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Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products & Their Applications Presentation on: Presented to: Dr. Aun Presented by: Zahra Naz------------------------BS-BT-04
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Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Aug 07, 2015

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Page 1: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Introduction To Biological Products,

Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Presentation on:

Presented to: Dr. Aun

Presented by:

Zahra Naz------------------------BS-BT-04

Page 2: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

BS-Biotechnology (5th semester)

Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology,

Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan,

Pakistan.

Page 3: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Biological ProductsBiotechnological

ProductsProteins

Zahra NazRoll No. 04

Page 4: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Biological Products(Biogenic Compounds)

“Substance Produced By A Living Organism”e.g. by Human/Animal Tissue Or from

MicrobesExamples:Blood, Toxins Or Anti-toxin, Vaccine.

Types:Four Main Types Of Biological Molecules Are:a) Carbohydrates b) Proteinsc) Lipidsd) Nuclei Acids

Page 5: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Carbohydrates

The most abundant biological moleculesCarbon compounds containing large quantities of hydroxyl groupsEnergy rich compoundsHave a variety of important functions (structural, nutritional , informational) in living systems

Page 6: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications
Page 7: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Lipids

Carbon containing ,non -polar bio-moleculesThe most energy rich bio-moleculesFunctionally much important as insulators, structural components, energy storage ,etc.

Page 8: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications
Page 9: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Proteins

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfurAlmost half of a cell consists of proteinsServe as structural components, control molecules (enzymes), transport and messenger molecules in animals

Page 10: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications
Page 11: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Nucleic Acids

Large biological molecules, essential for all known forms of lifeStore information for cellular growth and reproductionNot a energy source like carbohydrates, proteins and lipidsThese are of two types:

a) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)b) ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Page 12: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Sources of nucleic acids

Page 13: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Biotechnology “The Controlled Use Of Biological Agents, Such As

Microorganisms Or Cellular Components.”(US-National Science Foundation)

Biotechnology Products“Products Which are Manufactured By Recombinant

DNA Technology(Produced By Biotechnology)”Examples:a) Antibioticsb) Vaccinesc) Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s)d) Transgenic Plants e) Beverages ,etc.

Page 14: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

AntibioticsMedicines which are useful against bacterial actions and are obtained from living organisms

VaccinesWeakened or dead microbes for inoculation in the body to produce immunity against the infection that respective healthy microbe can cause

Page 15: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s)

Organisms with modified genetic material or

organisms with foreign DNA.

Types:Genetically Modified AnimalsGenetically Modified BacteriaGenetically Modified PlantsGenetically Modified Flowers

Page 16: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Genetically Modified Fruit Genetically Modified Flower

Genetically Modified Bacteria

Genetically Modified Animal

Page 17: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Cloned Animals

Animals which have

same characteristics

as that of theirparents

Dolly sheep

Page 18: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Confectionery Industry

Page 19: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Hormones Vitamins

Artificial Organs

Page 21: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Characteristics of Proteins

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

Serve as structural components of animals

Basic building block is the amino acid

Serve as control molecules (enzymes)

Serve as transport and messenger molecules

Page 22: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications
Page 23: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Levels of Organization

Primary structureAmino acid sequence of the proteinSecondary structure-H bonds in the peptide chain

backbone--helix and -sheets

Tertiary structureNon-covalent interactions between the

R groups within the proteinQuanternary structureInteraction between 2 polypeptide

chains

Page 25: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Types of Proteins

Globular Proteins – most of what we have dealt with so far– Compact shape like

a ball with irregular surfaces

– Enzymes are globular

Fibrous Proteins – usually span a long distance in the cell– 3-D structure is

usually long and rod shaped

– Keratin

Page 26: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Functions

Make up about 15% of the cellHave many functions in the cell– Enzymes– Structural– Transport–Motor– Storage– Signaling– Receptors– Gene regulation– Special functions

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Page 28: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Birra Bukhari

Roll No. 28

Carbohydrates

LipidsNucleic acids

Page 29: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Carbohydrates

Structure , Abundance , Sources , Application

Page 30: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Definition :-

• Biogenic /organic compounds that are polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketones

• General formula : Cm(H2O)n

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Classification • Carbohydrates are classified

into three groups Monosaccharide:-

Monosaccharide are simple sugars

e.g. glucose, RiboseOligosaccharide:-

Oligosaccharides are compound sugars & yield 2 to 10 molecules of monosaccharide on hydrolysis

e.g. Sucrose, maltosePolysaccharide:-Polysaccharides

are compound sugars and yield more than 10 molecules of monosaccharides on hydrolysis

e.g. chitin, glycogen

Page 32: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Structure :-

There are three types of structural representations of carbohydrates:

Open chain structure.Hemi-acetal structure.Haworth structure.

Page 33: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Functions :-

• Carbohydrates are chief energy source• Glucose is stored as glycogen in animals

and starch in plants.  • Intermediates in biosynthesis of fats and

proteins.  • In animals they are important constituent

of connective tissues.• Help in modulation of immune system• Carbohydrates that are rich in fiber content

s, so help to prevent constipation • Form structural and protective components

Page 34: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Lipids

Structure , Abundance , Sources , Application

Page 35: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Definition :-

Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids.

Page 36: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Structure :-

• Lipids has no single common structure. The most commonly occurring lipids are triglycerides and phospholipids. 

• Triglycerides are fats and oils. Triglycerides have a glycerol backbone bonded to three fatty acids. If the three fatty are similar then the triglyceride is known as simple triglyceride

Page 37: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Structure :-

Phospholipids contains glycerol and fatty acids, they also contain phosphoric acids and a low-molecular weight alcohol. Common phospholipids are lecithins and cephalins.

Page 38: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Types of Lipids

Page 39: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

List of Lipids

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Functions :-

• Lipids are storage compounds, triglycerides serve as reserve energy of the body. 

• Lipids are important component of cell membranes structure in eukaryotic cells. 

• Lipids regulate membrane permeability. • They serve as source for fat soluble

vitamins like A, D• They act electrical  insulators to the nerve

fibers , where the myelin sheath contains lipids. 

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Structure , Abundance , Source , Application

Nucleic Acids

Page 42: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Definition

Nucleic acids are large organic compounds found in the chromosomes of living cells and viruses. They are strong acids found in the nucleus of the cells. The nucleic acid polymers are with high molecular weights as high as 100,000,000 grams per mole

Page 43: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

History

In 1869 , Friedrich Miescher developed ways of isolating intact nuclei from cells and analyzing their chemical content. From the nuclei he extracted substances rich in phosporous and nitrogen. They came to be known as "nucleic acids."

Page 44: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Types of nucleic acids

There are two types of nucleic acid They are found in abundance in all living cells as:DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which contains the hereditary information in humans .RNA (ribonucleic acid) which delivers the instructions coded in this information to the cell's protein manufacturing sites.

Page 45: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Structure of nucleic acidStructure of nucleic acids is a linear sequence of nucleotides, linked by phospho-diester linkages. Made up of three components - Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar and phosphate groups. Nitrogenous base are purines(adenine, guanine) and pyrimidines {cytosine, thymine (present in DNA only), uracil (present in RNA only)

Page 46: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

• DNA is one of the macromolecules, it contains the genetic information

• It is used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. 

• The DNA segments carry genetic information are called the genes. 

• DNA segments have structural functions or regulate the genetic information. 

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Page 48: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

RNA(ribonucleic acid)

The functions of ribonucleic acid is to convert genetic information from genes into amino acid sequences of protein.  

RNA is of three types, 1. tRNA (transfer RNA), 2. mRNA (messenger RNA) 3. rRNA (ribosomal RNA).

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Page 50: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Function:- The deoxyribonucleic acid is the storage for

place for genetic information in the cell. DNA controls the synthesis of RNA in the cell. The genetic information is transmitted from

DNA to the protein synthesizers in the cell. RNA directs synthesis of proteins.

m-RNA takes genetic message from RNA.t-RNA transfers activated amino acid, to the

site of protein synthesis.r-RNA are mostly present in the ribosomes, and

responsible for stability of m-RNA.

Page 51: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

Faiza ShaukatBS-BT-23

BS-Biotechnology (5th semester)

Applications Of Biotechnological Products

Page 52: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Page 53: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

VACCINESVaccination is the most effective way to prevent infection and severe outcomes.

Safe and effective vaccines have been available and used for more than 60 years.

For example among healthy adults, influenza vaccine can prevent 70% to 90% of influenza-specific illness.

Vaccination is especially important for people at higher risk of serious influenza complications.

Among the elderly, the vaccine reduces severe illness and complications by up to 60%, and deaths by 80%.

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Page 55: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

HUMAN GROWTH HORMONES

HGH, produced by the pituitary gland, play role of growth in children and adolescents.

It also helps to regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth, sugar and fat metabolism, and possibly heart function.

Produced synthetically, HGH is the active ingredient in a number of prescription drugs.

If taken in excessive amount they cause nerve, muscle, or joint pain, high cholesterol levels .

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Page 57: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

ANTIBIOTICS

Antibiotics are used for treatment or prevention of bacterial infection. 

For example1-CEPHALOSPORIN:Derived from fungus used for treatment of infections

it destroys bacterial cell wall by causing osmotic lysis and death of bacterial cell

2-ACTINOMYCIN:Derived from soil bacteria. it is a polypeptide antibiotic

It is an anti-cancer drug

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Page 59: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

VITAMINSPeople are treated with vitamins for some reasons. The primary reason is to relieve a vitamin deficiency, when one has been detected.Niacin supplementation prevents pellagra, a disease that occurs in people who rely heavily on corn as the main source of food and who do not eat much meat or milk.The risk for cardiovascular disease can be slightly reduced for a large fraction of the population by folic acid supplements. . One example is pernicious anemia, a disease that tends to occur in middle age or old age and impairs the absorption of vitamin B 12 . Surveys have revealed that about 0.1 percent of the general population, and 2–3 percent of the elderly, may have the disease. If left untreated, pernicious anemia leads to nervous system damage.

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APPLICATIONS IN MINING

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BIOMINING

Microbial mining to recover metals from low grade ores.

First ground to the fine powder.

Incubation with Mos.

Metal converted into soluble salt and then leaches out (bioleaching).

Recovered by suitable chemical processes.

For exampleThiobacillus ferro-oxidans is the key for bioleaching of gold, copper, and uranium.

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Page 63: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURAL FEILD

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TRANSGENIC PLANTS AND CROPS

Efforts are going on to use genetic engineering to increase the production of sugars, fatty acids, starches, cellulose, rubber etc.

In this regard, the transgenic plants can play an important role as ‘factories’ for manufacturing specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Example: increase in the level of mannitol in transgenic tobacco plants following the transfer of the gene for mannitol dehydrgenase fromE.Coli to tobacco.

Transgenic plants have been used to study the expression of genes in different environmental conditions

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Page 66: Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Applications

APPLICATIONS IN BIOREMEDIATION

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BIOREMEDIATION

The decontamination of soil and water from pollutants using microorganisms (bioremediators) is known as bioremediation.

The human species generates colossal quantities of waste, which needs to be processed to protect the environment.

Bioreactors provide a highly controlled “contained” space in which biotreatment processes can be carried out.

Such is the versatility of these devices that a wide range of wastes can be treated under optimized conditions. However, it is necessary to consider the genomic aspects15 of the various microorganisms.

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