Introduction

1

Introduction

"Internet Protocol version 6"

Presenter Veena Merz

Manager Cisco Networking Area Academy

IPv6 Introduction 2

Why a new Version for IP ?

Objective To describes the problems of the IPv4

Internet and how they are solved by IPv6.

IPv6 Introduction 3

IPv4 The current version of IP (known as Version 4 or

IPv4) has not been substantially changed since RFC 791 was published in 1981.

IPv4 has proven to be robust, easily implemented and interoperable

It has stood the test of scaling an internetwork to a global utility the size of today’s Internet.

This is a tribute to its initial design.

IPv6 Introduction 4

Historical Facts

In 1983 Research network for ~ 100 computers

IPv6 Introduction 5

Limitations of IPv4 1992 : Commercial activity and exponential growth

The recent exponential growth of the Internet and the impending exhaustion of the IPv4 address space.

IPv4 addresses have become relatively scarce, forcing some organizations to use a Network Address Translator (NAT) to map multiple private addresses to a single public IP address.

While NATs promote reuse of the private address space, they do not support standards-based network layer security or the correct mapping of all higher layer protocols

Additionally, the rising prominence of Internet-connected devices and appliances ensures that the public IPv4 address space will eventually be depleted.

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Limitations of IPv4 The growth of the Internet and the ability of Internet

backbone routers to maintain large routing tables. Because of the way that IPv4 address prefixes have been

and are currently allocated, there are routinely over 85,000 routes in the routing tables of Internet backbone routers.

The current IPv4 Internet routing infrastructure is a combination of both flat and hierarchical routing.

IPv6 Introduction 7

Limitations of IPv4 The need for simpler configuration.

Most current IPv4 implementations must be either manually configured or use a stateful address configuration protocol such as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).

With more computers and devices using IP, there is a need for a simpler and more automatic configuration of addresses and other configuration settings that do not rely on the administration of a DHCP infrastructure.

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Limitations of IPv4 The requirement for security at the IP

level Private communication over a public medium

like the Internet requires encryption services that protect the data being sent from being viewed or modified in transit.

Although a standard now exists for providing security for IPv4 packets (known as Internet Protocol security or IPsec), this standard is optional and proprietary solutions are prevalent.

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Limitations of IPv4 The need for better support for real-time delivery

of data—also called quality of service (QoS) While standards for QoS exist for IPv4, real-time traffic

support relies on the IPv4 Type of Service (TOS) field and the identification of the payload, typically using a UDP or TCP port.

Unfortunately, the IPv4 TOS field has limited functionality and over time there were various local interpretations.

In addition, payload identification using a TCP and UDP port is not possible when the IPv4 packet payload is encrypted.

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IPv4/8 Address Space Status (Sept. 2005)

Sources from NRO (Number Resource Organization)

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Status of 256 /8sIPv4 Address Space

APNIC, 24

ARIN, 27

LACNIC, 4

RIPE NCC, 24

Multicast, 16

IANA Reserved, 49

Central Registry, 93

AfriNIC, 1Experimental, 16

Public Use, 1

Private Use, 1

http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html

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IPv4 AllocationsRIRs to LIRs/ISPs

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

AfriNICAPNIC ARIN LACNICRIPE NCC

Yearly Comparison

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IPv4 AllocationsRIRs to LIRs/ISPs

AfriNIC, 0.73, 1%

APNIC , 18.25, 32%

ARIN , 17.24, 30%

LACNIC, 2.23, 4%

RIPE NCC, 18.60, 33%

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ASN Assignments RIRs to LIRs/ISPs

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

AfriNICAPNICARINLACNICRIPE NCC

Yearly Comparison

IPv6 Introduction 15

ASN AssignmentsRIRs to LIRs/ISPs

APNIC, 3938, 12%

ARIN, 15684, 46%

LACNIC, 941, 3%

RIPE NCC, 12960, 38%

AfriNIC, 235, 1%

Cumulative Total (Jan 1999 – Jun 2007)

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IANA IPv6 Allocations to RIRs

1

73

132

198

0

50

100

150

200

250

AfriNIC APNIC ARIN LACNIC RIPE NCC

issued as /23s prior to Oct 06

IPv6 Introduction 17

IANA IPv6 Allocations to RIRs

RIR IPv6 AddressAfriNIC 2C00:0000::/12

APNIC 2400:0000::/12

ARIN 2600:0000::/12

LACNIC 2800:0000::/12

RIPE NCC 2A00:0000::/12

issued Oct 06

IPv6 Introduction 18

IPv6 Allocations RIRs to LIRs/ISPs

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

AfriNICAPNICARINLACNICRIPE NCC

Yearly Comparison

IPv6 Introduction 19

IPv6 Allocations RIRs to LIRs/ISPs

AfriNIC, 33, 2%

APNIC, 296, 22%

ARIN, 263, 20%

LACNIC, 97, 7%

RIPE NCC, 653, 49%

Cumulative Total (Jan 1999 – Jun 2007)

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Links to RIR StatisticsRIR Stats:

www.nro.net/statistics

Raw Data/Historical RIR Allocations:www.aso.icann.org/statswww.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space

www.iana.org/assignments/as-numbers www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-unicast-address-

assignments

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Emergency Measures

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1. CIDR … Allocate exceptionally class B addresses Re-use class C address space CIDR (Classless Internet Domain Routing)

RFC 1519 (PS) network address = prefix/prefix length less address waste allows aggregation (reduces routing table size)

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2. NAT Advantages

Reduce the need of official addresses

Ease the internal addressing plan

Transparent to some applications

“Security”–Netadmins/sysadmin

Disadvantages Translation sometime

complex (e.g. FTP) Apps using dynamic ports Does not scale Introduce states inside

the network: Multihomednetworks

Breaks the end-to-end paradigm–

Security with IPsec=>

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3. Private Addresses(RFC 1918 BCP)

Allow private addressing plans Addresses are used internally Similar to security architecture with firewall Use of proxies or NAT to go outside

RFC 1631, 2663 and 2993 NAT-PT is the most commonly used of NAT

variations

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IPv6 …….

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IPv6: Background

The recommended proposal was SIPP with 126 bit address size.

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Architects of IPv6 ProtocolSteven Deering and Robert Hinden

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History of IPv6

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IPv6 Features New header format Large address space Efficient and hierarchical addressing and routing

infrastructure Stateless and stateful address configuration Built-in security Better support for prioritized delivery New protocol for neighboring node interaction Extensibility

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What about IP Version 5 (IPv5) ?

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IPv5 Overview The Internet Stream Protocol (ST) was an experimental

protocol defined in 1979 in IEN 119 (Internet Engineering Note), and was later revised in RFC 1190 (ST2) and RFC 1819 (ST2+).

ST was experimental packet carrying non - IP real- time stream protocol.

ST was envisioned to be the connection oriented complement to IPv4, but it has never been introduced for public usage.

Many of the concepts available in ST can be found today in MPLS.

IPv5 never existed. In datagram mode, ST was assigned Internet Protocol version

number 5. The version number "5" in the IP header was assigned to ST. ST was never widely used, but since the version number 5 had

already been allocated the new version

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Viewing Global Routing Table C:/>telnet router-server.ip.att.net

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Viewing Global Routing Table

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Viewing Global Routing Table

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Q & A