Introduction in the Study of Romanian Language

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Introduction in the Study of Romanian Language
A textbook for foreign students Bagiu, Lucian Vasile
2018
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Citation for published version (APA): Bagiu, L. V. (2018). Introduction in the Study of Romanian Language: A textbook for foreign students. Editura Aeternitas, Universitatea "1 Decembrie 1918" Alba Iulia.
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Associate Professor Constantin-Ioan Mladin
The content of the course is a timely and requisite report for a foreign student who does not speak Romanian and is not aware of the various circumstances and contexts for the expression of Romanian language. It is more than welcome the tackling of a several fundamental matters of Romanian language in an interdisciplinary approach, explaining the function of Romanian culture and civilization in shaping the Romanian language. (…) The author maps out certain tasks for the student aiming at the summing up of the main theoretical knowledge exposed in the course, interpolated with practical tasks where the students are requested to solve translation and composition exercises, making use of customary words.
Professor Felix Nicolau
ISBN 978-606-613-151-3
INTRODUCTION IN THE STUDY OF ROMANIAN LANGUAGE A TEXTBOOK FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS
LUCIAN VASILE BÂGIU
2018
LUCIAN VASILE BÂGIU INTRODUCTION IN THE STUDY OF ROMANIAN LANGUAGE
A TEXTBOOK FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS
Reproducerea integral sau parial a textului crii, prin orice mijloace, fr acordul autorului i/sau al editurii, este interzis.
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a României BÂGIU, LUCIAN Introduction in the study of Romanian Language: a textbook for foreign students / Lucian Vasile Bâgiu. - Alba Iulia : Aeternitas, 2018 Conine bibliografie ISBN 978-606-613-151-3 811.135.1
© Lucian Vasile Bâgiu, 2018 Tiparul a fost executat la Tipografia Universitii „1 Decembrie 1918” din Alba Iulia Editura Aeternitas Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” Str.Gabriel Bethlen, nr. 5 RO 510009 Alba Iulia Tel: 004-0258-811412 Fax: 004-0258-812630 E-mail: [email protected] www.editura-aeternitas.ro
A textbook for foreign students
UNIVERSITATEA „1 DECEMBRIE 1918” EDITURA AETERNITAS
ALBA IULIA 2018
To David Jonsson
THE EMERGENCE OF THE ROMANIAN STATES ........................ 39
WRITTEN ROMANIAN .................................................................... 47
AUTHOR’S NOTE
The course is intended for the optional subject Introduction in the Study of Romanian Language of the specialization Romanian language as a foreign language – preparatory year. It is a two hours’ course every two weeks in the first semester, meant for foreign students (mostly Arabs) with no previous knowledge of Romanian language, culture and civilization, with little (if any) former linguistic or foreign language training and with no future professional interest in the subject, as most are concerned with Medical Studies (or, to a lesser extent, Engineering, Law, Accountancy, etc.). The course was written keeping all of these in mind and also with a view to the compulsory subjects of the Preparatory Year: Romanian culture and civilization; Phonetics, vocabulary and grammatical structures; Written and oral communication; Comprehension of written and oral text; Writing and composition. Every of the seven chapters of the course aims at introducing the students to the basics of Romanian language in the larger context of the Romanian culture and civilization development, with the ultimate purpose of settling both a few essential theoretical knowledge and some practical communication skills for the foreign students as inhabitants of Romania. The compulsory tasks at the end of each chapter act as a summing up of the main knowledge of the course and as application for probable written and oral events of daily life. In the end, the course is planned as a helping tool, balanced in between the academic linguistic rigor and the day-to-day necessities of language and culture.
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ORIGINS Romanian language ought to be considered a descendent of Latin
language, as the Roman Empire ruled part of the territory of nowadays Romania from 106 to 275 AD, after having defeated and incorporated the core of the ancient Dacian kingdom. However, the Latinity of Romanian language was challenged more than once, for historical, political and linguistic reasons.
Mention should be made that a good number of the foreigners encountering the Romanians in the Middle Ages noted the similarity between Latin and Romanian languages which they have reasoned through the plausible Roman descent of Romanians1. The same logic was followed by the neighboring people of Romanians, i.e. the Hungarians and the Poles2. Once the idea was firmly established by various Catholic instances, it was reiterated by the Protestants all the same. Johannes Honterus from Brasov (Transylvania) stated that the origin of the Romanians is to be found in the “Getae who had once ruled Dacia and the Romans commanded by Flacus”; Sebastian Münster: “Some people write that in certain places of Valachia, the Roman language has remained unchanged”3.
Foreigners have designated the Romanians with the name Vlahi/ Vlasi/ Valahi (“Wallachians”), a term of Old Germanic origin, later adopted by the Slavs. The word român is first ever recorded in Romanian in the book Palia de la Ortie (The First Two Books of the Old Testament, 1581). The term român/ rumân had the meaning “Romanian/ serf” and shared a close relationship with the term roman (meaning “Roman”) in several
1 Among them: Pope Innocent III, the Catholic Archbishop John of Sultaneyeh, Poggio Bracciolini, Flavio Biondo, Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Andrea Brenta. 2 Such as: the anonymous chronicler of the Hungarian King Bella IV, the chronicler Simon de Keza, humanists at the court of Hungary’s King Mathias Corvinus (Alessandro Cortesi and Antonio Bonfini), as well as Filippo Buonaccorsi Callimaco, adviser to the Polish king. 3 Apud Alexandru Niculescu, Outline history of Romanian language, p. 14.
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Romanian books from the Middle Ages4. Dimitrie Cantemir stated in his Chronicle of the Roman-Moldo-Wallachians in 1710: “the Romanians in Dacia, who are nowadays Moldavians, Wallachians and Transylvanians, are in their origin genuine Romans from Italy brought to these places by Trajan the Emperor”5. This was partly due to the need of Middle Ages Romanians to distinguish themselves from the neighboring invading people. And this difference was to be marked through an old(er) and most “noble” origin: the Roman Empire, the conqueror which everybody was very much aware of, unlike the defeated (and lesser known) Dacians.
Thus the Latin origin of Romanian language became the landmark of any linguistic conceptualization, most famous being the assertion of Alexandru Rosetti when characterizing the genealogy of Romanian language with the definition: “the Latin language spoken without interruption in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire, including the Romanized Danubian provinces (Dacia, South Panonia, Dardania, Moesia Superior and Inferior), from the moment of penetration of Latin into these provinces down to our days”6. This point of view aimed at emphasizing that none of the contacts with any other languages had any significant influence on the system of Romanian as a Latin based language. It rules out first of all the Slavic languages, but also Greek, Hungarian and Turkish; and, of course, the unknown Dacian ancestry. “Those who have conveyed the Latin language, handing it down from father to son, in these Danubian regions, have always been aware of speaking the same language (Latin)”7.
However one should keep in mind that Romanian is not, of course, identical with Latin, but a very distinct language, along with other Romance languages: French, Italian, Sardinian, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Provenal, Rhaeto-Romanic and the lost Dalmatian. Unlike all the others, Romanian presents itself as a peculiar case: it is the only Romance language developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire.
In Dacia the agents of Romanization must have been the merchants, the Roman army, the veterans, administrative officials, farmers. They 4 Written (or published) by Deacon Coresi, Mihail Moxa, Grigore Ureche, Dimitrie Cantemir, Samuel Micu Clain. 5 Dimitrie Cantemir, Hronicul vechimei a romano-moldo-vlahilor, I, p. 69. 6 Al. Rosetti, Istoria limbii române, p. 77. 7 Ibidem.
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originated not from Rome itself, the majority is likely not to have been even from Italic peninsula either, but ex toto orbe romano, from all over the empire. Thus the Latin these not very educated “Romans” must have spoken in Dacia is likely to have belonged to the inferior, marginal socio-cultural phenomenon of Roman world: “vulgar” Latin, the common speech. The theory is that the native Thraco-Dacian population abandoned its mother tongue and in no more than 160 years gradually adopted this Vulgar Latin spoken by the new-comers, thus not only giving birth to a new language, Romanian, but to a new people as well: Romanians. As I. I. Rusu puts it “the ‘barbarian’ idiom was eliminated (after the intermediate phase of bilingualism) by official Romance-Latin whose prestige was infinitely superior”8.
Little – if anything at all – is known about the Dacian language. Even if the elite of the Dacians (the priests, the administration, the nobles) was writing indeed, the records it may have kept must have been thoroughly destroyed in the aftermath of the Roman conquest. The Roman army in Dacia, as elsewhere, proved extremely efficient in burning, demolishing, destroying all material traces of the defeated and conquered civilization. The temples and the citadels of the Dacians were meticulously leveled to the ground. And so, any hypothetical archives – vanished.
Various linguists have attempted to identify any traces of the Dacian language that may have survived in the Romanian language. In the absence of written records, the main methodological approach was to compare Romanian words with similar words in Latin, in Slavic languages, or in any other language that might have influenced the native population and thus the Romanian language. If similarities were found the consensus was that Romanians adopted those words from Latin, Slavic and so on. If no similarities were found, than there was no other option but to assume they may have been Dacian. Thus the unknown (and presumably abandoned) Dacian language was granted the favor of having passed to Romanian language about 160 words. Of lesser prestige, by all means.They are:
Abur(e) “steam”, argea “weaving loom”, baci “head shepherd”, balaur “dragon”, baleg “cow dung”, balt “swamp”, barz “stork”, basc “shorn” – about wool, brad “fir-tree”, brânz “cheese”, brâu “man’s broad 8 I. I. Rusu, Elemente autohtone în limba român, p. 111-112.
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belt”, brustur(e) “burr”, buc “tow”, bucur(-a) “to rejoice”, bucurie “joy”, bunget “thicket”, buz “lip”, cciul “fur-cap”, clbeaz or glbeaz “sheep pox”, cpu “sheep tick”, cput “shoe-sole”, ctun “hamlet”, ceaf “nap of one’s neck”, cioar “crow”, cioc “beak or bill”, ciuc “peak, head”, ciuf “tuft”, ciump “stump”, ciupi “to pinch”, ciut or ut “hornless”, copac “tree”, copil “child”, curpen or curpn “tendril”, curs “trap”, “pit-fall”, da “lamb”, droaie “crowd”, “host”, druete “phantom”, frâm “bit”, “crumb”, fluier “whistle”, “shepherd’s pipe”, gard “hedge” or “fence”, gata “ready”, ghimpe “torn”, ghionoaie “wood-pecker”, ghiuj “old man”, gog “scarecrow”, grap “harrow”, gresie “whetstone”, “grit stone”, groap “pit”, grumaz “neck”, grunz “lump”, “clot”, gu “goiter”, “fowl’s crop”, hame “greedy”, jumtate “half”, mal “river’s bank”, mazre “pea”, mgur “knoll”, mrar “dill”, mânz “colt”, mo “old man”, mugur “bud”, murg “dark” – about horses, mucoi or mâcoi “small donkey”, npârc “adder”, noian “heap”, pârâu “brook”, pupz “hoopoe”, rânz “gizzard”, searbd “vapid”, scpra “to sparkle”, scrum “ashes”, sâmbure “kernel”, “stone” or “pip of a fruit”, spânz “hellebore”, spuz “hot ashes”, sterp “barren”, strepede “cheese maggot”, strung “sheep-pen” or “wicket”, ale “loins”, “back of the body”, opârl “lizard”, ap “billy-goat”, arc “fold” or “pen”, eap “stake”, urd “whey cheese”, vatr “hearth”, viezure “badger”, zar or zr “whey”, zgard “dog-collar”9. Also, possibly: a curma “to curb” or “to stop”, a drâma “to demolish”, mtur “broom”, pstaie “pod”10.
These ancient elements are present in all Romanian dialectal areas and the words belong mainly to the concrete life, dealing with man’s body and life, the flora, the fauna, pasturing, geomorphism (forms of relief) and a few verbs. It is impossible to figure out any grammatical tools or the grammatical structure of the Dacian language (pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, verbal endings). The mainstream theory is that the language simply disappeared, due to the “prestige” of Latin.
The most productive parallelism is with the case of the Celtic language spoken by the natives in Gaul. It disappeared when facing the language of the same conquerors, the Romans. French language preserved a small number of Celtic elements, 180 words, concrete nouns naming plants, 9 Al. Rosetti, op. cit., p. 271-283; I. I. Rusu, op. cit., p. 131-216. 10 Cf. I. I. Rusu, op. cit., p. 131-216.
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birds, trees, fruits, farming implements and household tools. The parallelism can be extended to Iberian and Celto-Iberian elements preserved in Spanish.
Both in Gaul and in Iberia the Roman control lasted for around 600 years11.
Compulsory tasks: 1. Mention to what language was Romanian related by foreigners
encountering Romanian language and Romanian people in the Middle Ages.
2. Mention by what name had the foreigners designated the Romanians in the Middle Ages.
3. Mention in what Romanian book and in what year was the word “român” first ever recorded.
4. Mention the definition of Romanian language given by Alexandru Rosetti.
5. Give a reasonable explanation for the Roman descent of the Romanian people.
6. Mention the other Romance languages. 7. Advance an explanation for the lack of the written records for
Dacian language. 8. Translate in your mother tongue the following words (of likely
Dacian origin): Brânz “cheese”, bucur(-a) “to rejoice”, buz “lip”, cciul “fur-
cap”, ceaf “nap of one’s neck”, cioar “crow”, copac “tree”, copil “child”, fluier “whistle”, “shepherd’s pipe”, gard “hedge” or “fence”, gata “ready”, gresie “whetstone”, “grit stone”, groap “pit”, jumtate “half”, mal “river’s bank”, mazre “pea”, mrar “dill”, mo “old man”, pârâu “brook”, scrum “ashes”, sâmbure “kernel”, “stone or pip of a fruit”, opârl “lizard”, a drâma “to demolish”, mtur “broom”.
9. Choose ten words from the previous exercise and make up short sentences (in Romanian). 11 One should keep in mind that the prestige of Latin was not at all successful in replacing native languages in other areas of the Roman Empire, such as Britain or Judea.
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10. Mention what happened to the Dacian language and give a reasonable explanation for that.
Optional task (for B1 level) Attempt a translation of the following Romanian text into English,
with the help of a Romanian-English dictionary.
Diurpan Ai lepdat lespedea peste groap i scrum. Ai aruncat ctre cetate
privire precum genunea unde cdeau drâmate zidurile de gresie. Noian de flcri era vatra de pe mgur, scprând aprig în amurg. Nu ai rbdat. Ai urcat cu murgul buiestru pe malul pârâului înspre un grui de bunget. Tare i- ai încurcat urma în codrul mare. Dar la o bort (mistre, opârl ori blaur?) murgul s-a dezbrat. Lâng un gorun pe o munun te-ai descat de grumazul su, te-ai vtmat la ale de o butur i ai leinat. Pruncul blan i cre de la brâu i-a îngurzit obrazul i a stârnit din rânz droaie de strigt printre brândue, brusturi, curpeni, spânzi i zârne. A sculat o cioar, o pupz, un culbec i un viezure. Peste balt a ridicat i un mosoc nsrâmb ce s-a desghinat din zgard i a zgâriat cu ghearele la un bordei într-un ctun.
Te-ai uitat în jur. Ai vzut o mtur, o argea i un morman de lân în caier. O undrea însilat în pânz lâng o traist cu pstaie aninat pe un cârlig. Un ghiob cu brânz i un urcior fr dop plin cu ravac. În arin o grap i o ca lâng o ir. Încurcat de un ru, un mgar ameit de o cpu se bliga peste o balt de zar. În arc la strung se gudurau la un grunz un ap ut i un vtui cu glbeaz. Pe lâng gard zburda un cârlan descurcat din curs. Un baci ortoman cu urc i undr mica un fluier între buze i stârnea din gu o doin ca o boare. S-a curmat. „Te-ai întremat niel, stpâne?”. Moul a mai desghinat un butuc din maldac, a acat de baier oala cu zr i mlai i a ridicat-o de pe cujb. „Alacul e gata mmlig, stpâne. Om bga în burt oric i strghia fr strepede, urd cu mrar, mazre cu ra necum sarbd i om bucura beregata cu struguri gordin, deh, ca la stân, dar de nu ne-om sugua”. Aprig i-a aruncat cciula pe cput. „Copilul nu e vtmat, jumtatea me’ l-a dereticat de urdoare, l-a descurcat de iele i de iazm i l-a mdrit în leagn. E stearp, stpâne, iar eu colea
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ghiuj, barza nu ne-o mai anina vreo traist pe burlanul cu steregie. Biatul e sâmbure, e frâm, dar va fi mânz i zimbru zburdând peste sâmcea. E mugure fr tulei acum, dar va fi mire mare, moat i muat. Stpâne, de nu te vei crua i i-oi fi singur gâde, îl vom pstra, ne va fi reazem în viscolul ce va s vie”.
i-ai lepdat zestrea în vatra din bunget. i-ai sugrumat un ghes i ai rbdat un ghimpe. i-ai înghiontit murgul buiestru i ai urcat pe malul jielului printre copaci. Adia un abur ca o boare. Pe o lespede s-a urcat o npârc i nu s-a micat un melc. În codru a ciocnit o ghionoaie. Dintre mcei s-a ridicat o ciocârlie. Ai descat de la brâu o custur i ai scprat- o pe gresie. Te-ai întremat de un brad i te-ai dezbrat de tine. Te vei fi bucurând pururea întru mierul genune.
Lucian Bâgiu, iunie 2012, Sarmizegetusa Regia Optional task Watch the movie Dacii (1967), directed by Sergiu Nicolaescu, with
Amza Pelea, Emil Botta, Mircea Albulescu.
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LATINITY
As said before, the Roman Empire conquered the heart of the Dacian kingdom in 106 AD. By that time Latin material and spiritual culture was at its peak, its prestige was astonishing, mesmerizing for all “barbarians” already occupied, for those soon to be conquered, even for those most unwilling to be so. All people wanted to speak Latin and nothing else. Another argument in explaining the rapid and thorough Romanization of the entire Dacian population (even of the un-conquered tribes, living outside the newly established Roman frontiers) is that the influence of Roman civilization over the Dacians was much older. Some scattered coins and broken pottery with fragments of Latin inscriptions, some Roman military units on defensive position along the Danube river, some merchants speaking Latin (and Greek, for that matter) traveling inside Dacia should make one accept that Latin started to be adopted voluntarily by the Dacians long before they fought several brutal wars against the Roman invaders…
Be that as it may, from 106 to 271, when part of Dacian territory was under the administration of the Roman Empire, Latin had its biggest opportunity. Colonists from all Roman provinces (Moesia, Thracia, Panonia, Dalmatia, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Gaul, Rhaetia, Africa), none of them from Rome by ancestry (or birth), very few (if any at all) from Italy, each with a different mother tongue, but all…