Introduction and Introduction and Architectures Architectures 25/8 - 2003 INF 5070 – Media Storage and Distribution Systems:
Dec 28, 2015
Introduction and Introduction and ArchitecturesArchitectures
25/8 - 2003
INF 5070 – Media Storage and Distribution Systems:
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Overview
Intro about the course multimedia applications and challenges
Architectures Media (Video) on Demand Machine internals Video server structures Examples
INF5070:The Course
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Lecturers in INF5070
Carsten Griwodz email: griff @ ifi room: 3203
Pål Halvorsen email: paalh @ ifi room: 3309
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Content of INF5070 – I
Network
Network
Network
Network
architectures
file systems
resource scheduling
media data
protocols
topologies
distribution
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Content of INF5070 – II System architectures
(server and system designs)
Media data (wire and file formats, codecs)
Media characteristics and user behavior (processing multimedia data, user interactivity)
Resource management (CPU and memory management)
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Content of INF5070 – III Protocols with and without Quality of Service
(QoS) (specific and generic QoS approaches)
Storage systems (management of multimedia files, retrieval)
Distribution(use of caches and proxy servers)
Adaptation, mobility and Peer-to-Peer (various clients, different amount of resources)
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Content of INF5070 – IV Student assignment
(will be presented more in-depth later):
(IXP programming)
read related article
assignment must be reported and presented to the class at the end of the course
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Goals of INF5070 Media servers and distribution system
media characteristics architectures system support protocols distribution mechanisms …
Be able to evaluate any combination of these mechanisms
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Pensum INF5070
Approved presentation of student assignment
Oral exam (1-3/12): all transparencies from lectures content of own student assignment
Applications and Challenges
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Applications Multimedia enriches the user interface giving new
applications
Broadcast – server is only VCR substitute (e.g., MTV Europe)
Media-on-Demand (MoD) Video-on-Demand (VoD) (e.g., Bell Atlantic ~1000 users, 700
choices) News-on-Demand (NoD) (e.g., CNN, BBC web today, BAD
quality) Learning-on-Demand (LoD) (e.g., the OMODIS project)
Virtual worlds (typically live, not on-Demand) video conferencing (e.g., USIT’s electronic classroom) games (e.g., Quake, …)
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Requirements Application
QoS – time sensitivity resource capabilities –
support interactive streaming of multimedia content
Business scalability reliability
Architectural topology cost vs. performance
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Technical Challenges User end system:
real-time processing of streams (1000 MIPS for an MPEG-II decoder)
request/response delay (< 150 ms for videophones) high data rates, e.g., MPEG-II DVD quality:
average video rate of 3.5 Mbps max. total data rate of 10.08 Mbps max. user rate of 11.08 Mbps (all included like control signals)
Storage real-time retrieval of contiguous media streams, e.g.:
4000 movies * 90 minutes * 15 Mbps (HDTV) = 40.5 TB 2000 CDs * 74 minutes * 1.4 Mbps = 1.4 TB
Network real-time transport of contiguous media data
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Media-on-Demand (MoD) Systems Classification parameters
structure of movies interaction presentation form
Common directions analog digital media distribution interaction media broadcasting media multicasting personalized media linear movies branched movies variable movies
Evolution broadcast - traditional, no user control pay-per-view - limited interactivity quasi MoD - distinction into user groups, limited timely control near MoD - same media distributed in intervals true MoD - full user control, VCR capabilities,
bidirectional
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Television (Broadcast)
sender
ch
an
nels
time
• analog or digital• traditionally, one program per channel
analog use frequency division multiplexing only digital may additionally use time division multiplexing inside one frequency (several programs per channel)
• linear movies
receiver(s)
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Near Video-on-Demand (NVoD)
sender
ch
an
nels
time
• analog or digital broadcasting• one program over multiple channels• time-slotted emission of the program• linear movies
receiver(s)
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
(True) Video-on-Demand (VoD)
sender
movie
s
time
• digital uni- or multicasting• control channels• linear movies
receiver(s)
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Comparison: NVoD vs. TVoD
NVoD TVoDResponse Delayed immediate
Servicesprovide some flexibility compared to traditional
TV
improves video rentals:any video, any time
Costscheap:
more clients at lower price compared to TVoD
expensive:existing infrastructure
often not cost-competitive for households
(need to be equal to rentals)
Suiteddigital broadcast(ViaSat, TV1000)
specific (smaller) environments
(hotels, airplanes, …)
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
“Interactive Vision”
sender
movie
time
• digital uni- or multicasting• control channels• fixed non-linear movies
receiver(s)
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
“Cyber Vision”
sender
time
• digital uni- or multicasting• control channels• variable non-linear “movies”, e.g.,
- games, virtual reality, …
receiver(s)
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Application Classification Overview
movie
str
uctu
re
linear
branched
variable
interaction
unidirectional
bidirectional
pre
senta
tion
form
analog
digitalVoD
TVNVoD
Interactive Vision
Cyber Vision
HDTV
VIDEO
Media (Video) on Demand
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Challenges VoD in LANs is solved: OVERPROVISIONING works
established in studio business established in hotel/hospital/plane/… business
VoD in WANs goals:
network-based distribution of media content to consumers bring control to users
assumptions: overprovisioning of resources will NOT work no central control of delivery system
programs: need for interoperability – not from a single source need for co-operative distribution systems
amount of data: estimated 65000 movies made in 1995 260 TB MPEG-2 data additionally, data from TV-series, sport clips, news, …
historically: much attention as “interactive TV (ITV)” some years ago many (not successful) field trials now: interest turned to Internet-based systems
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
ITV Network Architechture Approaches
WAN backbones SONET ATM
Local distribution network ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber
line) FTTC (fiber to the curb) FTTH (fiber to the home) HFC (hybrid fiber coax)
Internet WAN Diffserv over MPLS
(multi-protocol layer switching) point-to-point Gbps ethernet
Internet local IP over the old distribution networks
ATM / SONET
backbonenetwork
wireless
cable
telephone
ATM
Internet based systems
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Concerns: Internet-Based VoD Systems
Can technical problems be mastered? broadband communication to every home user-friendly end systems server technology
Market success? what prices will consumers accept?
high equipment (HW & SW) costs data costs
will it be competitive? to existing TV programs to video rentals
what is the consequence of ITV field trials in USA and Europe? no big success only a few private consumers willing to participate trials were cancelled or switched from TV-based to PC-based
platforms
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Driving Forces Hardware/software (IT) companies
computer (e.g., IBM, HP, Sun, Microsoft, …) consumer electronics (e.g., Sony, Philips, …)
Network companies telephone (e.g., Telenor, Telia, BT, AT&T, …) cable TV (e.g., UPC, Time-Warner Cable, …)
Content companies media
movies (e.g., Time-Warner, Disney, Paramount, Leo Kirch, …) TV programs (e.g., NRK, TV2, TV3, RTL, …) hyper media information bases (e.g., Springer, Bertelsmann, …)
home-shopping (e.g., Quelle, OTTO, …) video games (e.g., Nintendo, Sega, Microsoft, …)
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
VoD Deployment Status – I Digital Video Broadcast (DVB)
no VoD cable, antenna, or satellite broadcast some NVoD scheduling approaches (e.g., TV
1000)
Digital Audio-Visual Council (DAVIC) defines interfaces only no standardization of algorithms for
interoperation
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) currently no large-scale, wide-area video
distribution sporadic use of cooperative web caching starting AV caching considerations defines protocols and inspires interoperability
testing
Broadcast world suited for Near VoD
Broadcast world suited for True VoD
Internet world suited for True VoD
MPEG 4 suited for
Interactive Vision
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
VoD Deployment Status – IIDATA CONTROLIE
TF
RTP: Real-Time Protocol package & timing information for
transfer profiles for each encoding format
RTCP: RTP Control Protocol report exchange, allows tuning at the sender
RTSP: Real-Time Streaming Protocol controls: setup, teardown, start, stop
SDP: Session Description Protocol carried by RTSP encoding information, timing, meta info
DA
VIC
MPEG-2 Transport: Moving Pictures Expert Group defines encoding format, packaging, timing, scaling, error correction requires other means of addressing
DSM-CC: Distributed Storage Media- Command & Control MPEG-2 substandard: addressing, setup, teardown, start, stop, … independent standard: complete management standard (usually ignored by industry)
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
VoD System Architecture
backbonenetwork
local distribution
network
local distribution
network
local distribution
network
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
VoD Storage Hierarchy Popularity of movies:
not all are equally popular – most request directed to only a few (Zipf distribution)
Use hierarchies:
Straight forward hierarchy: popular videos replicated
and kept close to clients locality vs.
communication vs. server costs
end-systems
local servers
master servers
regionalservers
completeness of available content
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
VoD Components Servers
Networks backbone local networks
Intermediate nodes routers proxy cache servers replica servers
End-systems PCs TV sets with set-top boxes
Traditional Server Machine
Internals
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
General Operating System Structure and Data Path
file systemcommunication
system
application
user space
kernel space
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Example: Intel Hub Architecture (850 Chipset) – I
CPU socket
RDRAM connectors
PCI connectors
I/O Controller Hub
Memory Controller Hub
Intel D850MD Motherboard:
system bus
RDRAM interface
hub interface
PCIbus
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Pentium 4Processor
registers
cache(s)
Example: Intel Hub Architecture (850 Chipset) – II
I/Ocontroller
hub
memorycontroller
hub
RDRAM
RDRAM
RDRAM
RDRAM
PCI slots
PCI slots
PCI slots
system bus(64-bit, 400/533 MHz)
hub interface(four 8-bit, 66 MHz)
PCI bus(32-bit, 33 MHz)
RAM interface(two 64-bit, 200 MHz)
network card
disk
file system
communication system
application
file systemcommunication
system
application
disk network card
Note:these transfers only show data movement between sub-systems. Additionally, data touching operations within a sub-system will require that data is moved from memory and to the CPU, e.g.: - checksum calculation - encryption - data encoding - forward error correction
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
POWER 4 chip
Example: IBM POWER 4
PCI slots
PCI slots
network card
disk
file system
communication system
application
file systemcommunication
system
application
disk network card
CPU
L1
CPU
L1
core interface switch
L2
fabric controller
GXcontroller L3 controller
remote I/O(RIO)
bridge
PCI host bridge
PCI host bridge
PCI-PCI bridge
PCI-PCI bridge
L3
RAM
RAM
RAM
memorycontroller
GX bus(two 32-bit, 600 MHz) PCI busses
(32/64-bit, 33/66 MHz)
(four 6
4-bit, 400 M
Hz)
RIO bus(two 8-bit, 500 MHz)
(four 6
4-bit, 400 M
Hz)
(eight 32-bit,
400 MHz)
Note:Again, data touching operations add movement operations
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Memory Hierarchies We can’t access the disk each time we need
data Typical computer systems therefore have
several different components where data may be stored different capacities different speeds less capacity gives faster access
and higher cost per byte Lower levels have a copy of
data in higher levels A typical memory hierarchy: cache(s)
main memory
secondary storage (disks)
tertiary storage (tapes)
speed
capaci
ty
pri
ce
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Storage Costs: Access Time vs Capacity
10-9 10-6 10-3 10 103
access time (sec)
1015
1013
1011
109
107
105 cache
mainmemory
magneticdisks
onlinetape
offlinetape
typic
al ca
paci
ty (
byte
s)
from Gray & Reuter
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Storage Costs: Access Time vs Price
10-9 10-6 10-3 10 103
access time (sec)from Gray & Reuter
dolla
rs/M
byte
s
cache
mainmemory
magneticdisks
onlinetape
offlinetape
104
102
100
10-2
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Internal Server Design Stream retrieval from disk and push to network
buffer requirements bus transfers CPU usage concurrent streams (can be merged??) storage (disk) system:
scheduling – ensure that data is available in time block placement – contiguous, interleaving, striping
…
Stable operations: redundant HW multiple nodes
Much more, e.g., caching/prefetching, admission control, …
Video Server Structure
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
IBM TigerShark
HP, DEC, Novell, …switch
Video Server:Server Components & Switches
Internal content directory: External content directory:
storage device
network attachment
content directory/memory management
file system
storage management
controller
switch
switch
switch
switch
switch
[Tetzlaff & Flynn 94]
switch
switch
switch
switch
switch
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Video Server Componentsincoming
resolve request
control/application
server
data server
content directory
delivered resolution
storage device
network attachment
memory management
file system
storage management
controller
delivered data
network attachment
incomingdata request
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Video Server:Simple General Server Architecture
storagesubsystem
networksubsystem
processor subsystem
dataserver
applicationserver
controlserver
clie
nts
Storage subsystem:• stores data• different devices
Network subsystem:• transmit MM data
Processor subsystem:• executing part• management and operations
Application server: • user interface• billing• content database• user database• service gateways
Control server: • administrator• admission control• optimization
Data server: • data delivery• “specialized file system”• buffer manager• data importer/exporter
datacontrol
[Sitaram & Dan 00]
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Video Server:Directory Access & Data Retrieval
Two-step retrieval: “problem”:
resource management
Request redirection: “problem”:
client gets data from another machine
Network
data
content
Network
data
content
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Pull model: client sends several requests deliver only small part of data fine-grained client control favors high interactivity suited for editing, searching,
etc.
Push model client sends one request streaming delivery favors capacity planning suited for retrieval,
download, playback, etc.
server client
server client
Video Server:Directory Access & Data Retrieval
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Video Server:Server Topology – I
Single server easy to implement scales poorly
Partitioned server users divided into groups content : assumes equal groups location : store all data on all
servers load imbalance
Network
Network
Network
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Video Server:Server Topology – II
Externally switched servers use network to make server pool manages load imbalance
(control server directs requests) still data replication problems (control server doesn’t need to
be a physical box - distributed process)
Fully switched server server pool storage device pool additional hardware costs e.g., Oracle, Intel, IBM
Network
data
data
data
control
Network
data
data
control
I/Oswitch
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Video Distribution Server:Typical In the Internet Today
Push systems(pull in video editing/database systems)
Traditional (specialized) file systems – not databases – for data storage
No in-band control (control and data information in separate streams)
External directory services for data location(RTSP/control server + data pump)
Request redirection for access control
Single stand-alone servers (fully) switched servers
Server Examples
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Video Server “Research Status”network nodes
network attachment
content directory
memory/CPU
file systems
physical storage management
disk controller/driver
storage devices
Research covering allResearch covering allcomponents is rarecomponents is rare
IBM WatsonTetzlaff, Kienzle
IBM AlmadenHaskin
Fall, Druschel, Pai, Buddhikot, Miller, … AT&T
Silberschatz, Özden
USCGhandeharidzadeh, Zimmermann
PRINCETONPeterson
Jones, Nieh, Chen, Berson, Reddy, …
Shenoy, Nirajan, Martin, …
Goyal, Vin
Härtig,Sitaram,Dan,Nahrstedt,Steinmetz,Klas,Shulzrinne,Coulson,Seltzer,Rangan,Zhang,Hutchinson,…
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Video Server “Product Status”1) Real server, VXtreme, Starlight, VDO, Netscape Media Server,
MS Media Server, Apple Darwin1) Real server, VXtreme,VXtreme, Starlight, VDO, Netscape Media Server,VDO, Netscape Media Server,
MS Media Server, Apple Darwinuser level server
standardOS
all standard HW
RTPRTSP
2) IBM Mediastreamer, Oracle Video Cartridge, N-Cube
2) IBM Mediastreamer, IBM Mediastreamer, Oracle Video Cartridge, N-Cubeuser level layer
scalable, RT-aware OS,RT OS, or
OS derivation
custom/special HW
ATM, analogDSM CC, private
3) SGI/Kassena Media Base, SUN Media Center, IBM Video Charger
user level server
RTextensions
selected standard HW
RTPRTSP
standardOS
MMFS
3) SGI/SGI/Kassena Media Base, SUN Media Center,SUN Media Center, IBM Video Charger
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
userkernel
server
Real Server User space implementation
one control server several protocols several versions of data
in same file adapts to resources
Several formats, e.g., Real’s own MPEG-2 version with
“stream thinning”(dropped with REAL )
Does not support management Quality-of-Service load leveling
track
1
track
2
index
request
IP
UDP
RTP/RTCP
Real’sprotoc
ol
TCP
1 23
back
pre
ssure
feedback
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
VSDwith EDF
IBM Video Charger May consist of one
machine only, or … … several IBM’s
Advanced Interactive eXecutive (AIX) machines
Servers control data
Lightly modified existing components
OS AIX4 virtual shared disks
(VSD)(guaranteed disk I/Os)
Special components TigerShark MMFS
(buffers, data rate, prefetching, codec, ...)
stream filters, control server, APIs, ...
control
AIX
SP2
cro
ssbar
swit
ch
specificcontrol server
RTSP
RTPencryptfilter
TigerSharkMMFS
VSD
UDP
IP
distributed computing environment RPC
video stream API
mlib API
DESCRIBE
SETUP
PLAY
TEARDOWN
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
IBM Mediastreamer Version of Video Charger
failed project to guarantee MPEG-2 over ATM and Cable
similar machine setup(machine cluster)
special HW: SCSI controller MPEG-2 ATM or analog cable out moved to Video Charger
Unlike Video Charger, Mediastreamer runs on old IBM machines due to special HW
Special components TigerShark control server APIs special board
control
AIX
SP2
cro
ssbar
swit
ch
specificcontrol server
RTSP
distributed computing environment RPC
video stream API
mlib API
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
nCUBE One server scales from 1 to 256
machines, n [0, 8]
Special components board with SCSI, connectors,
HAVOC vector processor, etc. TRANSIT operating system
Interface modules ATM digital video broadcast (DVB) Ethernet QAM
Real Networks agreed to integrate nCUBE's n4x with RealSystem 8 ??
memory PCI bus
configurableinterface
8 hypercube connectors
vector processorSCSI ports
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Small Comparison
Real Video Charger nCUBE
standard HW selected HW special HW
each machine its own storage, or
NFS
shared disk access,
no replication
shared disk access,
no replication
single OS image cluster machines using switch
cluster machines using wired cube
user space server user space server and loadable
kernel modules
server in both kernel and user
space
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Client-Server
backbonenetwork
local distribution
network
local distribution
network
local distribution
network
Traditional distributed computing Successful architecture, and will
continue to be so (adding proxy servers) Tremendous engineering necessary to
make server farms scalable and robust
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
backbonenetwork
local distribution
network
local distribution
network
local distribution
network
Really an old idea - a distributed system architecture No centralized control Nodes are symmetric in function
Typically, many nodes, but unreliable and heterogeneous
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Promise[Hafeeda et. al. 03]
Receiver
active sender
active sender
standby senderactive sender
Thus, Promise is a multiple sender to one receiver P2P media streaming system which 1) accounts for different capabilities, 2) matches senders to achieve best quality, and 3) dynamically adapts to network fluctuations and peer failure
Each active sender: • receives a control packet specifying which data segments, data rate, etc.,• pushes data to receiver as long as no new control packet is received
standby sender
The receiver: • sends a lookup request using DHT• selects some active senders, control packet• receives data as long as no errors/changes occur • if a change/error is detected, new active senders may be selected
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
SplitStream
Source: full quality movie
Stripe 2
Stripe 1
[Castro et. al. 03]Each node: • joins as many multicast threes as there are stripes (K)• may specify the number of stripes they are willing to act as router for, i.e., according to the amount of resources available
Each movie is split into K stripes and each stripe is multicasted using a separate three
Thus, SplitStream is a multiple sender to multiple receiver P2P system which distributes the forwarding load while respecting each node’s resource limitations, but some effort is required to build the forest of multicast threes
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Summary Multimedia applications and challenges
Media (Video) on Demand
Machine internals
Video server structures
Video server examples
2003 Carsten Griwodz & Pål Halvorsen
INF 5070 – media storage and distribution systems
Some References1. M. Castro, P. Druschel, A-M. Kermarrec, A. Nandi, A. Rowstron and A. Singh,
"SplitStream: High-bandwidth multicast in a cooperative environment", SOSP'03, Lake Bolton, New York, October 2003
2. Mohamed Hefeeda, Ahsan Habib, Boyan Botev, Dongyan Xu, Bharat Bhargava, "Promise: Peer-to-Peer Media Streaming Using Collectcast", ACM MM’03, Berkeley, CA, November 2003
3. Sitaram, D., Dan, A.: “Multimedia Servers – Applications, Environments, and Design”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2000
4. Tendler, J.M., Dodson, S., Fields, S.: “IBM e-server: POWER 4 System Microarchitecture”, Technical white paper, 2001
5. Tetzlaff, W., Flynn, R.: “Elements of Scalable Video Servers”, IBM Research Report 19871 (87884), 1994
6. Intel, http://www.intel.com7. MPEG.org, http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/DVD8. nCUBE, http://ncube.com