INTRODUCTION Cyanobacteria ( BGA) can be found in almost every conceivable environment. Blue green algae are photosynthetic Cyanobacteria and promote the growth of lowland paddy by supplying fixed nitrogen through exudation. BGA application @ 10 kg/ha one week after rice transplantation contribute 25 - 30 kg N /ha /season with a yield enhancement of 10-15 percent. Besides fixing nitrogen, these algae excrete vitamins and hormones, which may also contribute to the growth of rice plants.
15
Embed
INTRODUCTION Cyanobacteria ( BGA) can be found in almost every conceivable environment. Blue green algae are photosynthetic Cyanobacteria and promote the.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
INTRODUCTION
Cyanobacteria ( BGA) can be found in almost every conceivable environment. Blue green algae are photosynthetic Cyanobacteria and promote the growth of lowland paddy by supplying fixed nitrogen through exudation. BGA application @ 10 kg/ha one week after rice transplantation contribute 25 - 30 kg N /ha /season with a yield enhancement of 10-15 percent. Besides fixing nitrogen, these algae excrete vitamins and hormones, which may also contribute to the growth of rice plants.
BLUE GREEN ALGAE AS COMPONENT OF INM
Blue green algae found in almost every environment, from oceans to fresh water to bare rock to soil. They
occur as plantonic cells or form phototrophic biofilm in marine environments, in damp soil,
moistened rocks ,deserts
Blue green algae are photosynthetic Cyanobacteria ,promote the growth of lowland paddy by supplying nitrogen. In Indian soils-Anabaena, Nostoc, Aulosira, Cylindrospermum, Gleotrichia, Calothrix, Scytonema, Tolypothrix, Fischerella and Westiollopsis are dominant. BGA application @ 10 kg/ha one week after rice transplantation contribute 25 - 30 kg N /ha /season with a yield increase of 10-15 percent. Blue green algae excrete vitamins and hormones, which enhance rice growth. BGA also enhances soil fertility
Cyanobacteria include unicellular and colonial form.
Colonies form filaments, sheets , hollow balls.
Filaments differentiate into vegetative cells,
heterocysts and resistant spores
Heterocyst is the site of nitrogen fixation
Heterocyst fix nitrogen into ammonia and nitrate
Nitrate and ammonia absorbed by plants
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLUE GREEN ALGAE
Some blue Green Algal Species
ALGALIZATION EFFECT ON PADDY
Treatment
Grain yield (q/ha)
2000 2001 2002
Control 34.27 39.64 45.61
40 kg N/ha 46.50 42.58 50.73
80 kg N/ha 50.67 45.84 53.80
120 kg N/ha 53.10 47.84 55.30
BGA 43.70 40.17 48.60
BGA + 40 kg N/ha 51.57 48.04 52.70
BGA + 80 kg N/ha 54.70 51.06 55.80
BGA + 120 kg N/ha - 51.42 56.70
BGA SUPPLEMENT NITROGEN IN ACHIEVING YIELD
EQUIVALENT TO MINERAL NITROGEN ALONE
Fix atmospheric
nitrogen
Contribute 25- 30 kg N /ha /season
BLUE GREEN ALGAE
Increase rice yield by 10-15 %
SecreteVitamins & hormones
BLUE GREEN ALGAE
MASS PRODUCTION OF BGA CULTUREMASS PRODUCTION OF BGA CULTURE
Shallow trays (2m x Shallow trays (2m x 1m) of galvanized 1m) of galvanized sheetsheet
Spread 8-10 kg soil Spread 8-10 kg soil plus 200 g SSPplus 200 g SSP
Shallow trays (2m x Shallow trays (2m x 1m) of galvanized 1m) of galvanized sheetsheet
Spread 8-10 kg soil Spread 8-10 kg soil plus 200 g SSPplus 200 g SSP
Add water (5-15cm)Add water (5-15cm)
Sprinkle algal culture Sprinkle algal culture
Expose to sunlightExpose to sunlight
Add water (5-15cm)Add water (5-15cm)
Sprinkle algal culture Sprinkle algal culture
Expose to sunlightExpose to sunlight
MASS PRODUCTION OF BGA CULTUREMASS PRODUCTION OF BGA CULTURE
Thick algal mat forms Thick algal mat forms at 15 daysat 15 days Allow water to Allow water to evaporateevaporate
Thick algal mat forms Thick algal mat forms at 15 daysat 15 days Allow water to Allow water to evaporateevaporate
Collect dry algal Collect dry algal flakes flakes Make into powder and Make into powder and pack in polybags pack in polybags
Collect dry algal Collect dry algal flakes flakes Make into powder and Make into powder and pack in polybags pack in polybags
LET US SUM UP
Blue green algae are photosynthetic Cyanobacteria
which form phototrophic biofilm in fresh water and
marine environments, in damp soil, or even on
temporarily moistened rocks in deserts.
Promote the growth of lowland paddy by supplying
fixed nitrogen through exudation.
Blue green algae also excrete vitamins and hormones,
which may also contribute to the growth of rice plants.
contd…
contd…
BGA application @ 10 kg/ha one week after rice
transplantation contribute 25 - 30 kg N /ha /season
with a yield enhancement of 10-15 percent.
Indian rice fields also harvours different BGA
species – Anabaena, Nosto, Cylindrospermum,
Westolliopsis, etc.
ASSESSMENTQ. Choose the correct answer :
i) The most commonly found Cyanobacterial species in
Indian rice soil.
a) Anabaena c) Azotobacter
b) Rhizobium d) Azospirillum
ii) How much rice yield can be increased by application
of BGA?
a) 10-15 % c) 15-20 %
b) 1-5 % d) 50 %
contd…
contd…
iii) What is the function of Heterocysts?
a) fix nitrogen gas into c) produce vitamins
ammonia and nitrate
b) produce hormones d) phosphate
solubilization
iv) Which form of nitrogen is taken up by rice plant?
a) Ammonia c) Nitrate
b) Nitrite d) Nitrogen
ASSESSMENT
Model Answers :
i) Anabaena
ii) 10-15 percent
iii) 10-15 %
iv) Fix nitrogen gas into ammonia and nitrate
v) Ammonia
REFERENCES
i) Soil Microbiology – N. S.Subba Rao
ii) Advances in Microbiology – N. S.Subba Rao
iii) Bio-fertilizer and Organic Farming – NIIR Board