Introduction to building services part 2

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INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING

SERVICES AND ENVIRONMENT

Part 2

BUILDING ENVIRONMENT AND SERVICES 1QUS 3202/MNA

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INTRODUCTION• Elements that influence the

design of building services system :

1)Moisture2)Heat3)Ventilation / Air4)Lighting5)Acoustic


1) MOISTURE• Describe the humidity content of

water vapor in the air can be expressed as absolute humidity, humidity ratio (relative) or water vapor pressure deficit.

• The effect of high air humidity is dew and fog.


1) MOISTUREThe relation with building ?

corrosion

moldy

rotten


DISCUSSION1

• What are likely effect if the moisture content in the building is too high and how do designer reduce it.


2) HEAT

• In physics and chemistry, heat is energy in transfer between a system and its surroundings other than by work or transfer of matter

• On that matter, a building @ shelter should consider a thermal comfort for human.


2) HEAT

• Maintaining this standard of thermal comfort for occupants of buildings or other enclosures is one of the important goals of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) design engineers.

• Heat from building can gain from external and internal


2) HEAT

• Generally, there are FOUR heat transfer sources within any building, they are:

1.Fabric: Heat losses2.Ventilation: Heat loss 3.Solar: Heat gains 4.Internal: Heat gains


2) HEAT


2) HEAT• Solar heat gain through windows

and/or walls provides a valuable contribution of space heating.

• The solar heat gain through a glazed area is calculated by:

Q Solar = Area of window x solar

intensity x

Transmissivity.


2) HEAT• Casual heat gains inside a

building provide a valuable source of heat contribution to space heating.

• Sources include : occupants lights equipments


DISCUSSION 2

• Find out what is Energy Conservation and propose at least 3 ways of energy conservation in INTI IU

Duration : 40 minutes


3) VENTILATION

• Process to maintain the level of comfort for temperature, humidity and oxygen in a space with the fresh air flowing from one space to another space to replace the dirty air.

• Required air quantity are different depending on the nature of buildings and activities.


Keep fresh air for respiratory system

Oxygen content is enough

Control Carbon Dioxide

Control the moisture level Lowering the heat level Remove dust and odors

3) VENTILATION


3) VENTILATION

• Formula for Air Changes

Air changes per hour = quantity of air x occupancy

room volume


3) VENTILATION


3) VENTILATION

Exercise 1A maternity ward isolation will be upgraded as virus-infected patients H1N1.Room volume was estimated 20m x 15m and can accommodate as many as 20 patients at one time. Calculate the compressed air in the ward for the installation of air conditioning.


3) VENTILATION

Exercise 2A renovated bungalow want to be a fancy restaurant. Sized 35m x 20m with air compressed of 300m³. Calculate number of users at one time.


3) VENTILATION


3) VENTILATION

WIND EFFECT STACK EFFECT COMBINATION EFFECT


3) VENTILATION• Mechanical ventilation systems are

frequently applied to commercial buildings, workshops, factories, etc., where the air change requirements are defined for health and welfare provision.

• There are three categories of system:1. Natural inlet and mechanical

extract2. Mechanical inlet and natural extract3. Mechanical inlet and mechanical extract


3) VENTILATION


3) VENTILATION


3) VENTILATION


3) VENTILATION

FANS -Propeller Fandoes not create much air pressure and has limitedeffect in ductwork. Ideal for use at air openings in windows and walls.


3) VENTILATIONFANS-Axial Flow Fancan develop high pressure and is used for moving air through long sections of ductwork. The fan is integral with the run of ducting and does not require a base.


3) VENTILATIONFANS-Centrifugal Fancan produce high pressure and has the capacity for large volumes of air. Most suited to larger installations such as air conditioning systems. It may have one or two inlets. Various forms of impeller can be selected depending on the air condition. Variable impellers and pulley ratios from the detached drive motor make this the most versatile of fans.


DISCUSSION 1- Design a suitable natural and

mechanical ventilation for High rise office building / School / Factory producing bread.

- Explain the function of each and reason why you design that way.

Task : 4 person in a groupDuration : 45 minutes


4) LIGHTING

• Light travels in straight lines• Light travel very fast – around

300,00 km per second• Light travel much faster than

sound.


4) LIGHTING• Lighting is divided into two

types ;1- Natural lighting / Daylighting2- Artificial Lighting

• What is Daylighting ?


4) LIGHTING

• Opinion poll : Would you rather your office window facing east, south, west or north?

• What about your bedroom ?


4) LIGHTINGFACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE BRIGHTNESS OF ROOM

1.Natural Brightness2.Size, Shape and Position of Windows3.Internal Reflected4.External Reflected


4) LIGHTING• The daylight received inside a

building can be expressed as the ratio of the illumination at the working point indoors, to the total light available simultaneously outdoors

• This can also be expressed as a percentage and it is known as the daylight factor ' .


4) LIGHTING• The daylight factor includes light

from:● Sky component - light received

directly from the sky; excluding direct sunlight.

● External reflected component - light received from exterior reflecting surfaces.

● Internal reflected component - light received from internal reflecting surfaces.


4) LIGHTING


• The sum of the three components gives the daylight factor:

DF = SC + ERC + IRCSC – Sky ComponentERC – Exterior Reflectance ComponentIRC – Interior Reflectance Component


4) LIGHTING

ARTIFICAL LIGHTING.Definition - electrically generated light in which involve components and switches.


4) LIGHTINGArtifical lighting selection factors :1.Quantity of light2.Quality of colour3.Level of glare4.Quality of focusing5.Electric usage6.Costing7.Physical properties8.Amount of natural lighting


4) LIGHTING

Nature of Artificial Lighting


4) LIGHTING


4) LIGHTINGGeneral Lighting•provide uniform illumination across the working plane•lamps are mounted in the systematic and structured.•Advantage : work location can be changed without changing position lamp•Disadvantage : the same level of radiation for the location of critical and critical space



4) LIGHTINGLocalised Lighting• order to give light irradiation required to work at locations and also a minimal irradiation at other non-work location.•Advantage : use less electricity than general lighting•Disadvantage : work location can not be changing without modified the position of lights.



4) LIGHTINGLocal Lighting• The required irradiation only for small work area.•must be accompanied by adequate general lighting for some of the passages and other areas that are not critical.•Advantage : save the electric and separate control•Disadvantages : high maintenance cost



4) LIGHTING

Calculation for determining the lights

LUMEN METHOD

E x A

I x UF x MF

E= Lux

A = Room Area

I = lumen

UF = utility factor

MF = maintenance factor


4) LIGHTING

A room measuring 18m x 15m require illumination at 330 lux level work, which required high light is 3m above the table. The proposed light opalescent light with 80watt and 4800lumen. Calculate the number of lights. (UF = 0.6 , MF = 0.95)


4) LIGHTING

INSTALLATION OF

LIGHT


4) LIGHTINGDirect Lighting

•all light emitted directly down one point.•illuminate only a small part of the surface consists of limited range•suitable for horizontal area or with an unobstructed surface.


4) LIGHTINGHalf-direct Lighting•produce 60% to 90% of the light output directly heading down and the top remains to illuminate the ceiling.•through the walls of sufficient brightness quantity of light produced can pose a comfortable working environment.•common place such as offices, classrooms and work areas.


4) LIGHTINGIndirect Lighting

•produce light output between 90% and 100% of the light produced directly on the ceiling and walls•often associated with waste light source.


4) LIGHTINGHalf-indirect Lighting•produce a light output of 60% to 90% of the light emitted directly into the ceiling and walls

Direct-Indirect Lighting•provide equal light at the top and bottom


4) LIGHTINGLIGHTING CONTROL

Function :•ensure that the system operates only when needed.•operating at the level that have been determined•can change the level of light output


4) LIGHTINGTYPE OF CONTROL

1.Manual switch2.Remote switch3.Timer switch4.Photo-electric cell switch


4) LIGHTINGTYPE OF LAMP1)Incandescent-First introduced to the public by Thomas Alva Edison at December 31, 1879-The flow of electric current through the filament then heats up and produces photons-In broad terms, incandescent lamps are cheap to install but expensive to run


4) LIGHTING2) Tungsten Halogen-These lamps are filled with a halogen gas, usually bromide or iodine- This allows much higher operating temperatures which require special bulbs, usually made from quartz or fused silica.- has a very compact envelope which makes it an excellent lamp where optical control is important


4) LIGHTINGElectric Discharge Lamp1)Fluorescent2)Low Pressure Sodium Vapor3)High Pressure Mercury Vapor


4) LIGHTING


4) LIGHTING

LOCATION OF EMERGENCY LIGHTING1.Markers that indicate travel / direction from one place to another2.The use of lighting in the emergency lane3.Exit and change direction4.Fire equipment5.Special area


5) ACOUSTIC• Definition - an interdisciplinary field

of knowledge possessed by scientists and human sciences

• Objective - produce a controlled conditions in the building to feel the comfort of the human senses.


5) ACOUSTIC• The human ear is capable of

hearing sounds within a limited range.


5) ACOUSTIC

• Animals have varied hearing ranges


5) ACOUSTIC• Many animals hear a much wider range of

frequencies than human beings do.

• For example, dog whistles vibrate at a higher frequency than the human ear can detect, while evidence suggests that dolphins and whales communicate at frequencies beyond human hearing (ultrasound).

• Frequency is measured in hertz, or the number of sound waves a vibrating object gives off per second. The more the object vibrates, the higher the frequency and the higher the pitch of the resulting sound.


5) ACOUSTICAcoustic Control in A Building

1.Reflection2.Continuation3.Absorption

Source

ab

sorp

tion

continuation


5) ACOUSTICACOUSTIC MATERIAL•Purpose - lowering the noise level in a reverberation or canal space.•Factors :1.Type of acoustic material2.Cost3.Density4.Fire proof5.Moisture resistance6.Physical factors7.Aesthetic value


5) ACOUSTIC


5) ACOUSTICPOROUS ABSORBER

•2 types which is plate and bulk•if thick absorbent material thinner than the wavelength of sound ; it called PLATE•If thick of absorbent material is thicker than the wavelength of sound; it called BULK


5) ACOUSTIC• PLATE ACOUSTIC MATERIAL

Glass wool fiber

Mineral wool fiber


5) ACOUSTIC• BULK ACOUSTIC MATERIAL

Curtain

Carpet

Acoustic comforter

Acoustic plaster


5) ACOUSTIC

• CAVITY RESONATOR- Used in place that require / use

robust.- Example ; cinema / bowling

arena/ theater stage


5) ACOUSTIC• Noise control in architecture can

be done through ;

1.Placement space2.Using the cover of the

machinery3.Using vibration isolator


DISCUSSION• Please indicate the appropriate

method for controlling the noise of :

1.Cooling tower2.Compressor3.Ventilation ducting

Duration : 45 minutesTask : 2 person in a

group

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