Introductio to: Splanchnology
Introductio to:Splanchnology
Composition: Alimentary system 消化系统 Respiratory system 呼吸系统 Urinary system 泌尿系统 Reproductive system 生殖系统
Characters of viscera Most of viscera organs lies in the thoracic, abdomi
nal and pelvis cavities All of then communicate with external environmen
t through some orifices or channels
Reference lines of thorax
Anterior median line Sternal line Midclavicular line Parasternal line Anterior axillary line Post axillary line Midaxillary line Scapular line Posterior median line
The abdominal regionsNine regions Left and right hypocho
ndriac region, epigastric region
L . and R. lateral regions of abdomen, umbilical region
L. and R. inguinal region, pubic region
Four quadrants
Left and right upper quadrants
Left and right lower quadrants
The Respiratory System
Composition Respiratory tract
Nose Pharynx upper respiratory tract Larynx Trachea
lower respiratory tract Bronchi
Lungs-paired organs of respiration Function: supply the body with oxygen
and to get rid of excess carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism
The Nose 鼻
External nose: Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose Alae of nasi
Nasal cavity –divided into two halves by nasal septum
Two parts: Divided by limen nasi 鼻阈 Nasal vestibule Proper nasal cavity
Boundaries Roof - cribriform plate of eth
moid Floor - hard palate Medial wall - nasal septum Lateral wall
Nasal conchae: superior, middle and inferior
Nasal meatus: superor, middle and inferior
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Remove the middle nasal conchae Semilunar hiatus 半月裂孔 Ethmoidal infundibulum 筛漏斗 Ethmoidal bulla 筛泡
Mucous membrane of nose Olfactory region 嗅区 : located upper nasal cavity, above superi
or , nasal conchae , contains olfactory cells Respiratory region 呼吸区 : its function is to warm, moisten, and
clean the inspired air
The paranasal sinuses and their site of drainage into the nose
Name of sinus Site of drainage
Frontal sinus Middle meatus via infundibulum
Maxillary sinus Middle meatus through semilunar hiatus
Sphenoid sinus Sphenoethmoidal recess
Ethmoidal sinuses anterior group middle group posterior group
Middle meatusMiddle meatus Superior nasal meatus
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinusesSphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
The Larynx 喉
Position - situated in the anterior part of the neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from vertebral level of C4 to C6
Layngeal cartilages 喉软骨Thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨 Shield-shaped cartilage Laryngeal prominence at ba
se of thyroid notch Superior thyroid notch, supe
rior and inferior cornuaCricoid cartilage 环状软骨 Complete ring of cartilage (s
haped like a signet ring) Arch of cricoid cartilage - a
t level of C6 Larnina of cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid 杓状软骨 Paired, pyramid shaped, artic
ulate with lamina of cricoid cartilage
Vocal process anteriorly, site of posterior attachment of vocal fold
Muscular process
Epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨 leaf-shaped elastic cartilage situated behind the root of the tongue
Laryngeal joints cricothyroid joint cricoarytenoid jointLaryngeal ligaments and membrane Thyrohyroid membrane 甲状舌骨膜- extending from hyoid bo
ne to thyroid cartilage
Quadrangular membrane 方形膜 Between epiglottic, thyroid and aryte
noid cartilages Lower free border forms vestibular l
igament 前庭韧带 Conus elasticus 弹性圆锥
Between arytenoids, thyroid, and cricoid cartilages
Upper free border forms vocal ligament 声韧带
Median cricothyroid ligment 环甲正中韧带: may be site of circothyrotomy during acute respiratory obstruction
Cricotracheal ligament 环状软骨气管韧带- between cricoid cartilage and first ring of trachea
Muscles of larynx Increasing tension on the vocal ligament - cricothyroid Decreasing tension on the vocal ligament - thyroarytenoid Opening the glottis - posterior cricoarytenoid Closing the glottis - cricoarytenoid
Laryngeal cavityAperture of larynx 喉口- bounded by upper border epiglottic car
tilage, aryepiglottic folds and interarytenoid notch
Structure features Two pairs of shelf like folds :
Vestibular folds 前庭襞 Vocal folds 声襞
Two fissures Rima vestibulithe 前庭裂 Fissure of glottis 声门裂
Inter membranous part 膜间部 - anterior 3/5, between vocal-folds
Inter cartilagrnous part 软骨间部 - posterior 2/5, between arytenoids cartilages
Three parts Laryngeal vestibule 喉前庭
Extends from the aperture of larynx to the rima vestibuli
Tubercle of epiglottis 会厌结节 Intermedial cavity of larynx
喉中间腔 Extends from the level of the ri
ma vestibuli to the level of the fissure of glottis
Ventricle of larynx 喉室 - a small recess between vestibular and vocal folds on each side
Infraglottic cavity 声门下腔 extends from the level of the vo
cal folds to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage
The Trachea 气管 Position: extends from the lower bor
der of cricoid cartilage to the level of sternal angle (between T4 - T5 vertebrae) where it divides into right and left principal bronchi
Structure features Consists of about 16 - 20 C-shap
ed incomplete tracheal cartilages for patency connected by smooth muscle and connective
Carina of trachea 气管隆嵴 -ridge of cartilage at bifurcation into principal bronchi
Bronchi 支气管Right principal bronchus 右主支气管 Shorter, wider, and more vertical than t
he left , is about 2.5cm long, Leaves the extend line of the middle line of trachea at 22 ~ 25o angle
Foreign bodies are therefore more likely to lodge in this bronchus or one of its branches
Left principal bronchus 左主支气管 Narrower, longer, and more horizontal
than the right is about 5cm long, leaves the extend line of the middle line o trachea at about 35 ~ 36o angle
The Lungs 肺Position: located in the thoracic c
avity by both sides of mediastinum
General features Cone-shaped, the right lung is s
horter and broader, the left one is longer and narrower
Apex of lung - rises 2 ~ 3 cm above the medial third of clavicle into neck
Base - concave, related to diaphragm, also called diaphragmatic surface
Costal surface - large, convex, related to thoracic wall
Medial surface - concave, related to mediastinum and vertebrae Hilum of lung 肺门: area on medial s
urface where structures in root enter or leave lung
Root of lung 肺根 Contents
Principal bronchus Pulmonary artery and vein Nerves and lymphatics
Surrounded by connective tissue Order of structures in the root of lung
From before backward: V.A. B. From above downward:
R. - B. A. V. L. - A. B. V.
Borders Posterior - blunt Inferior - sharp Anterior - sharp
cardiac notch 心切迹 lingual in left lung 左肺小舌
Lobes and Fissure Right lung
Two fissures : horizontal an oblique
Three lobes : superior, middle, inferior
Left lung One fissure : oblique Two lobes : superior and inferi
or
Bronchial tree 支气管树 Each principal bronchus
divides into lobar bronchi (two on the left, three on the right), each of which supplies a lobe of lung. Each lobar bronchus then divided into segmental bronchi, which supply specific segments of the lung.
Bronchopulmonary segments 支气管肺段 Wedge shaped, with the base lying peripherally and the
apex lying towards the root of lungs, ten in each lung Each with a segmental bronchus and branches of
pulmonary artery The veins lie both in and between segments
The Pleura 胸膜General features Serous membranes for
ming closed sacs Two layers
Visceral pleura - adheres to lung, continuous with parietal pleura at root of lung
Parietal pleura - lines the thoracic cavity
Two pleural layers continue with each other at root of lung forming closed potential space - pleural cavity 胸膜腔 Contains a small amount pleur
al fluid Subatmospheric pressure in it
Named parts of parietal pleura Cupula of pleura 胸膜顶 -
extends up into the neck, over the apex of lung, 2 ~ 3cm above the medial third of clavicle
Costal pleura 肋胸膜 - lines the inner surface of the wall of the chest
Mediastinal pleura 纵隔胸膜 Lines mediastinum Pulmonary ligament 肺韧带
- redundant pleura at root of lung, which extends downward, allows movement of structures forming root of lung
Diaphragmatic pleura 膈胸膜-Lines diaphragm
Pleura recesses 胸膜隐窝-potential spaces of pleural cavity which lungs are not occupied in quiet respiration
Costodiaphragmatic recesse肋膈隐窝- are the slit-like intervals between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae on each side, the lowest point of pleural cavity
Costomediastinal recess 肋纵隔隐窝- on the left side between the mediastinal pleural and costal pleura
The surface projection of lower border of lung and pleurae Lower border
Midclavicular lines
Midaxillary lines
Sides of the vertebral column
Lungs 6th rib 8th rib 10th rib
Pleura 8th rib 10th rib 12th rib