Introduction to anatomy.pptx

• 1. Class:1 MANSOOR ANI NAJEEB INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY

2. Learning Objectives Introduction to anatomy Various systems Vital Organs Senses Pathological conditions 3. What is ANATOMY ???? Anatomy (from the Greek word anatomia, from ana: separate, and temnein, to cut open.) Is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things Anatomy The study of structure Macroscopic (Gross) Regional, Systemic Microscopic Cytology (Cells), Histology (Tissues) Developmental Embryology Physiology The study of function 4. Directional Terms Directional terms describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body. Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep 5. SKELETAL SYSTEM 6. BONES Bones are rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Because bones come in a variety of shapes and have a complex internal and external structure they are lightweight, yet strong and hard, in addition to fulfilling their many other functions. Osseous tissue, also called bone tissue, that gives it rigidity and a honeycomb-like three-dimensional internal structure. Other types of tissue found in bones include marrow, endosteum and periosteum,nerves, b lood vessels and cartilage. There are 206 bones in the adult human body and 270 in an infant 7. Functions Bones have eleven main functions: Mechanical Protection Bones can serve to protect internal organs, such as the skull protecting the brain or the ribs protecting the heart and lungs. Shape Bones provide a frame to keep the body supported. Movement Bones, skeletal, muscles, tendons, ligaments Sound transduction Bones are important in the mechanical aspect of overshadowed hearing 8. Synthetic Blood production The marrow, located within the medullary cavity of long bones, produces blood cells in a process called haematopoiesis. Metabolic Mineral storage Bones act as reserves of minerals important for the body, most notably calcium and phosphorus. Growth factor storage Mineralized bone matrix stores important growth factors such as insulin- like growth factors. 9. Fat Storage The yellow bone marrow acts as a storage reserve of fatty acids. Acid-base balance Bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts. Detoxification Bone tissues can also store heavy metals and other foreign elements, removing them from the blood and reducing their effects on other tissues. Endocrine organ Bone controls phosphate metabolism by releasing fibroblast growth factor - 23 (FGF-23), which acts on kidneys to reduce phosphate reabsorption. Bone cells also release a hormone called osteocalcin, which contributes to the regulation of blood sugar (glucose) 10. BONES OF UPPER LIMB Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Carpal bones Metacarpals Phalanges 11. BONES OF LOWER LIMB hip bone (1) femur (1) patella (1) tibia (1) fibula (1) tarsals (8) metatarsals (5) proximal phalanges (5) intermediate phalanges (5) distal phalanges (4) 12. Cervical: 7 vertebrae (C1C7) C1 is known as "atlas" and supports the head, C2 is known as "axis", C7 is known as "vertabra prominens" Thoracic: 12 vertebrae (T1T12) Lumbar: 5 vertebrae (L1L5) Sacral: 5 (fused) vertebrae (S1S5) Coccygeal: 4 (35) (fused) vertebrae (Tailbone) 13. THANK YOU