Ferrous 194-554 552-3411
50-139 138-953 14-37 36-214 8-18 17-97
Glass 145-619 596-2002
39-155 149-501 19-61 39-126 6-19 19-58
Plastic 261-1100
422-783 67-275 107-195 18-70 28-61 10-32 14-24
Organic 12-47 26-92 5-14 8-25 3-5 4-8 3-4 3-5 Source: Guidelines for Assessment of Waste Plastics, UNEP-DTIE-IETC, 2009
A total of 44 garbage truck samples within a period of seven days were distributed in a way that represents all three districts of DPS and barangay waste collection, including hospital waste. However, hospital waste was not included in the hand sorting classification because of its hazardous content and instead only estimated visually. The sample universe is 1.290 tons derived from 30 kilograms from 43 trucks (not including the truck with hospital waste). The study did not utilize a random numbers table to determine the truck samples. Since there was no working truck scale at the landfill, trucks had to be pre-identified before dispatching and sent to a private weight master for the net and gross weights. This process had to be coordinated at three points: the dispatching area, where the truck drivers were given a truck identification tag, the weighting area14 where the weight of empty and loaded trucks were recorded, and the disposal area, where the identified
14 Private Weight Master is Ladisto Dausan of Rhine Marketing, Brgy. Tinago, Cebu City
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
trucks were intercepted before dumping for the team to be able to extract the required amount of waste for each specific sample. To determine the residential, commercial and industrial waste compositions, the approach was to identify the DPS and barangay garbage collection site based on Cebu City Zoning. Trucks were selected from the North and South Districts as well as the Central Area. One truck was also taken from the DPS Task Force. Remarks on the content of the load extracted were noted in the data capture form. The Weight Master Summary, Table 35 can be found at Appendix D. Actual Waste Characterization At the side of the Inayawan Landfill, the PhilBio site was prepared and cleared to be used as the sorting area. Designated spaces were properly labeled according to the type and source of waste placed into them. Before the start of the first sample extraction, needed equipments were prepared on site.15 Each identified truck, after finishing waste collection, went to the weight master to be weighed before proceeding to the landfill.16 Upon entering the landfill, collection crew extract a portion of the waste load from the truck. To facilitate immediate extraction of required sample, wastes were taken from the upper, outer portion of the truck load.
Figure 2. Position of the representative sample extracted per truck Based on the Inayawan Waste Characterization in 2006, each garbage truck loads from 2,500 to 3,000 kg.17 During the study period, waste load range from 1,650 to 5,475 kg. But to provide results consistent the latest WACS, the representative sample for each truck load was pegged at 30 kilos. A 50-kilogram platform weighing scale was used to weigh 30 kilograms of waste which were then brought to the sorting area for characterization.
15 Appendix 6.6 on page 67 lists all the materials and equipment used during the actual characterization. 16 The truck goes back to the weight master after dumping of its load to get the net weight of the truck. 17 Cebu, MMT, CPDO and DPS, Inayawan Sanitary Landfill Waste Characterization Study, October 2006.
AFront of the truck
Back of the truck
Waste Sample
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
The waste samples were sorted into the prescribed material categories and recorded on FORM No.4. Wastes are classified into ten material types, Plastics 1 to 7 based on the Plastic Identification Code18, Wood, Paper and Other Wastes. Waste plastics which are not identified in the first six types were placed in Other Plastics category. Aside from Plastics, Wood and Paper were specifically sorted. This is because the objective of the study is to provide baseline data for a possible demonstration project that will convert waste plastics into fuel. P2F conversion technologies often require the mixing of waste plastics with waste paper and waste wood as additional feedstock.19 Materials were sorted according to the ten material types and placed into separate labeled containers. Before weighing, the materials were checked and verified against the Waste Classification Guide provided to the sorting crew. These are then weighed on a five-kilogram digital weighing scale. The accuracy and operation of the scale were checked against a known reference weight. And since the digital scale is very sensitive and registers weight two digits on gram, it was place on a clean, flat surface and the level of scale was adjusted when necessary. Weighting of each material samples was done inside the PhilBio site since even a slight movement of the tray or container from strong wind affects the weight registered by the scale. The materials were weighed as is, but bottles, cans and containers were emptied of their contents before weighing. The weight of each material (wet basis) was recorded on FORM No.2. Presentation of Data Data is shown in pie graphs and tables. Presentation of data starts from Plastics (material types 1 to 7) and Other Wastes (8 to 10). Tables present data by material types 1 to 10, total Plastic (Nos. 1-7), total Other Waste (8-10) and Total Waste (100%). In the discussion of the key findings, the quantity of waste plastics is presented in four ways: first, the proportion of the total plastic waste against total waste composition; second, is the proportion of Plastics (material types 1 to 7) against the total waste composition; third is the proportion of Plastics (1 to 7) against the total number of waste plastics. Fourth, Plastics (1-7) on three sectors: residential, industrial, and commercial. Detailed tables culled from raw data are placed in Appendix E.
18 The Plastic Identification Code, March 20, 2009 <http://www.plastics.org.nz/_attachments/docs/plasticscode-7.pdf> 19 UNEP-DTIE,IETC, Guidelines for Assessment of Waste Plastics, 2009.
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
FINDINGS
Quantities of Waste A total of 129,055 kg (129.06 tons) with the average of 18,436 kg (18.44 tons) of overall waste disposed at Inayawan Landfill were characterized during the seven-day period of the study. The quantities associated with waste plastics disposed in the same period based on the sample quantity which is 30 kg. (0.03 tons) per sample are over 159 kg (0.16 tons) and has the average of 23 kg (0.02 tons), a total of 1,290.10 kg sample collected in the study period. Waste plastics represent approximately 12.36% (159.47 kg) while other wastes account 87.64% (1130.63 kg) for all sampling period. Table 8 shows the aggregated data and the quantity of municipal solid waste and waste plastics on daily samples. Table 8. Quantity of Municipal Waste and Waste Plastics for Cebu City
Waste Composition This report presents the results of overall waste disposed by three major waste sectors- residential, commercial and industrial. A total of 1,290.10 kg from 43 garbage truck samples were characterized. The results were presented in pie chart showing the summary of waste composition and a table showing the waste type, by weight and the precision levels at the 80% confidence level. Due to rounding, numbers may not sum exactly to totals or subtotals. As shown in Figure 3, comparing percentage of waste plastics (12.36%) against other waste (87.64%) for the overall composition of waste disposed in the landfill.
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Figure 3. Overall Percentage of Waste Plastics from Total Samples
Other Wastes, 87.64%
Plastics, 12.36%
Figure 4 shows the percent composition of each material type, Mixed Wastes (71.42%) constitutes the largest amount disposed in the landfill. Some identified materials in Mixed Wastes were organic, residues and other materials or individual materials that are not included in the major categories. In addition, paper account for almost 14.55% and wood (1.67%). For waste plastics against the total waste composition, PVC (5.11%) constitutes the largest percentage for waste plastics. In addition, paper account for almost 14.55% and wood (1.67%). For waste plastics against the total waste composition, PVC (5.11%) constitutes the largest amount being disposed in Inayawan. This is followed by O or Other Plastics (3.29%) and HDPE (2.64%). While the least kind of plastics observed is LDPE with approximately 0.04%. Table 9 shows the result of overall waste composition which combines all sectors. The detailed overall waste composition findings are shown in Table 26.
Figure 4. Overall Waste Composition, Cebu City
PET, 0.35%HDPE, 2.64%
PVC, 5.11%
PP, 0.17%
LDPE, 0.04%
PS, 0.77%
Other
Plastics, 3.29%
Paper, 14.55%
Wood, 1.67%
Mixed
Waste,
71.42%
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Table 9. Result of Overall Waste Composition, Cebu City
TOTAL WASTE 100.00 - - For plastic wastes a total of 159.47 kg of sample for the overall waste stream which combines all sectors, were characterized. In Figure 5, PVC (41.33%) commonly represents the highest percentage disposed among other kinds of waste plastics. This is followed by Other Plastics (26.61%) and HDPE (21.34%). Other kinds of plastics that have significant numbers disposed were PS (6.23%), PET (2.82%), PP (1.39%), and LDPE (0.28%), respectively. Table 10 shows the result of overall waste plastics composition which combines all of the sectors. The detailed findings of overall waste plastics composition are shown in Table 27.
Figure 5. Overall Waste Plastics Composition, Cebu City
PP, 1.39%
LDPE, 0.28%
PS, 6.23%
PET, 2.82%
Other Plastics,
26.61%
HDPE, 21.34%
PVC, 41.33%
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Table 10. Result of Overall Waste Plastics Composition, Cebu City
Residential Sector A total of 299.64 kg of waste sampled were disposed by the residential sector within the study period. Figure 6 shows the amount of plastics that can be found in this sector which is 19.70 kg. (6.57%) and 279.94 kg (93.43%) for other wastes.
Figure 6. Percentage of Waste Plastics from Residential Sector
Plastics, 6.57%
Other Wastes, 93.43%
Figure 7 shows the percentage of each material type against total waste disposed in the residential sector, Mixed Wastes (86.92%) are most common waste disposed by the residential sector. The findings suggest that almost all of the waste being disposed in the landfill by this sector is composed of individual materials that are included in Mixed Wastes category. It is followed closely by Paper (3.46%) and Wood (3.05%), respectively. For Waste Plastics against the total Plastic composition, Other Plastics (2.14%) and HDPE (2.10%) are the two most prevalent kinds of waste plastics disposed in this sector. The amount of LDPE (0.03%) in this sector shows lesser percentage.
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Table 11 shows the result of waste characterization in the residential sector. The detailed findings of waste characterization in the residential sector are shown in Table 28.
Figure 7. Overview of Waste Characterization, Residential
Composition of Waste from the Residential Sector
Mixed Waste,
86.92%
Wood, 3.05%
Paper, 3.46%
Other Plastics,
2.14%
PS, 0.61%
PP, 0.21%
LDPE, 0.03%
PET, 0.22%
HDPE, 2.10%
PVC, 1.27%
Table 11. Result of Waste Characterization, Residential
TOTAL SAMPLE 100.00 - - Figure 8 shows the result of each type of waste plastics against the total plastics found in this sector, Other Plastics (32.49%) and HDPE (31.96%) are the majority kinds of waste plastics found in this sector. PVC (19.37%), PS (9.25%), PET (3.29%) and PP (3.20%) also accounted greater percentage as shown in the graph. In lesser percentage, LDPE contributes with approximately 0.45%.
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Table 12 shows the result of waste plastics characterization in the residential sector. The detailed findings of waste plastics characterization in the residential sector are shown in Table 29.
Figure 8. Overview of Waste Plastics Characterization, Residential
PS, 9.25%
PP, 3.20%
LDPE, 0.45%
PVC, 19.37%
HDPE, 31.96%
PET, 3.29%
Other Plastics, 32.49%
Table 12. Result of Waste Plastics Characterization, Residential
TOTAL SAMPLE 100.00 - - Commercial Sector A total of 989.90 kg of wastes sample disposed in the commercial sector. As shown in Figure 9, waste plastics in this sector approximately constitute 14.00% (138.56 kg.) and 86.00% (851.34 kg.) for Other Waste, respectively.
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Figure 9. Percentage of Waste Plastics from Commercial sector
Plastics, 14.00%
Other Wastes, 86.00%
The result shows the proportion of each material type against the total waste disposed in commercially identified areas. Similar to residential, Figure 10 shows mixed wastes contribute the largest percentage with 66.95%. Other materials such as Paper (17.52%) and Wood (1.54%) also contribute to the waste disposed by the sector. For Waste Plastics against the total waste composition, PVC (6.20%) shows highest percentage among other kinds of plastics while Other Plastics was at 3.62%) and HDPE at 2.79%. Table 13 shows the result of waste characterization in the commercial sector. The detailed findings of waste characterization in the commercial sector are shown in Table 30.
Figure 10. Overview of Waste Characterization, Commercial
Composition of Disposed Waste from the Commercial Sector
Mixed Waste, 66.95%
Wood, 1.54%
Paper, 17.52%
Other Plastics, 3.62%
PS, 0.78%
PP, 0.17%
LDPE, 0.05%PVC, 6.20%
HDPE, 2.79%PET, 0.38%
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Table 13. Result of Waste Characterization, Commercial
Unlike in the residential sector, it was observed that a larger volume of plastics are disposed in the commercial sector with a total of 138.56 kg. Figure 11 shows that the most abundant kinds of plastic found in commercial sector is PVC with 44.30% approximately. This is followed by Other Plastics (25.89%) and HDPE (19.90%). Other waste plastics in the sector are PS (5.61%), PET (2.73%), PP (1.23%) and LDPE (0.33%). Table 14 shows the result of waste plastics characterization in the commercial sector. The detailed findings of waste plastics characterization in the commercial sector are shown in Table 31.
Figure 11. Overview of Waste Plastics Characterization, Commercial
HDPE, 19.90%
PVC, 44.30%
Other Plastics, 25.89%
PET, 2.73%
PS, 5.61%
PP, 1.23%
LDPE, 0.33%
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Table 14. Result of Waste Plastics Characterization, Commercial
Industrial Sector A total of 249.06 kg of wastes are disposed in the industrial sector, based on the study samples. Figure 12 shows 7.69% (18.47 kg) Waste Plastics disposed by this sector and 92.31% (221.59 kg) were Other Wastes.
Figure 12. Percentage of Waste Plastics from Industrial sector
Plastics,
7.69%
Other
Wastes, 92.31%
Similar results from residential and commercial sectors suggest that other wastes (83.66%) contribute the highest percentage of waste disposed in the sector as shown in Figure 13. Paper (7.37%) and wood (1.27%) also in significant amount of waste being observed. For waste plastics against the total waste composition HDPE (2.49%), PVC (2.30%) and Other Plastics (2.04%) can be considered as the three major contributors of waste plastics in the sector. Similar to other sectors, LDPE contribute the least amount with 0.01% approximately. Table 15 shows the result of waste characterization in the industrial sector. The detailed findings of waste characterization in the industrial sector are shown in Table 32.
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Figure 13. Overview of Waste Characterization, Industrial
Composition of Waste from the Industrial Sector
Mixed Waste, 83.66%
Wood, 1.27%
Paper, 7.37%
Other Plastics, 2.04%
PS, 0.47%
PP, 0.08%
LDPE, 0.01%
PVC, 2.30%
PET, 0.31%HDPE, 2.49%
Table 15. Result of Waste Characterqization, Industrial
For the industrial sector, a total of 18.47 kg of Waste Plastics was observed. The result shows that HDPE (32.37%) has the highest percentage of waste plastics found in the sector as shown in Figure 14. This was followed by PVC and other plastics with 29.85% and the latter 26.52%, respectively. Other waste plastics accounted for are PS (6.05%), PET (3.97%), PP (1.08%) and LDPE (0.15%).
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Table 16 shows the result of waste plastics characterization in the industrial sector. The detailed findings of waste plastics characterization in the industrial sector are shown in Table 33.
Figure 14. Overview of Waste Plastics Characterization, Industrial
PS, 6.05%
PP, 1.08%
LDPE, 0.15%
PET, 3.97%
PVC, 29.85%
HDPE, 32.37%
Other Plastics,
26.52%
Table 16. Result of Waste Plastics Characterization, Industrial
TOTAL SAMPLE 100.00 - - Aggregate Data Table 17 shows aggregated data on disposed waste of all sectors and the total amount of sample which is 1,529.60 kg, 11.55% (176.73 kg) account for Plastic Wastes and 88.45% (1352.87 kg) for Other Wastes. The total amount for this data is higher than the total amount of actual waste sample. This is because there are samples coming from residential are also taken as sample for industrial and commercial since the sample areas include two or all of the sectors. Result shows that from three sectors, the highest amount of waste disposed was contributed by the commercial sector. Moreover, large amount of waste plastics were also observed in the commercial sector. In this sector, PVC is the highest waste plastics found, followed by other plastics and HDPE. For residential sector, HDPE and other
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
plastics were commonly found. While in the residential sector, PVC and HDPE are the majority of waste plastics found. LDPE was the kind of waste plastics being disposed in a lesser amount found in all sectors. The most common waste plastics observed when combining all sectors is PVC, followed by Other Plastics, HDPE and PS. Table 17. Aggregated Data on Disposed Waste of All Sectors Types of Waste Residential Commercial Industrial Total 1. PET 0.65 3.79 0.73 5.17 2. HDPE 6.30 27.58 5.98 39.85 3. PVC 3.82 61.38 5.51 70.71 4. LDPE 0.09 0.45 0.03 0.57 5. PP 0.63 1.71 0.20 2.54 6. PS 1.82 7.77 1.12 10.71 7. Other Plastics 6.40 35.88 4.90 47.17 8. Paper 10.37 173.40 17.70 201.46 9. Wood 9.14 15.24 3.05 27.44 10. Mixed Wastes 260.44 662.70 200.84 1123.98
TOTAL PLASTICS 19.70 138.56 18.47 176.73
TOTAL OTHER WASTES 279.94 851.34 221.59 1352.87
TOTAL SAMPLE 299.64 989.90 240.06 1529.60
Similar results suggest that from commercial sector, relatively high amount of non- hazardous waste and waste plastics were disposed in the landfill per day as shown in Table 18. Industrial sector and the residential sector also contributed significant amount of both non-hazardous and waste plastics being disposed everyday in the landfill. Table 18. Solid Waste Generation in Cebu City
Estimated kg (per day) Sector
Estimated Ratio (% kg) Non-Hazardous Waste Plastics
Moisture Content The moisture content analysis is important in converting waste plastics to fuel. It is essential to consider the factors contributed by collection sites and transportation as well as weather conditions because these might affect moisture content of a given material. Within the study period, rainy days were observed. Although there were no heavy rains
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
during the sampling period, still this factor was noted as it can lead to high moisture content of waste plastics in a particular sampling day/s. Table 19. Raw Weight and Moisture Content of Collected MSW in Cebu City
Types of Waste Raw Weight (kg) Moisture Content, MC (%) Dry Weight (kg)
The average moisture content of all plastics disposed during the sampling period is 4.10%. Figure 15 shows the result of moisture content analysis for seven types of waste plastics during the study period. HDPE (8.74%) shows highest moisture content among waste plastics. This is followed by Other Plastics (7.15%), PVC (4.59%) and PS (4.28%). Moisture content of PET (1.76%), PP (1.70%) and LDPE (0.46%) also shows relevant amount of moisture in a waste plastic material. Table 20 shows the result of moisture content analysis of the seven types of waste plastics. Figure 15. Moisture Content Analysis of Waste Plastics
1.76%
8.74%
4.59%
0.46%
1.70%
4.28%
7.15%
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
PET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OtherPlasticsTypes of Waste Plastics
% Moisture
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Table 20. Results for Moisture Content Analysis
% Moisture Types of Waste Plastics Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7
Waste Composition Table 22 shows the waste composition based on Phyllis20: the composition of biomass and waste. In addition, the weight of material while still wet was also recorded to compare the weight of material after drying. The result suggests that PVC followed by other plastics and HDPE were the kind of waste plastics with the highest moisture content when disposed compared to other waste plastics.
20 ECN Phyllis, The Composition of Biomass and Waste, June 1, 2009, <http://www.ecn.nl/phyllis/>
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Table 22. Typical Data of Waste Composition for Cebu City
PLASTICS 159.47 149.91 - - - - - - TOTAL OTHER WASTE 1130.63 - - - - - - - TOTAL
SAMPLE 1290.10 - - - - - - - Table 23. Difference between Clean and Unclean Waste Plastics
Types of Plastic Unclean, kg Clean, kg 1. PET 4.51 4.24 2. HDPE 34.03 31.03 3. PVC 65.91 63.61 4. LDPE 0.45 0.44 5. PP 2.22 2.16 6. PS 9.93 9.40 7. Other Plastic 42.43 38.54
TOTAL PLASTICS 159.47 149.42 Waste Projection For a given population in a particular year and the percentage annual average growth rate, we can calculate the projection for the succeeding years. According to the City Profile 2008, population grows at the rate of 1.77%. Using 2007 NSO data of 798, 809 population multiplied by the growth rate of 1.77% added to the population of the given year will give the projected population for the next year. This process is repeated for the succeeding years.
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Based on the Inayawan Waste Characterization Study 2006, it is assumed that as of 2005 each person is generating 187.10 kg of waste in a year. World Bank’s Philippine Environment Monitor 2001 assumed that the urban population would generate one percent (1%) increase in waste generation per year. Based on these factors, waste projection for the next year can be computed by multiplying 1% (.01) to the waste generation and the product is added to the base waste generation for the given year. Since that is the rate for each person per year, then we can simply multiply it to the total population of its corresponding year. Based on projections, Cebu City will reach the one million mark in population for year 2020 and by that time will generate 217,997 tons of waste per year, about 70% increase from its 2007 waste generation. Table 24 Projected Population and Waste Generation 2007-2020
5. Conclusion and Recommendations The amount of waste plastics that the city currently disposes to the Inayawan Landfill is at 12.36% of the total waste being disposed. If the city will generate a total 161,083 tons of waste this year based on projection figures, the total waste plastics to be disposed for the year will be approximately 19,910 tons. Wood at 2,690 tons (1.67%) and paper at 23,438 tons (14.55%) as additional feedstock for a P2F conversion facility. Total is 46,038 tons or approximately 3,837 tons of available materials a month.
a – Cebu City growth rate as of year 2000 is 1.77% based on Cebu City Profile 2008 b - Cebu City population based on the NSO 2007 Census c - 187.10 kg. waste generation/person/year according to the Cebu Inayawan 2006 d - Waste generation increase at 1% per year based on the Philippine Environment Monitor 2001
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
Average moisture for waste plastics content is at 4.10%, as opposed to the total moisture content for all waste disposed at 38.57% based on the Inayawan Study. According to the Inayawan Study, the disposed waste has an average loose density of 0.101 kg/L and average bulk density of 0.311 kg/L. The loose density figure indicates that approximately 0.101 kg of incompact waste could be accommodated into a 1-liter volume. This could be increased to 0.311 kg if compacted into the same volume. This means that an additional of 0.21 kg of waste could be added to 0.101 kg of incompact waste for every 1-liter volume.21 Although these figures are important for the Inayawan Study in its objective to see how the landfill’s lifespan could be extended, these figures are as significant in this plastic waste to fuels baseline study because transport and recovery of wastes will be an important factor in implementing the demonstration project. Plastic waste recovery in the city is not included in the study. Based on observations, there is no formal plastic waste recovery system in the city, except for several industries
21 Cebu, MMT, CPDO and DPS, Inayawan Sanitary Landfill Waste Characterization Study, October 2006.
Figure 16. Informal Waste Recovery in Cebu City
This old woman picks wastes on early mornings. Tri-sikad used for collected waste plastics.
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1:
Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu City, Philippines”
and commercial establishments that manage their own waste. Informally, however, there are several levels of recovery (Figure 16). This includes segregation at source where recyclables are either bought by individual buyers, picked up by scavengers from along the streets or at the disposal site, and the practice of waste collection crew to separate materials they can sell. For a detailed discussion on these practices, please see Activity II-2 Report on Plastic Wastes Management Systems and Practices for Cebu City. A further study focusing on waste recovery and diversion systems would further shed light on how much waste plastics the city generates in different sectors. This study should also include markets for plastics and costs of different plastic waste materials. As for the City, a stricter enforcement of solid waste management laws and local ordinances is needed so that recyclable waste plastics, as well as other materials, will be diverted to environment-friendly projects such as a P2F facility.
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu
City, Philippines”
(From the Appendix of the Cebu Waste Plastic Report) Detailed Waste Characterization Tables Table 25. Characterization of the Overall Waste Stream.
Weight of Waste per Classification, kg Types of Waste
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu
City, Philippines”
Table 26. Characterization of Waste Plastics of the Overall Waste Stream.
Weight of Waste Plastics per Classification, kg Types of Waste
Plastics Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7
Table 27. Residential Waste Characterization Result
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu
City, Philippines”
Weight of Waste per Classification, kg
Types of Waste Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu
TOTAL OTHER 147.10 139.86 178.30 105.80 145.75 25.5 109.03 851.34 86.00 - -
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu
City, Philippines”
Table 31. Industrial Waste Characterization Result
TOTAL OTHER 0.00 27.63 25.93 26.27 27.38 29.39 84.99 221.59 - -
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu
Plastic Waste Quantification and Characterization – Cebu (2009)
Extracted from the report “Converting Waste Plastics to Fuels – Baseline Study Project. Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study-A. Cebu
City, Philippines”
Table 33. Results of Unclean Waste Plastics Weight of Waste Plastics per Classification, kg
Hand-held calculator 1 Other Materials First-aid kit 1 Item Quantity Sort area 1 Clipboard 1 Tarp 4'x 8' As needed Data forms As needed Rags As needed Labels for samples As needed Small, medium and large scales
3 Pens and markers As needed
Wheelbarrow 1 Adhesive tape As needed Straw strings As needed