Introduction to Anatomy. Understanding Anatomy It’s the foundation of many health care professions It’s the foundation of many health care professions.

Introduction to AnatomyIntroduction to Anatomy

Understanding AnatomyUnderstanding Anatomy

It’s the foundation of many health It’s the foundation of many health care professionscare professions

An ATC needs to have an excellent An ATC needs to have an excellent understanding of anatomy in order to understanding of anatomy in order to determine what structures have been determine what structures have been injuredinjured

They also need to understand what They also need to understand what constitutes normal movements in constitutes normal movements in order to design appropriated order to design appropriated rehabilitation and strength rehabilitation and strength conditioning programsconditioning programs

Anatomical positionAnatomical position There is a particular alignment of the There is a particular alignment of the

body which all medical professionals use body which all medical professionals use as a standardas a standard

Refers to an erect stance, arms at the Refers to an erect stance, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.sides, and palms facing forward.

The body moves in relation to 3 planesThe body moves in relation to 3 planes Frontal-cuts body in half from front to backFrontal-cuts body in half from front to back Sagittal-cuts body in half from left to rightSagittal-cuts body in half from left to right Transverse-cuts body in half from top to Transverse-cuts body in half from top to

bottombottom

Common Medical Terms of LocationCommon Medical Terms of Location

Anterior-refers to the front of the bodyAnterior-refers to the front of the body Ex. Anterior aspect of the lower leg means the Ex. Anterior aspect of the lower leg means the

front of the leg was injuredfront of the leg was injured Posterior-refers to the back of the bodyPosterior-refers to the back of the body

Ex. If the back of the knee hurts, it’s the Ex. If the back of the knee hurts, it’s the posterior aspect of the kneeposterior aspect of the knee

Medial –towards the middle (sagittal Medial –towards the middle (sagittal plane)plane)

Lateral-towards the outside (sagittal Lateral-towards the outside (sagittal plane)plane)

Common Medical Terms of LocationCommon Medical Terms of Location

Proximal-means toward an attachment Proximal-means toward an attachment (such as where the limb attaches to the (such as where the limb attaches to the trunk)trunk) Ex. The shoulder is proximal to the elbowEx. The shoulder is proximal to the elbow

Distal-means away from the attachmentDistal-means away from the attachment The knee is distal to the hipThe knee is distal to the hip

Superior-refers to one point or structure Superior-refers to one point or structure being higher than anotherbeing higher than another The knee is superior to the ankleThe knee is superior to the ankle

Inferior-refers to one point being lower Inferior-refers to one point being lower than anotherthan another The pelvis is inferior to the ribsThe pelvis is inferior to the ribs

Common Medical Terms of LocationCommon Medical Terms of Location

Dorsal-refers to the posterior aspect Dorsal-refers to the posterior aspect of the foot or handof the foot or hand

Ventral-refers to the anterior aspect Ventral-refers to the anterior aspect of the foot or handof the foot or hand

Superficial-means close to the body’s Superficial-means close to the body’s surfacesurface

Deep-means away from the body’s Deep-means away from the body’s surfacesurface

BonesBones

Bones have 3 primary functionsBones have 3 primary functions Protect vital organs and structures from Protect vital organs and structures from

traumatrauma Bones are stiff structures that are acted Bones are stiff structures that are acted

on by muscles to create movementon by muscles to create movement Bones are metabolically active; the Bones are metabolically active; the

produce blood cells and store mineralsproduce blood cells and store minerals

**bones also protect the nerves and blood **bones also protect the nerves and blood vessels that travel alongside themvessels that travel alongside them

SkeletonSkeleton

Made up of approximately 206 bones Made up of approximately 206 bones and an astounding number of and an astounding number of musclesmuscles

The skeleton is categorized into 2 The skeleton is categorized into 2 parts:parts: Axial skeleton-spine, thorax, skullAxial skeleton-spine, thorax, skull Appendicular-bones of the extremitiesAppendicular-bones of the extremities

Types of BonesTypes of Bones

Long (like the femur)Long (like the femur) At the end of each long bone is an area At the end of each long bone is an area

where growth occurswhere growth occurs Called the epiphysis (growth plate)Called the epiphysis (growth plate) Vulnerable to injury during adolescenceVulnerable to injury during adolescence

Short (like the metacarpals)Short (like the metacarpals) Flat (like the scapula)Flat (like the scapula) Irregular (like the vertebra)Irregular (like the vertebra)

CartilageCartilage

Covers the ends of long bones and Covers the ends of long bones and can be found between bones.can be found between bones.

Functions of cartilage:Functions of cartilage: Join structures (example: the ribs and Join structures (example: the ribs and

sternum)sternum) Absorb shockAbsorb shock Permit smooth bone movementPermit smooth bone movement

MusclesMuscles

Contractions allow the body to:Contractions allow the body to: accelerate, accelerate, decelerate, decelerate, stop movementstop movement Help maintain normal postural Help maintain normal postural

alignmentalignment

**muscles produce heat as well**muscles produce heat as well

Ligaments and TendonsLigaments and Tendons

Both are composed of connective Both are composed of connective tissuetissue

Tendons attach muscle to boneTendons attach muscle to bone Transmit the force that a muscle exertsTransmit the force that a muscle exerts

Ligaments connect bonesLigaments connect bones Help form jointsHelp form joints

Classification of JointsClassification of Joints

DiarthrodialDiarthrodial (aka synovial joints) (aka synovial joints) Consist of a joint capsule, synovial Consist of a joint capsule, synovial

membrane, hyaline cartilage, and membrane, hyaline cartilage, and ligamentsligaments

Examples are hinge joints (elbow and Examples are hinge joints (elbow and knee) and multiaxial or ball-and-knee) and multiaxial or ball-and-socket joints (shoulder and hip)socket joints (shoulder and hip)

Classification of JointsClassification of Joints

AmphiarthrodialAmphiarthrodial-have cartilage -have cartilage attaching 2 bones togetherattaching 2 bones together

Aka cartilaginous jointsAka cartilaginous joints Example is where the ribs join the Example is where the ribs join the

sternumsternum

Classification of JointsClassification of Joints SynarthrodialSynarthrodial-held together by -held together by

tough connective tissue and are tough connective tissue and are basically immovablebasically immovable

Aka fibrous jointsAka fibrous joints This type of joint joins the bones of This type of joint joins the bones of

the skull and the tibia and fibula of the skull and the tibia and fibula of the lower legthe lower leg

Movement terminologyMovement terminology

Flexion-a bending movement around a Flexion-a bending movement around a joint in a limb away from its straightened joint in a limb away from its straightened positionposition

Extension-astraightening movement Extension-astraightening movement around a joint to restore it to anatomical around a joint to restore it to anatomical positionposition

Abduction-movement away from the Abduction-movement away from the midline of the bodymidline of the body

Adduction-movement toward the midline Adduction-movement toward the midline of the bodyof the body

Movement terminologyMovement terminology

Pronation-a movement that turns the palm of Pronation-a movement that turns the palm of the hand downward as if it were emptying a the hand downward as if it were emptying a bowl of soupbowl of soup

Supination-a movement that turns the palm Supination-a movement that turns the palm of the hand upward as if it were holding a of the hand upward as if it were holding a bowl of soupbowl of soup

Inversion-a movement that turns the sole of Inversion-a movement that turns the sole of the foot inward, toward the midline of the the foot inward, toward the midline of the bodybody

Eversion-a movement that turns the sole of Eversion-a movement that turns the sole of the foot outward, away from the midline of the foot outward, away from the midline of the bodythe body

Movement terminologyMovement terminology

Protraction-movement of the Protraction-movement of the scapulas away from one anotherscapulas away from one another

Retraction-when the scapulas are Retraction-when the scapulas are moved or pulled togethermoved or pulled together

Rotation-the spinning or turning Rotation-the spinning or turning movement of a bony segment movement of a bony segment around an axisaround an axis

Circumduction-movement of a limb Circumduction-movement of a limb in a circular patternin a circular pattern