Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Archaeology - UW Canvas

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Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Archaeology University of Washington

Course: NEAR E 296/ ARCHY 212 Instructor: Stephanie Selover Term: Spring 2018 Office Hours: Wed., 1-3pm, Denny M220E Room: SAV 264 Email: [email protected] Time: MW, 3:30pm-5:20pm TA: Corinna Nichols TA Email: [email protected] Sections: F, 9:30am, 10:30am, 11:30am Section Room: MLR 316

Course Description: This course is an introductory survey of the archaeology, art and architecture of ancient Egypt, from the first prehistoric cultures of the Nile Valley (~10,000 BCE) until the end of the New Kingdom (~1000 BCE). Through the lens of archaeology, we will explore Egyptian gods, animal deities, divine kings, pyramids, temples, mummification, society and government. We will untangle common Egyptian beliefs about identity, religion, medicine, magic, sex, childbirth, slavery and death through the archaeological remnants of this great civilization. This course is not a history of Egypt, but rather an introduction to the various cultural aspects of the region across time. We will not be covering Egypt chronologically, but by topic. The course begins with a look at the geography of the region and the history of Egyptology, the study of ancient Egypt. We will then move onto topics such as writing and literacy, monumental and domestic architecture, death and preparation for the afterlife, religion, urban and rural life, art, and the place of women and children in Egyptian culture. Students are responsible for all readings, participation in Friday sections, one map quiz, two section quizzes, a short paper about Egypt in modern culture, and a final exam. Course Objectives: By the end of this course, students are expected to learn:

• An introductory understanding of ancient Egyptian archaeology, history, and culture.

• To apply historical methods to a range of important questions in Egyptian history through critical analysis of archaeological evidence and modern opinion and through the construction of detailed, reasoned arguments

• To recognize the distinctive features of the Old, Middle and New Kingdom Egypt • To recognize and contextualize a range of famous events, personalities, authors

and material remains of ancient Egypt • To understand the role of ancient Egypt in the public imagination and the

importance of preserving and protecting Egypt’s cultural heritage • Critical analysis of ancient textual and archaeological evidence and modern

opinions • Archaeological excavation methods using Egyptological examples

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Course Format:

Class will meet twice a week, with a Friday section with the course TA. Each class is expected to be a discussion rather than a straight lecture by the instructor, so students are responsible for all readings before the start of class and are expected to actively contribute. At times, the class will be split into smaller groups to further discuss the themes of the class and then each group will present their collected ideas.

Each student is responsible for all assigned readings before the start of class and must be prepared to discuss them. The discussion section of the course will utilize both a voluntary method of question and answers, as well as a Socratic one, where the instructor may choose who will answer the question.

In Friday sections, students will actively discuss weekly topics with the course TA, through a variety of activities such as a short video, hands on activity, or discussion of ancient texts. The map quiz and both course quizzes will also be given during the Friday section. Attendance to the Friday section is mandatory.

Each week, every student is required to consider and thoughtfully answer the given discussion question based on the weekly readings and lectures on the discussion board on the class website. This forum will allow students to contemplate the themes of the class and perhaps to think of new questions of their own. There are no wrong answers, but students are asked to give thought to their responses. Students may bring in their own experiences as they pertain to the subject. Feel free to be creative. Answers are to be submitted to the instructor by 10pm each Wednesday. Late answers submitted before the start of class will be given half credit. No credit will be given to submissions after class.

In the second week of the quarter, a short map and geography quiz will be given at the start of the Friday section. Understanding the geography of Egypt and its surrounding area is of great importance in order to understand the various cultures and peoples covered in this course.

A short paper on ancient Egypt and modern culture is also required. Students are to pick a movie, TV show, or other modern popular cultural depiction of “Ancient Egypt.” Students are then to write a short paper (2-3 pages), including the name and date of the material watched, with a short synopsis, a discussion of the reality of the material and a brief evaluation of the film. The paper should answer such questions as: Were the characters based on real people? Were real events depicted? Did the makers of the material adhere to accurate recreations? From what you have learned in this class, how “accurate” was this depiction of Ancient Egypt? What could have been done to make this a more accurate account? Was accuracy important to the makers of this material? This assignment is due at the start of section at the end of Week 9 (May 25).

Two quizzes, the first in Week 4, the second in Week 7, will be administered in the Friday section. The quizzes will each cover the content of the course since the last quiz. A final exam will be administered during final’s week, on Thursday, June 7, 2:30-4:20pm, in SAV 264. The final will cover material from the entire course, with an emphasis on the final weeks of the course.

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Prerequisites: This course is open to all students interested in archaeology, ancient Egypt, or the ancient or modern Middle East. No prior knowledge of these areas is necessary. Required Reading and Attendance:

The readings from this course are taken from the course textbook, listed below, as well as from a variety of journals and book chapters. All readings except those from the required textbook (Bard) will be made available in .pdf form on the class Canvas website. The course textbook is for sale at the campus bookstore. Readings from course textbook will not be found on the course Canvas website. Copies of the required textbook are also available at Odegaard Undergraduate Library on reserve. Readings are subject to change as determined by the instructor, with at least one week's notice.

All assigned readings are to be completed by each student before the start of each class. Staying on top of the readings will maximize a student’s learning experience and prepare them for in-class discussions. It also allows students to ask relevant questions during class. The material covered in the readings will not repeat exactly the material covered in class, so both readings and good class attendance are a must for getting the most out of the course.

Please arrive on time for class. It is rude and disrespectful to both your fellow students as well as to the instructor to arrive after the start of class, interrupting lecture or discussion. Everyone here is an adult, please be responsible for your own time management.

Required Textbook:

• Kathryn Bard 2015, An Introduction To The Archaeology Of Ancient Egypt Wiley-Blackwell

Optional Additional Textbooks:

• Ikram, Salima 2010. Ancient Egypt: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press • Shaw, Ian (ed.) 2000 The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University

Press • Wendrich, Willeke (ed.) 2010. Egyptian Archaeology. Wiley-Blackwell

Grading Policy • Section Participation 10% • Reading Discussion Questions 15% • Map Quiz (April 6) 10% • Quiz 1 (April 20) 15% • Quiz 2 (May 11) 15% • Pop Culture Project (Due May 25) 15% • Final Exam (June 7) 20%

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Grade Scale: You can always track your grades throughout the quarter on the online grade book on Canvas. I encourage you to do so to gauge your progress in class. Please contact us as soon as possible if you suspect any errors. Letter Number Percentage Letter Number Percentage Letter Number Percentage

A+ 4.0 >95% B- 2.8 83% C- 1.6 71%

A 3.9 94% B- 2.7 82% C- 1.5 70%

A- 3.8 93% B- 2.6 81% D+ 1.4 69%

A- 3.7 92% B- 2.5 80% D+ 1.3 68%

A- 3.6 91% C+ 2.4 79% D+ 1.2 67%

A- 3.5 90% C+ 2.3 78% D 1.1 66%

B+ 3.4 89% C+ 2.2 77% D 1.0 65%

B+ 3.3 88% C 2.1 76% D 0.9 64%

B+ 3.2 87% C 2.0 75% D- 0.8 63%

B 3.1 86% C 1.9 74% D- 0.7 60-62%

B 3.0 85% C- 1.8 73% E 0.0 <62 %

B 2.9 84% C- 1.7 72% Technology in Class: The use of laptops in class is allowed for note taking and for referencing class readings. Surfing the web, checking emails, checking Facebook, online shopping, etc. is prohibited. Such activity is disruptive to the individual, the instructor, and to the remainder of the class. However, I would highly encourage students to take notes in class by hand, as numerous studies have shown handwritten notes to be far more useful for students than typed notes. If I do find a student using a laptop for any purpose other than note taking, the privilege of using the laptop in class will be revoked after one warning. Please turn off your cellphones before coming to class; the use of cellphones is prohibited for any reason.

Disability Resources for Students: If you need any type of accommodation, please contact the Office of Disability Resources for Students (http://www.washington.edu/students/drs). We are happy to work with Disability Resources to provide appropriate accommodation. Make-Up Policies: No make-up exams will be allowed for the map quiz, quizzes or final exam unless for dire situations, (kidnapped by aliens, leg caught in a bear trap at the time of midterm, etc.), with proper documentation (e.g. doctor’s note, dated picture of the aliens). Please be on time to class, and if for any reason you must leave early, please leave quietly and do not disrupt the other students on your way out. No talking during class, except during discussion periods. However, always feel free to ask the instructor a

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question at any point during class. If you have a question, chances are five other students have a similar question, please speak up. Academic Honesty:

Students are expected to treat their fellow classmates and instructors with honesty and respect throughout the course. All exam answers and postings must reflect original work. No form of cheating will be tolerated. The following link has information on academic honesty, plagiarism, and consequences: http://www.washington.edu/uaa/gateway/advising/help/academichonesty.php

Students are expected to adhere to the University of Washington Code of Student Conduct which can be found at the following link: http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=478-120

The University of Washington is committed to fostering an environment where the free exchange of ideas is an integral part of the academic learning environment. Disruption of classroom discussions can prohibit other students from fully engaging and participating. Any student causing disruption may be asked to leave any class session, and, depending on the severity and frequency of that behavior, an incident report may be filled with Community Standards and Student Conduct. As a condition of enrollment, all students assume responsibility to observe standards of conduct that will contribute to the pursuit of academic goals and to the welfare of the academic community. For more detailed information on these standards, please visit: http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=478-120.

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Course Outline:

Week 1: Introduction and Geography of Egypt March 26: Introduction to the Course

Required Readings: None March 28: Mapping and Understanding the Land of the Nile

Required Readings: • Bard, Chapter 3 “The Environmental Background to Pharaonic Civilization:

Geography, Environment, Agriculture and Natural Resources,” pages 47-68 Recommended Readings:

• Ikram, S. (2010) Ancient Egypt. Chapter 1, “The Black and the Red: Geography and Environment”, pages 1-22, Chapter 4, “Shadows in the Sand: Egypt’s Past” pages 69-114

March 30 Section Discussion on the major myths and misconceptions about ancient Egypt in the modern day

Week 2: Background and History of Egyptology April 2: History of Egyptology

Required Readings: • Bard, Chapter 1 “Egyptian Archaeology: Definitions and History” pages 1-24

Recommended Readings:

• David, R. (2008) The Experience of Ancient Egypt, Chapter 6, “Classical and Medieval Interest in Egypt” pages 51-61

• Ikram, S. (2010) Ancient Egypt: Chapter 2, “Travellers, Thieves and Scholars: the history of Egyptology and Egyptomania” pages 23-52

• Jones, M. (2008) “Monuments and Site Conservation” Egyptology Today, R.H. Wilkinson, ed., pages 98-120

• Wendrich, W. ed. (2010). Egyptian Archaeology, Chapter 1, “Egyptian Archaeology: From Text to Context” pages 1-14

April 4: Write Like an Egyptian: Hieroglyphics and Beyond

Required Readings: • Bard Chapter 2, “Hieroglyphs, Languages and Pharaonic Chronology” pages 25-

46 Recommended Readings:

• David, R. (2008) The Experience of Ancient Egypt, Chapter 8, “The Decipherment of Egyptian Hieroglyphs”, pages 71-88

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• Szpakowska, K. (2008). Daily Life in Ancient Egypt. Chapter 6, “Learning, Earning and Leisure” pages 102-121

April 6: Section Map Quiz at the start of section; Writing hieroglyphics workshop

Week 3: Sources of Egyptology

April 9: What’s in a Dynasty? Chronology of Ancient Egypt Required Readings:

• Ward, W.A. (1992) “The Present Status of Egyptian Chronology” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 288, pages 53-66

Recommended Readings:

• Hornung, E., Krauss, R., Warnurton, D.A. (2006) Ancient Egyptian Chronology, “Methods of Dating and the Egyptian Calendar” pages 45-51

April 11: Egyptian Literature and Mythology

Required Readings: • Ikram, S (2010) Ancient Egypt: An Introduction, Chapter 5 “Maintaining Egypt:

Religion” pages 115-164 • Wallis Budge E.A., Legends of the Gods: The Egyptian Texts” Entire book is up

on Chalk. Pick a myth and read it before class.

Recommended Readings: • Kemp, B. (1995) “How Religious were the Ancient Egyptians?” Cambridge

Archaeological Journal 5:1, pages 25-54. • Snape, S. (2011) “Osiris, Lord of Abydos” Ancient Egyptian Tombs: The Culture

of Life and Death, pages 117-135 • Szpakowska, K. (2008). Daily Life in Ancient Egypt. Chapter 7 “Religion” pages

122-149 • Teeter, E. (2011) Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt “Chapter 6: In the

Presence of the Gods: How the Gods Communicated with Men” pages 104-118

April 13 Section Discussion of the story “The Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor”

• Read “The Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor” in The Tale of Sinuhe and Other Ancient Egyptian Poems, R.B. Parkinson, translator, pages 89-102, before coming to section

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Week 4: Changing Temple and Tomb Architecture April 16: Egyptian Ritual Architecture from the Predynastic to the Middle Kingdom: The Pyramids!

Required Readings: • Bard, Chapter 6 “The Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period,” pages

133-165 only Recommended Readings:

• Lehner, M. (1983) “Some Observations on the Layout of the Khufu and Khafre Pyramids” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology

• Lehner, M. (1985) “The Development of the Giza Necropolis: The Khufu Project” MDAIK 41, pages 109-143

• Lehner, M. (1992) “Reconstructing the Sphinx.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2(1), pages 3-26

• O’Conner, D. (1998) “Interpretation of the Old Kingdom Pyramid Complex,” in Stationen: Beitrage zur Kulturgeschichte Agyptens, Eds. H. Guksch and D. Polz. Mainz: Verlag, pages 135-144

• Reader, C. (2001) “A Geomorphological Study of the Giza Necropolis, with Implications for the Development of the Site.” Archaeometry 43(1): 149-165

April 18: New Kingdom Tombs

Required Readings: • Bard Chapter 8, “The New Kingdom”, pages 225-274 only

Recommended Readings:

• Kemp (2007) Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization, Chapter 6 “New Kingdom Egypt: The Mature State” pages 247-301

April 20 Section Quiz 1

Week 5: Death and Mummies April 23: Afterlife and Ritual

Required Readings: • Baines, J. and P. Lacovara (2002). “Burial and the Dead in Ancient Egyptian

Society: Respect, Formalism, Neglect” Journal of Social Archaeology 2(1) pages 5-36 Recommended Readings:

• Anderson, W. (1992) “Badarian Burials: Evidence of Social Inequality in Middle Egypt During the Early Predynastic Era” American Research Center in Egypt 29, pages 51-66

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• Teeter, E. (2011). Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt, Chapter 7, “Death and Funerals Rites” pages 119-147, Chapter 8, “Communicating with the Dead”

• Szpakowska, K. (2008). Daily Life in Ancient Egypt. Chapter 9 “Death” pages 179-207

• Wendrich, W. ed. (2010). Egyptian Archaeology, Chapter 12 “Changes in the Afterlife” pages 220-240

April 25: Mummification, Mummy Cults and Mummymania

Required Readings: • Ikram, S (2010) Ancient Egypt: An Introduction, Chapter 9: “The Living and the

Dead: Mummies, Tombs and Mortuary Cults” pages 275-300 Recommended Readings:

• Buckley, S. and Evershed, R. (2001). “Organic Chemistry of Embalming Agents in Pharaonic and Graeco-Roman Mummies” Nature 413, pages 837-841

• David, R. (2000). “Mummification.” Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Ed. P. Nicholson and I. Shaw, pages 372-385

• Ikram, S. and Dodson, A. (1998). The Mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the Dead for Eternity. Chapter 3, “Mummies and the Art of Mummification”, pp. 103-136

April 27 Section Selections from the documentary Mummifying Allen, followed by discussion

Week 6: Warfare and Foreigners

April 30: Egyptian Warfare

Required Reading: • Spalinger, A.J. (2011) “Military Institutions and Warfare: Pharaonic” in A

Companion to Ancient Egypt: Volume 1, A.B. Lloyd, ed., pages 425-445 Recommended Reading:

• Partridge, R.B., 2003 Fighting Pharaohs: Weapons and Warfare in Ancient Egypt, Peartree Publishing

• Spalinger, A.J. (2005) War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom May 2: Foreigners in the Land of the Nile

Required Readings: • Schneider, T. (2003) “Foreign Egypt: Egyptology and the Concept of Cultural

Appropriation” Egypt and the Levant 13, pages 155-161 • Wendrich, W. ed. (2010). Egyptian Archaeology, Chapter 8, “Foreigners in

Egypt: Archaeological Evidence and Cultural Context,” pages 143-163

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Recommended Readings: • Friedman, R. (2001) “Nubians at Hierakonpolis: Excavations in the Nubian

Cemeteries” Sudan and Nubia 5, pages 29-38 • Panagiotopoulus, D. (2006) “Foreigners in Egypt in the Time of Hatshepsut and

Thutmose III” in Thutmose III: A New Biography, E.H. Cline, ed., pages 370-412 • Smith, S.T. (2003) Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and Boundaries in Egypt’s

Nubian Empire May 4 Section Discussion on the meaning of race and ethnicity, racism and xenophobia, in the ancient world

Week 7: The Domestic and the State

May 7: Egyptian Cities and Domestic Architecture

Required Readings: • Ikram, S. (2010). Ancient Egypt. Chapter 7, “Town Life and Country Life” pages

189-218 Recommended Readings:

• Mumford, G.D. (2011) “Settlements: Distribution, Structure, Architecture: Pharaonic”, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt: Volume 1, A.B. Lloyd, ed., Wiley-Blackwell, pages 326-349

• Strauhal, E. (1996), Life of the Ancient Egyptians, Chapter 6, “Homes and Communities,” pages 63-76

• Wendrich, W. ed. (2010). Egyptian Archaeology, Chapter 5, “Villages and the Old Kingdom” pages 85-101, Chapter 7 “Tradition and Innovation: the Middle Kingdom,” pages 119-142

May 9: Divine Kingship and the State

Required Readings: • Brier, B., and Hobbs, H. (2008), Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians, Chapter 3:

“Government and Society,” pages 65-82 Recommended Readings:

• Bard, K. (2001) “The Emergence of the Egyptian State c. 3200 BC” in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Ed. I. Shaw, pp. 61-88

• Graves-Brown, C (2010). Dancing for Hathor: Women in Ancient Egypt. London: Continuum International Publishing. Chapter 7, “Queens and Harems” pages 129-160

• Ikram, S. (2010). Ancient Egypt. Chapter 6, “Kings and Commoners: Egyptian Society and Government” pages 165-188

• O’Conner, D. and D. Silverman. eds. (1995). Ancient Egyptian Kingship. Leiden: Brill. Chapter 1, “Kingship, Definition of Culture, and Legitimation”, pages 3-47

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• Wendrich, W. ed. (2010). Egyptian Archaeology Chapter 3, “Theories on State Formation” pages 36-54

May 11 Section Quiz 2

Week 8: Egyptian Medicine, Science and Art May 14: Medicine and Science

Required Readings: • Brier, B., and Hobbs, H. (2008) Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians, Greenwood

Press, Chapter 11, “Medicine and Mathematics”, pages 271-291 Recommended Readings:

• Brant-Rauf, P.W., and S.I. Brand-Rauf (1987) “History of Occupational Medicine: Relevance of Imhotep and the Edwin Smith Papyrus” British Journal of Industrial Medicine 44, pages 68-70

• Hebron, C. (2000) “Occupational Health in Ancient Egypt: The Evidence from Artistic Representation” Current Research in Egyptology, A. McDonald and C. Riggs, eds., BAR International Series 909, pages 45-49

• Imhausen, A. (2006) Mathematical Intelligencer 28:1, “Ancient Egyptian Mathematics: New Perspectives on Old Sources” pages 18-27

• Ritner, R. (2000) “Innovations and Adaptations in Ancient Egyptian Medicine” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 59(2), pages 107-117

• Rossia, C. (2001) “Science and Technology: Pharaonic” in A Companion to Ancient Egypt: Volume 1, A.B. Lloyd, ed., Wiley-Blackwell, pages 390-408

• Szpakowska, K. (2008). Daily Life in Ancient Egypt. Chapter 8, “Sickness” pages 150-178

May 16: Not So Static: Ancient Egyptian Art

Required Readings: • Freed, R. (2010). “Art of Ancient Egypt”, in Egyptology Today, Ed. R. Wilkinson,

pages 123-143

Recommended Readings: • Bryan, B.M. (2011a) “New Kingdom Sculpture” in A Companion to Ancient

Egypt: Volume I1, A.B. Lloyd, ed., Wiley-Blackwell, pages 913-943 • Bryan, B.M. (2011b) “Pharaonic Painting Through the New Kingdom” in A

Companion to Ancient Egypt: Volume I1, A.B. Lloyd, ed., Wiley-Blackwell, pages 990-1007

• David R. (2000) Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

• O’Neill, J.P. (2000) The Experience of Ancient Egypt • Robins, G. (1985) “Mathematical Bases of Ancient Egyptian Architecture and

Graphic Art” Historia Mathematica 12, pages 107-122

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• Strouhal, E. (1996) Life of the Ancient Egyptians Chapter 12 “Immortality Through Art” pages 157-168

May 18 Section Art Workshop: Learning Egyptian standards and proportions

Week 9: Everyday Life in Egypt May 21: Daily Life in Egypt

Required Readings: • Ikram, S. (2010). Ancient Egypt Chapter 8, “From Sunrise to Sunset: Daily life of

the ancient Egyptians” pages 219-274 Recommended Readings:

• Darby, W., P. Ghalioungui, L. Grivetti (1977). Food: The Gift of Osiris. Academic Press.

• Frood, E. (2011) “Social Structure and Daily Life: Pharaonic” in A Companion to Ancient Egypt: Volume I1, A.B. Lloyd, ed., pages 469-490

• Murray, M-A. (2000). “Fruit, Vegetables, Pulses and Condiments,” in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Ed. I. Shaw and P. Nicholson, pages 609-655

• Wendrich, W. ed. (2010). Egyptian Archaeology, Chapter 10, “Class and Society: Position and Possessions”

May 23: Women and Children in Egypt

Required Readings: • Wendrich, W. ed. (2010). Egyptian Archaeology, Chapter 9, “Gender in ancient

Egypt” pages 164-179 Recommended Readings:

• Szpakowska, K. (2008). Daily Life in Ancient Egypt. Chapter 2, “Birth” pages 23-44

• Szpakowska, K. (2008). Daily Life in Ancient Egypt. Chapter 10, “Love” pages 208-224

• Strouhal, E. (1996) Life of the Ancient Egyptians Chapter 5 “Marriage and the Standing of Women” pages 51-62

May 25 Section Pop Culture Project due by the start of section Reconstructing a day in the life of a commoner in Egypt

Week 10: Egypt and Egyptology in the 21st Century May 28: Class Canceled- Memorial Day

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May 30: Modern Egyptian Mania and The Politics of Museums Required Readings:

• Lupton, C. (2009) “’Mummymania’ for the Masses: Is Egyptology Cursed by the Mummy’s Curse?” Consuming Ancient Egypt, S. McDonald and M. Rice, eds., Left Coast Press, pages 23-46

• Wynn, L.L. (2008) “Shape Shifting Lizard People, Israelite Slaves, and Other Theories of Pyramid Building: Notes on Labor, Nationalism and Archaeology in Egypt” Journal of Social Archaeology 8:2, pages 272-295 Recommended Readings:

• Colla, E. (2007) Conflicted Antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity, Duke University Press

• Reid, D. (2002). Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I. University of California Press. Ch. 1, "Introduction", pp. 1-20

• Wendrich, W. ed. (2010). Egyptian Archaeology, Chapter 14, “Egypt in the Memory of the World” pages 259-273

June 1 Section Conclusions and review for the final Final Exam: Thursday, June 7, 2:30-4:20, SAV 264