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and 10 min discussion - Like Abstract, extend each parts,
Rationale, Specific aims, & Alternatives (for potential problems)
- Turn in a written full proposal (around 10
pages)
Research Project Discussion
1. Exercise “Scientific Approaches” - How to translate your scientific knowledge into
scientific advancement & clinical applications
2. Emphasize on Originality, Logic Thinking & Extensiveness (1) Identify a key problem or challenge in the field (2) Form a hypothesis (Originality & Novelty) (3) Layout the approaches (specific aims) (Logic Thinking) (4) Alternatives (potential problems)
(Comprehensiveness)
3. Avoid to repeat an approach from Cancer A to Cancer B
Keys to a research proposal
If you are still unclear, Check with your advisor or me after class Check post-docs or senior PhD students in your lab
Reading (Papers)
Writing (Proposal)
Listening (Lectures)
Speaking (Presentation)
Inputs Outputs
Key Elements in Learning
EvaluationEvaluation
1. 上課出席率 (Attendance) 50%
2. 專題報告 (Paper, Research Project Discussion, and Written Proposal) 30%
3. 課堂表現 (Class Performance) 20%
1. Tumorigenesis
2. Overview of the immune system3. T cells recognize specific antigens
successful cases growing6. Immunotherapy => manipulate an immune
response against tumor cells but not normal cells
1. Tumorigenesis
2. Overview of the immune system3. T cells recognize specific antigens
on tumors
4. Tumors can escape in many ways
5. Manipulate the immunity against
tumors
6. Cancer Immunotherapy
Overview of Tumor Immunology
Key concepts about immunity-I
1. The immune system has evolved to (1) Protect against the invading pathogens (or foreign substances) and to (2) Maintain tissue homeostasis (damaged cells or cancer). Meanwhile, microbes (outside) and tumors (inside) have
evolved to survive in the host.
2. The immune system (in vertebrates) consists of (1) Innate immunity and (2) Adaptive immunity => An integrated system of host defense => Cells & molecules function cooperatively Antigen-presenting cells => Lymphocytes => Effector cells
3. Innate immunity is evolutionally the more conserved host defense system:
- Existed in both Invertebrates & Vertebrates - Provides the first line of defenses against infections - “Activates” and “Programs” adaptive immune responses
Key concepts about immunity-II
5. Adaptive immunity evolved later: - Existed only in Vertebrates - Provides the more potent and diverse defenses
against infections - Develops as a response to infection and adapts to the
infection
6. The immune system may fail => Immunodeficiency, Hypersensitivity, & Autoimmune diseases.
7. Normal immune responses can be obstacles in medical cases, e.g., organ transplantation
Better Understanding of Immunology Help manipulate immune responses Solve the medical problems
Overview of immune responses-I
PRRs for sensing infectious & PRRs for sensing infectious & endogenous signalsendogenous signals
1. PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptor)
for:(1) PAMPs from pathogens(2) DAMPs (DangerAssociated Molecular Patterns) from host cells
2. Immunization w/ irradiated tumor X cells protects a syngenic mouse w/ live tumor X cells but not tumor Y cells.
3. Antigens expressed by
tumors, termed Tumor Antigens.
Q: How do tumor antigens (Ags) arise?
Tumor Ags arise from many ways:(1) Mutations or translocations on self genes(2) Abnormal expression of self gene products (3) Reactivation of germ cell genes(4) Viral oncogenes
Tumor antigens arise by point mutations in self
proteins
Tumor antigens arise by reactivated genes or overexpressed genes
Examples of tumor antigens
Identification of tumor antigens recognized by tumor-
specific CTLs
Types of tumor antigens recognized by CTLs
Induction of T cell responses to tumors
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
1. Another weapon for anti-
Tumor immunity
2. Kill tumor cells losing MHC-I
Q: Why tumors still develop in the body if the immune system has the ability to recognize them?
Most clinical cancer cases represent the situation that Tumors outsmart the host immune system
Tumors develop many ways to escape from immune attacks
Tumors use immune cells to help their development
Mechanisms of Tumor Mechanisms of Tumor evasionevasion
Tumor loss of MHC-I as a evasion mechanism
Paradoxical roles of the immune system in cancer
development1. Mechanisms against cancer development: (1) Cellular immunity- T, NK, & Other innate