Introduction

Introduction

Department of Hydraulic EngineeringSchool of Civil Engineering

Shandong University2007

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

Information and IntroductionFundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 2

Note to Instructors

These slides were developed1 during the spring semester 2003, as a teaching aid for the undergraduate Fluid Mechanics course (ME33: Fluid Flow) in the Department of Hydraulic Engineering at Shandong University. This course had two sections, one taught by myself and one taught by Prof. Lichuanqi. While we gave common homework and exams, we independently developed lecture notes. This was also the first semester that Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications was used at SDU. My section had 2001 students and was held in a classroom with a computer, projector, and blackboard. While slides have been developed for each chapter of Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, I used a combination of blackboard and electronic presentation. In the student evaluations of my course, there were both positive and negative comments on the use of electronic presentation. Therefore, these slides should only be integrated into your lectures with careful consideration of your teaching style and course objectives.


Experimental Fluid DynamicsTable of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS2. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS3. PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS4. FLUID KINEMATICS5. MASS, BERNOULLI, AND ENERGY EQUATIONS6. MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS7. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING8. FLOW IN PIPES9. DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW 10. APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF THE NAVIER–STOKES

EQUATION 11. FLOW OVER BODIES: DRAG AND LIFT12. COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 13. OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 14. TURBOMACHINERY 15. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS


Grading

Grading Based onHomework: 20%

Mid-Term: 25%, 25 %

Final: 30%Violation of academic integrity

First offense: zero score for the test

Second offense: failure of the course


Homework

PhilosophyOne of the best ways to learn something is through practice and repetition

Therefore, homework assignments are extremely important in this class!

Homework sets will be carefully designed, challenging, and comprehensive. If you study and understand the homework, you should not have to struggle with the exams


Homework

PolicyHomework is due on Wednesday at the beginning of class. Homework turned in late will receive partial credit according to the following rules:1. 10% off if turned in after class, but before 5:00 on the due date2. 25% off if turned in after 5:00 on the due date, but by 5:00 the next

school day3. 50% off if turned in after 5:00 the next school day, but within one

week4. No credit if turned in after one week

Exceptions will be made under extreme circumstances.Solutions will be made available within a week after the due dateTo ease grading, homework submissions MUST follow specified format (see TA)


Motivation for Studying Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics is omnipresentAerodynamicsBioengineering and biological systemsCombustionEnergy generationGeologyHydraulics and HydrologyHydrodynamicsMeteorologyOcean and Coastal EngineeringWater Resources…numerous other examples…

Fluid Mechanics is beautiful


Aerodynamics


Bioengineering


Energy generation


Geology


River Hydraulics


Hydraulic Structures


Hydrodynamics


Meteorology


Water Resources


Fluid Mechanics is Beautiful


Tsunamis

Tsunami: Japanese for “Harbour Wave”

Created by earthquakes, land slides, volcanoes, asteroids/meteors

Pose infrequent but high risk for coastal regions.


Tsunamis: role in religion, evolution, and apocalyptic events?

Most cultures have deep at their core a flood myth in which the great bulk of humanity is destroyed and a few are left to repopulate and repurify the human race. In most of these stories, God is meting out retribution, punishing those who have strayed from his path

Were these “local” floods due to a tsunami instead of global events?



Scientists now widely accept that the worldwide sequence of mass extinctions at the Cretaceous Tertiary (K/T) boundary 65 million years ago was directly caused by the collision of an asteroid or comet with Earth. Evidence for this includes the large (200-km diameter) buried impact structure at Chicxulub in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, the worldwide iridium-enriched layer at the K/T boundary, and the tsunamic deposits well inland in North America, all dated to the same epoch as the extinction event.



La Palma Mega-Tsunami = geologic time bomb? Cumbre Vieja volcano erupts and causes western half of La Palma island to collapse into the Atlantic and send a 1500 ft. tsunami crashing into Eastern coast of U.S.


Methods for Solving Fluid Dynamics Problems

Analytical Fluid Dynamics (AFD) Mathematical analysis of governing equations, including exact and approximate solutions. This is the primary focus of ESOE 505221Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Numerical solution of the governing equationsExperimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD) Observation and data acquisition.


Analytical Fluid Dynamics

How fast do tsunamis travel in the deep ocean?Incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

Linearized wave equation for inviscid, irrotational flow

Shallow-water approximation, /h >> 1

For g = 32.2 ft/s2 and h=10000 ft, c=567 ft/s = 387 miles/hr


Computational Fluid Dynamics

In comparison to analytical methods, which are good for providing solutions for simple geometries or behavior for limiting conditions (such as linearized shallow water waves), CFD provides a tool for solving problems with nonlinear physics and complex geometry.

Animation by Vasily V. Titov, Tsunami Inundation Mapping Efforts, NOAA/PMEL


Experimental Fluid Dynamics

Oregon State University Wave Research LaboratoryModel-scale experimental facilities

Tsunami Wave BasinLarge Wave Flume

Dimensional analysis (Chapter 7 of C&C) is very important in designing a model experiment which represents physics of actual problem


Experimental Fluid Dynamics

Experiments are sometimes conducted in the field or at full scale

For tsunamis, data acquisition is used for warning

DART: Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis

Primary sensor: Bourdon tube for measuring hydrostatic pressure

Introduction

Documents

fluid mechanicsfluid

chapter of fluid mechanics

homework submissions

homework assignments

homework sets

common homework

navierstokes equation

course objectives