INTRODUCTION TO

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO PLANT MOLECULAR GENETICSPLANT MOLECULAR GENETICS

GeneticsGenetics The study of heredityThe study of heredity The study of how differences between individuals are The study of how differences between individuals are

transmitted from one generation to the nexttransmitted from one generation to the next The study of how information in the genes is used in the The study of how information in the genes is used in the

development and functioning of the adult organismdevelopment and functioning of the adult organism

Genetics Biochemistry

Gene products are studied in vivo through the genes that encode them

Gene products are purified and studied in vitro

Genetic analysis tells you that the product has a role in the process

It doesn’t tell you how direct the role is

Biochemistry tells you what a protein can do in vitro

It doesn’t tell you whether it really does it in vivo

Three Major Areas of GeneticsThree Major Areas of Genetics

Classical GeneticsClassical Genetics(Transmission)(Transmission)

Molecular GeneticsMolecular Genetics Evolutionary GeneticsEvolutionary Genetics

Mendel’s PrinciplesMendel’s Principles GenomGenom Quantitative GeneticsQuantitative Genetics

Meiosis + mitosisMeiosis + mitosis DNA structureDNA structure Population GeneticsPopulation Genetics

Sex determinationSex determination Chemistry of DNAChemistry of DNA EvolutionEvolution

Sex linkageSex linkage TranscriptionTranscription SpeciationSpeciation

Chromosomal mappingChromosomal mapping TranslationTranslation

Cytogenetics Cytogenetics Control of gene expressionControl of gene expression

DNA cloningDNA cloning

Major Subdisciplines of GeneticsMajor Subdisciplines of Genetics

Transmission Genetics: Transmission Genetics: focuses on the transmission of genes focuses on the transmission of genes and chromosomes in individuals from generation to generation.and chromosomes in individuals from generation to generation.

Molecular Genetics:Molecular Genetics: focuses on the structure and function of focuses on the structure and function of genes at the molecular level.genes at the molecular level.

Population Genetics:Population Genetics: focuses on heredity in groups of focuses on heredity in groups of individuals for traits determined by one or only a few genes.individuals for traits determined by one or only a few genes.

Quantitative Genetics:Quantitative Genetics: focuses on heredity in groups of focuses on heredity in groups of individuals for traits determined by many genes simultaneously.individuals for traits determined by many genes simultaneously.

Molecular Genetics ?Molecular Genetics ?Understanding the molecular basis of biological processes through studies on

the gene

Study of gene structure, function and regulation – below the organism level

Study of genes and how they are expressed

The Molecular Basis of Genetics

Molecular Biology?

Study of molecules in cells

The The Molecular Molecular Basis of Basis of Genetics ?Genetics ?

The The Molecular Molecular Basis of Basis of Genetics ?Genetics ?

Genome Genes, regulatory sequences Others?

The The Molecular Molecular Basis of Basis of Genetics ?Genetics ?

RNA

Polypeptides

1. Genome2. Chromosome

3. DNA/RNA4. Nucleic Acid

5. Protein6. Amino Acid

The The Molecular Molecular Basis of Basis of Genetics ?Genetics ?

GenomeTotal genetic information carried by a single set of chromosome in a haploid nucleus

ChromosomeA DNA – histone protein thread, usually associated with RNA, occurring in the nucleus of a cellChromosomes contain hundreds of genes encoded within their DNA.

Nucleic AcidNucleotide polymers which high molecular mass, produced by living cell

and found in both the nucleus and cytoplasmDNA

Double stranded form of genetic material of organisms

The The Molecular Molecular Basis of Basis of Genetics ?Genetics ?

RNA Single stranded form of genetic material of

organisms result of the DNA transcriptionNucleotide

Unit structure of nucleic acidProtein

a polymer that has a high relative molecular mass of amino acids

Polypeptidea linear polymer that consists of ten or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Amino AcidAn organic compound containing an acidic carboxyl group and a basic amino group

The The Molecular Molecular Basis of Basis of Genetics ?Genetics ?

INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR GENETICSGENETICS

GenomeGenome Genetic Material (DNA & RNA)Genetic Material (DNA & RNA)

DNA structureDNA structure Chemistry of DNA Chemistry of DNA

Transcription and translationTranscription and translation Control of gene expressionControl of gene expression

Molecular toolMolecular tool DNA cloningDNA cloning

Grading systemGrading system

Grade : 0 – 100Grade : 0 – 100

A > 80A > 80 B – DB – D → 45 – 80 (Normal distribution)→ 45 – 80 (Normal distribution)

E E < 45< 45

Grade composition

Home workHome work :: 3030

Mid-termMid-term :: 3030

Final ExamFinal Exam :: 4040