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WELCOME
THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY
BIOLOGYBIOS : LIFE
LOGOS : STUDY
THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOLOGY
• A better understanding of how the human body function
• Finding cures for diseases
• Saving endangered species which are on the verge of extinction
• A better management of problems related to the environment
THE DIFFERENT FIELD OF STUDY IN BIOLOGY
• Microbiology• Zoology• Botany• Ecology• Taxonomy• Physiology
THE DIFFERENT FIELD OF STUDY IN BIOLOGY
• Genetics• Anatomy• Medicine• Biochemistry• Biotechnology• Cytology
• Histology
CAREERS RELATED TO BIOLOGY
• Microbiology : Microbiologist• Zoology : Zoologist• Botany : Botanist• Ecology : Ecologist • Taxonomy : Taxonomist
• Physiology : Physiologist
THE DIFFERENT FIELD OF STUDY IN BIOLOGY
• Genetics : Geneticist • Anatomy : Anatomist• Medicine : Doctor, Surgeons• Biochemistry : Biochemist• Biotechnology : Biotechnologist
• Cytology : Cytologist
• Histology : Histologist
THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY
Virology Bacteriology
Mycology Botany Zoology Anatomy Histology
Biochemistry Genetics
Ecology Microbiology
Physiology
Biological Fields Aspects of the study
Cell Biology Genetics
Environmental study Biochemicals
Plants Animals Tissues
Structure of organisms Microorganism
Virus Bacteria
Fungi
Scientific investigation
Scientific investigation
• The learning of biology requires the method of scientific inquiry which involves the use of scientific skills
• scientific skills :
science process skills
manipulative skills
Science process skills
• Observing
• Classifying
• Measuring and using numbers
• Inferring
• Predicting
Science process skills
• Communicating
• Using space-time relationship
• Defining operationally
• Controlling variables
• Hypothesesing
• Experimenting
Manipulative skills • Use and handle science apparatus
and laboratory substances correctly
• Handle specimens correctly and carefully
• Draw specimenns, apparatus and laboratory substances accurately
• Clean science apparatus correctly and
• Store science apparatus and laboratory substance correctly and safely
SCIENTIFIC SKILLS
Science Process Skills
Observing
Classifying
Measuring and using numbers
Making inferens
Predicting
Using space-time relationship
Interpreting data
Defining operationally
Controlling variables
Communicating
Making hypothesis
Experimenting
The Manipulative Skills
a. Using and handling science apparatus and substances correctly
b. Keeping science apparatus and substances correctly and safely
c. Cleaning science apparatus in the correct way
d. Handling science specimens correctly and carefully
e. Drawing specimens, science substances and science apparatus correctly.
The steps involve in a scientific investigation
• Identifying a problem• Forming a hypothesis• Planning the experiment• Identifying and controlling
variables• Conducting the experiment
The steps involve in a scientific investigation
• Collecting data• Analysing data• Interpreting data• Drawing conclusions• Writing a report
SCIENTIFIC METHODS
Identifying the problems by observing or explaining the phenomenon
Identifying and controlling the variables that affect the study or the observations
Formulating the hypothesis in order to predict the phenomenon observed
Planning the investiga-tion to test the hypothesis
Carry out the investigation that had been planned. The following steps are suggested to follow: (a) Collecting data (b) Analyse the data (c) Interpreting the data (d) Making conclusion
Writing a report
SCIENTIFIC METHODS Diagram shows a flow chart of a scientific method.
SCIENTIFIC METHODS
EXPERIMENTING
Preparing tissue culture of a plant
The scientific investigationWriting a report• Objective:
State the aim of the experiment
• Problem statement:
Pose question about the observations made
The scientific investigationWriting a report• Hypothesis:
Formulate a preliminary explanation or prediction that will be able to explain what is going to happen during the experiment
• Variable: Identify and control the manipulated, responding and fixed variable
The scientific investigation
Writing a report• Materials and apparatus :
List the selection of materials and apparatus which will be used during the experiments
• Technique:State the technique involved to obtain the result
The scientific investigationWriting a report• Prosedure:
Write the instructions to carry out the experiment
• Result/presentation of data:Present the result in the form of simple diagrams, charts, graphs and tables. Include calculation, if there is any
The scientific investigationWriting a report• Discussion:
Analyse and interpret the data, then determine the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable
• Conclusion:Draw a conclusion based on the hypothesis given whether the results support or refute the hypothesis
WORKSHOP :
Objective:
• To study the effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme reaction
Problem Statement:• P1: Manipulated variable / temperature
• P2: Responding variable/ rate of enzyme reaction
• H: relationship
Sample answer:
What is the effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme reaction?
What are the effects of temperature on (salivary) amylase activity on starch?
Variables :1. Manipulated:
Temperature
2. Responding:
Rate of enzyme reaction (catalysed by
salivary amalyse) / the time taken for the
hydrolysis of starch
3.Constant:
Volume of amylase / saliva // concentration of amylase// volume of starch// concentration of starch suspension
Hypothesis• P1: Manipulated variable / temperature
• P2: Responding variable/ rate of enzyme reaction
• H: relationship
• Sample answer:
• The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of enzyme reaction
Apparatus and materials:• Beaker / basin• Test tube/ visking tubing / boiling tube• Syringe / measuring cylinder• Stopwatch• Heater/ kettle/ bunsen burner , tripod stand/ wire
gauze• (1%) starch suspension• Saliva / amylase suspension• Water• Ice cube• Iodine solution/ Benedicts solution/ any suitable
food test
Technique:
• Using a stopwatch, record the time taken for the hydrolysis of starch / substrate/ starch to disappear.
• //CALCULATE the rate of enzyme reaction using the formula = 1__
time
PROCEDURE:
• K1: Setting apparatus
• 1. Use a syringe to put 5ml of 1% starch suspension into each of the test tubes labelled A1, B1
• 2. Use a syringe to put 2ml of saliva/ amylase solution into each of the test tubes labelled A2,B2.
• 3. Immersed test tubes A1 and A2 into water bath with temperature 100C
Procedure• K1: Setting Apparatus
• 4. After 5 minutes of immersion, pour the starch suspension from test tube A1 into test tube A2/ stir the mixture using a glass rod.
• 5. Start the stop watch immediately.
• 6. Use a dropper to put a drop of mixture from the test tube A2 onto the iodine solution in the first groove of the white tile
• 7. Repeat the iodine test for every minute for 10 minutes
Procedure
• K2: operating constant variable
• 1. Put 5 ml / 1% starch solution
• 2. 2 ml of saliva
Procedure
• K3: Operating responding variable
• 1. Record the time taken for the hydrolysis of starch / iodine solution gives a negative test // no blue black colour by using a stopwatch
• 2. Record the result in a table (plot a graph showing the rate of reaction (1/t)
against temperature (0C)
Procedure
• K4: Operating manipulated variable
• 1. Repeat the steps for this experiment for 200C, 300C and 400C
• // repeat the experiment from using warm water to cold water
Procedure
• K5: Precaution.
• 1. Rinse the mouth before collecting the saliva
• 2.//Rinse the dropper after each sampling
• 3// keep the test tubes with the mixtures in their respective water baths throughout the experiment.
Data:
Temperature/(0C)
Time taken for the starch to disappear /
minutes
Rate of enzyme reaction / (min-1)
Conclusion:
• Sample answer:
• When temperature increases, the rate of amylase reaction increases.
Scientific attitudes and noble values
WORKSHOP:
When conducting an experiment, the results you obtain do not correspond to the expected result.
What scientific attitudes and noble values do you need to apply in this situation?
Scientific attitudes and noble values
• Having an interest and curiosity towards the environment
• Being honest and accurate in recording and validating data
• Being diligent and persevering
• Being responsible about the safety of oneself, others and the environment
Scientific attitudes and noble values
• Realising that science is a means to understand nature
• Appreciating and practicing clean and healthy living
• Appreciating the balance of nature• Being respectful and well-mannered• Appreciating the contribution of science
and technology
Scientific attitudes and noble values
• Being thankful to God
• Having critical and analytical thinking
• Being flexible and open-minded
• Being kind-hearted and caring• Being objective
• Being systematic
Scientific attitudes and noble values
• Being cooperative
• Being fair and just
• Daring to try
• Thinking rationally• Being confident and independent
THANK YOU
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