Introduction & Ecosystem Concepts & Ecosystem Concepts. UNIVERSE Totality of everything that exists, including all physical matter and ... Biosphere: ecosystems Atmosphere

Introduction & Ecosystem

Concepts

UNIVERSETotality of everything that exists, including all physical matter and

energy, the planets, stars, galaxies, and content of intergalactic space

Universe

Galaxies

super macro Solar system ASTRONOMI

Planets

Earth ------------ SAINS KEBUMIAN

Biosphere

Ecosystem

Community

Macro world Population SAINS HAYATI

Organisms

Organs

Tissues

Micro world Cells

Molecules

UNIVERSE

COMMUNITY

POPULATION

ORGANISMSOrgansTissues Cells,

Molecules

Penciptaan obyek

sbg hasil

manifestasi budaya

BIOSPHERE (Ecosystems)

EARTH: Atmosphere, Lithosphere, hydrosphere

GALAXY, PLANETS,

STARS

Awareness

Knowledge

Attitude

SkillsParticipation

SUSTAINABLEENVIRONMENT

HUMAN(ACTIVITIES)

BIDANG AS, BUMI, SR:

1. Pengantar, galaksi & kosmologi

2. Bintang

3. Tatasurya

4. Dinamika bumi & Siklus batuan

5. Siklus air & siklus atmosfer

6. Arts, Crafts, Design and The Environment

7. Understanding the impacts of lifestyles, behaviors and built environment to the earth

UTS / UA

BIDANG SAINS HAYATI:

1. Pengantar & konsep ekosistem

2. Konsep ekosistem , & koneksinya dengan kehidupanmanusia

3. Komunitas, biodiversity danEvolusi

4. Se, molekul dan faktorhereditas

5. Populasi manusia & Isulingkungan

6. Dampak kegiatan manusia thdkualitas lingkungan

7. Masyarakat dan Pembangunan berkelanjutan berwawasanlingkungan

UTS /UA

AA

LithosphereHydrosphere

Biosphere:ecosystems

Atmosphere

the earth’s life-support system

A system made up of a community of animals, plants and microorganisms interrelated together with its physical and chemical environment

Chapter 19

Great Idea:Ecosystems are ecological systems, interdependent

communities of living things that recycle matter while energy flows through in a given area, their physical

surroundings (environments).

ECO-SYSTEM

SYSTEM - ECOLOGY System - interaction (living & non-living) System - interconnection System - networking System - symbiosis System - nature

Konteks dalam 4 dimensi (ruang & waktu), mencakupinformasi tentang: komponen/struktur penyusun, proses, fungsi, nilai sosio-ekonomi-ekologi (direct & indirect).

Ecology

Science of Natural living systems

Ecosystems

Biotic and abiotic interaction, interconnection systems

Community

Producers, consumers, decomposers

Every Ecosystem consists of both living and nonliving parts

Energy flows through ecosystems

Matter is recycled by ecosystems

Every organism occupies an ecological niche

Stable ecosystems achieve a balance among their populations

Ecosystems are dynamic, not permanent, but change over time

Abiotic

Chemical and physical environment

Biotic

Living organisms

Ecological community

All in area interacting each other

Food Web Interactions of organisms

Trophic Levels Photosynthetic plants

Herbivores

Carnivores

Decomposers

Most energy is lost as heat 10% is transferred

16

17

Most energy in most ecosystems is stored in the bodies of primary producers. Only about 10 percent of the energy at one energy level passes to the next highest trophic level.

Atoms continuously cycle

Ecological niche

Mode of survival

Each plant/animal fills a niche

Organisms compete for dominance

Homeostasis

Balance among populations

Resources are limited

Some variation in population sizes

Overall relatively constant distribution

Long Time Scale

Plate tectonics

Short Time Scale

Glaciers

Human impact

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 54.21

It is virtually impossible to change on aspect of a complex system without affecting other parts of the systems, often in as-yet unpredictable ways.

Examples:

Everglades Restoration in Florida

Lake Victoria in Africa

Lake Victoria Largest freshwater lake in Africa

Introduced species Nile perch (Ikan duri) Aggressive predator

Algae blooms

Snail populations carry disease

Roasting fish Decimated (Membunuh) forests

Increase in erosion

Invasive species attacking Lake VictoriaAfrica

These images show water hyacinth infestation and control of such invasive species

• 1995: Image shows several water-hyacinth-choked bays (yellow arrows)

• 2001: A visible reduction of water hyacinth on Lake Victoria

Solid Waste Nothing is ever thrown

away

Landfills Decay slowed

enormously

Response Recycling

Large depositories

% different kind of trash

Ozone Molecule of 3 oxygen

atoms

Absorbs ultraviolet radiation

The Ozone Layer Detection Aircraft sampling

Measure spectral lines from molecule

Stratosphere Highest concentration

The Ozone Hole Concentration of ozone

reduced Yearly occurrence over

Antarctica

Linked to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Breaks apart O3 molecule

Dealing with the Threat to the Ozone Layer Reduction of CFCs

Burning introduces chemicals Nitrogen oxides Sulfur compounds Hydrocarbons

Effects Air pollution Production of bad ozone

Acid rain

Reduction Reduce emissions Power plants Vehicles

Greenhouse Effect Traps heat on earth

Global Warming Climate change

3 main points CO2 is a greenhouse

gas

Burning fossil fuels increases CO2

Average global temperature has significantly increased 1990s warmest decade

Measurements in 1958 read 316 ppm and increased to 370 ppm today

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 54.26

Increased CO2 levels Responsible for temperature increase?

World’s Oceans CO2 exchange with atmosphere Current circulation

Solar energy output Varies over time

Impact Warming of Northern Hemisphere Ecological impacts Meteorological impacts

Solutions Kyoto accord

Understanding shoreline movement allows us to avoid avoid settlement in vulnerable locations (SOPAC, 2007).

2004

1984

Source: Dr. Arthur Webb

Retreat

Accommodation

Protect Soft

Hard

People flooded (Millions/yr)