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It’s a scientific study of language.
Linguistics is a comparatively new science, or
new, at least, in the form it has taken in recent
years.
Describe the varieties of languages and explain the unconscious knowledge all
speakers have of their language
Introduction
Linguistics level MeaningPragmatic SemanticSyntactic
Morphological Phonology
Dealing with language in useDealing with meaningDealing with sentence -structureDealing with word-structureDealing with sound systems
Contents
Definition of morphology
Morphemes : free vs bound, lexical vs functional, inflectional vs derivational
Morphs and allomorphs
Word formations
WHAT IS MORPHOLOGY?
It is the study of the structue of words, the
study of morphemes as the different forms,
and word formation
MORPHEMES
Morphemes are the minimal unit of worldbuilding in a language; they cannot bebroken down any further intorecognizable or meaningful parts.
Morpheme Definitions
It is the linguistic terms for the most elemental unit ofgrammatical form (2003 : 76), it means that morphemes arethe minimal units of linguistic form and meaning and howthey make up word.
• Ingo Plag (2003) says, “Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit.”
• Hanafi (2003) states that morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of an utterance.
• Morpheme is the smallest difference in the shape of a word that correlates with the smallest difference in a word or sentence meaning or in grammatical structure. (Katamba: 1993)
Bound Morphemes – cannot occur
unattached.
Free Morphemes – can stand on its
own. (root words and function
words)
Ex. glasses
glass – free morpheme
-es – bound morpheme
A morpheme may display allomorphy that have more thanone form, each of the forms of a particular morpheme iscalled an allomorph. For example :
/z/ dogs, sods, slabs. /s/ bits, tips, tacks. /&z/ sneezes, bosses, fishes.
FREE MORPHEMESLexical Category (content words)
Noun (Boy & girl)
Adverb (quickly)
Adjectives (beautiful)
Verb (walk) Grammatical Category
(function) Pronoun (I, you, we, they, them, my, who, etc)
Conjunction (and, but, however, yet)
Preposition (to, buy, from)
Article (a, an, the)
BOUND MORPHEMES
A bound morpheme is
a morpheme (or word element)
that cannot stand alone as a
word. Bound morphemes are also referred to as affixes. Affixes
(prefixes, suffixes, infixes,
circumfixes).
There are two main types of bound morphemes :
Derivational
to make new words or to
make words of a
different grammatical
category from the stem.
Ex : Impossible
Im- deriv.
Possible – root word
the verb teach become
teacher if we add the
derivational morpheme –
er.
VS
Inflectional
to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.
Ex : StoppedStop- root word -
ed – inflectional (past tense)
An inflectional morpheme never changes the grammatical category of a word.
old and older are adjectives
BOUND MORPHEMES
Affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes,
circumfixes)
-derivational
-inflectional
DERIVATIONAL
Ex. Impossible
Im- deriv. Possible – root word
The part of Bound Morphemes
Prefix is that part of bond morphemes and the type of affix that precedes the morphemes to which it can attach, and it can’t occur as independent words. They’re rare than suffixes, prefixes work in very much the same way, for example :
Un is a prefix in Unfinished
Re is a prefix in Rearranged
Dis is a prefix in Discharge
Pre is a prefix in Preschool
Morph is the phonetic realization of a morpheme which study the unit of form, sounds and phonetic symbol.
a. Lexical morph is the morph that denote directly objects actions, qualities and other pieces of real word (ex : table, dog, walk, etc.)
b. Grammatical morph is the morph that has been modifiying the meaning of the lexical morphs by adding a certain element to them. (ex : un-, -able, re-, -d, in-, -ent, -ly, -al, -ize, -a-, -tion, anti-, dis-, -ment, -ari-, -an, -ism)
Example :
The word/morpheme disbelieve has a phonetic symbol /dIsbI’li:v/
morphs
Dis /dIs/
Believe /bI’li:v/
So, every phonetic symbol of morpheme is called morph
A morpheme may display allomorphy that have more thanone form, each of the forms of a particular morpheme iscalled an allomorph. For example :
/z/ dogs, sods, slabs. /s/ bits, tips, tacks. /&z/ sneezes, bosses, fishes.
Allomorph is variant form of morpheme about the sounds and phonetic symbols but it doesn’t change the meaning.
Phonologically conditioned allomorph
The choice of allomorph is predictable on the basis of the pronounciation
Allomorph of the indefinite article : an (before vowels, ex : an elephant) and a (before consonant, ex : a dog) both of them have meaning one,single. Allomorphs of the regular past tense morpheme
/id/ after d,t : hated
/t/ after all other voiceless sounds : picked
/d/ after all other voiced sounds : wedged
/im/ before bilabial sounds : impossible
/il/ before consonant /l/ : illegal
/in/ elsewhere : independent
Morphologically conditioned allomorphThe choice of allomorph is determined by particular morphemes, not just by their pronounciation, ex : the morpheme –sume in changes to –sumpt- in (consume = consumption).
Lexically conditioned allomorphThe choice of allomorph is unpredictable, thus memorized on a word by word basis, : ox –plural- oxen, sheep-plural- sheep.
Example :
Three different allomorphs
Cats /s/
Dogs/z/
Boxes/iz/
One allomoprh
Disagreement /dis/
Discount /dis/
Disbelieve /dis/
Two different allomorphs
Loved /d/
Voiced /d/
Walked /t/
Stopped /t/
Kicked /t/
Note : allomorph occur at every morpheme, ex : agree (one morpheme, one allomorph)
So, allomorph is variant form of a morpheme about the sounds and phonetic symbol but it doesn’t change the meaning. Allomorph has different in pronounciation and spelling according to their condition. It means that allomorph will have different sound, pronounciation or spelling in different condition.