Introducing Nano Concepts into Science and Engineering …€¦ · Introducing Nano Concepts into Science and Engineering Courses R.P.H. Chang Director National Center for Learning

Introducing Nano Concepts into Science and

Engineering CoursesR.P.H. Chang

DirectorNational Center for Learning and Teaching in Nanoscale Science

and Engineering (NCLT)Northwestern University

www.nclt.us

Outline of the Presentation• Brief introduction to NCLT• Introducing nanoconcepts

– pre-college level– at the college level

• Cascade approach to teaching nano-concepts

• Use of Clearinghouse / Cyberinfrastructure• Establishing a global nano learning

community and network

Established: October, 2004Mission: Build national capacity in Nanoscale Science & Engineering (NSE) Education

Goals: Develop a globally competitive NSE workforce and train a national cadre of leaders in NSE education

Developing New Learning NSE Education Curricula Standards Knowledge Base

Learning and teaching through inquiry and design of

nanoscale materials and applications

NCLT: Center Mission

NCLT Goals• Build a globally competitive NSE workforce • Develop a cadre of well-rounded NSEE leaders• Create and implement in-service and pre-service

professional development• Design innovative instructional materials for

grades 7-16, enhanced by new learning technology tools

• Partner with school districts, colleges and universities to integrate NSE into STEM curricula

• Establish a Clearinghouse infrastructure for instructional materials and best practices

NCLT Community

Education & cognitive science

researchers

Students & Postdocs

Editors, designers,

programmers, etc.

Teachers, faculty members &

administrators

Nano researchers

Government officials

Experts in learning tools, visualization,

simulation & modeling

NCLT Partners

AAMU, Fisk, Hampton,

Morehouse, UTEP

Other US and Global Partners

Argonne

UIUC

UIC

Michigan

Purdue

Northwestern

Our collective strength is greater than the sum of our parts.

• Curriculum Development: NSF-funded CCMS and MWM

• Education Research: NU-Searle Center, CCMS (led by AAAS)

• Professional Development: Summer programs on partner campuses, US-Minority Institutions

• Visualization & Learning Tools: EVL

• Simulation & Modeling: NCN

• School District Partnerships nationwide

• Nanomaterials Research: MRSEC, NSEC, DOE, NASA

NCLT Center Strategy

Supported by NCLT Cyber Infrastructure

Evaluation & Assessment

Evaluation & Assessment

Research & DevelopmentResearch &

Development

Undergraduate & Degree Programs

Undergraduate & Degree Programs

NSEE Information

Clearinghouse

NSEE Information

Clearinghouse

Professional DevelopmentProfessional DevelopmentNCLT

IntegratedProgram

Identify a problem.Propose, build, and test a solution to the problem. Redesign,based on results, to

improve the solution.

Identify a question.Propose an explanation. Create and perform an experiment to test thehypothesis. Based on

results, refine theexplanation.

a functional productGoal: an explanation

Design cycleInquiry cycleStudents complete hands-on, inquiry-basedactivitiesEach module culminates in a design challengeStudents simulate the work of scientists (through inquiry)and engineers (through design)

Introducing Nano Concepts at the Pre-College Level

The Inquiry-and-Design Model

NCLT Inquiry-and-Design

Real-WorldApplications

Traditional Science, Math,

and TechnologyCurriculum

Connections to the Real World

Introducing Nano Concepts at the Pre-College Level

R&D of age-appropriateNano Concepts and Content

Professional Development (Teacher Training)

Eval

uatio

n &

Ass

essm

ent

Teaching Nano Concepts in Classrooms

Students Learn NanoConcepts/ Applications

Impact on STEM Education

Pre-College Integration of NSE Concepts

Pre-College Nano Concept: Size Scale & Material Properties

Water at macro scale—a lubricant

Water at nano-micro scale—an adhesive

Concept:Concept: The size and dimension of objects/materials affect material properties and how we can use them.

Standards:Standards: NSES/5-8/B/1/a, Properties and changes of properties in matter; NSES/5-8/B/3/a, Transfer of energy; 2061/6-8/4D/1, The structure of matter; 2061/6-8/4E/4, Energy transformation; 2061/6-8/11D/1, Scale; 2061/6-8/12B/9,Computation and estimation

Pre-College Nano Concept: Surface Smoothness & Friction

Nanosphere Nanotube

bottom of an object

floor

Close-up view of friction between surfces:

Nanolubricants

Concept:Concept: Surface smoothness reduces friction.

Standards:Standards: NSES/5-8/B/2/c, Motions and forces; 2061/6-8/4F/3, Motion ; 2061/6-8/11D/1, Scale; 2061/6-8/12B/9, Computation and estimation

Pre-College Nano Concept:Size Scale & Dominant Force

Submicron-sized flour sticks to the sides of the measuring cup

What happens when we drop…?

…Spores Flour

Nano-particles

Van der Waals Forces

Concept:Concept: Electrostatic forces dominate in the nanoworld.

Standards:Standards: NSES/5-8/B/2/c, Motions and Forces; 2061/6-8/4E/4, Energy transformation; 2061/6-8/4G/1, Forces of Nature; 2061/6-8/11D/1, Scale; 2061/6-8/12B/9, Computation and estimation

Pre-College Nano Concept:Structure & Light Property

Concept:Concept: Material structure determines the absorption, transmission, and reflection of light.

Standards:Standards: NSES/5-8/B/3/a, Transfer of energy; 2061/6-8/4D/1, The structure of matter; 2061/6-8/4F/1-4, Motion; 2061/6-8/11D/1, Scale; 2061/6-8/12B/9,Computation and estimation

Pre-College Nano Concept:Surface Area & Chemical Reaction

Surface area increases while totalvolume remains constant

Honeycomb

Concept:Concept: Surface area affects the rate of chemical reaction.

Standards:Standards: NSES/5-8/B/1/a, Properties and changes of properties in matter; NSES/5-8/B/3/e, Transfer of energy; 2061/6-8/4D/1, The structure of matter; 2061/6-8/4E/4, Energy transformation; 2061/6-8/11D/1, Scale; 2061/6-8/12B/9,Computation and estimation

Pre-College Nano Concept: Nanoparticles in Colloids & Suspensions

Nanosized gas bubbles in a solid

Marshmallows/Whipped Cream

Gelatin/Jelly/Jam

Nanosized liquid clusters in a solid

Mayonnaise/Whole Milk

Nanosized liquid droplets in another liquid

Mist & AerosolsNanosized liquid droplets suspended in a gas

Stained GlassNanosized solid particles in a solid

SmokeNanosized solid particles suspended in a gas

Concept:Concept: Molecular clusters create unique properties.Standards:Standards: NSES/5-8/B/1/a, Properties and changes of properties in matter; NSES/5-8/B/3/a, Transfer of energy; 2061/6-8/4D/1, Structure of matter; 2061/6-8/4E/4, Energy transformation; 2061/6-8/11D/1, Scale; 2061/6-8/12B/9, Computation and estimation

Solutions Colloids Suspensions1 nm 100 nm

Keys Solar Rx Nano-Zincoxide

Application - SunscreenNano-dispersed zinc oxide (30 nm) provides protection against UVA and UVB rays and is transparent

• cosmetic clarity (no pasty white look) • higher SPF ratings• nongreasy, easy application

Wet Dreams sunscreenwith ZinClear ZnO

Grandel PR Vitamin Nano-Depot Day

Application: Water-repellent Surfaces

peach fuzz and the lotus leaf as inspiration

water droplet

In Nature, many small tubes or whiskers keep water and solid at minimal contact for superhydrophobia (extreme water repellency)

Application: Fabrics• spill proof• stain resistant• wrinkle free

Billions of nanowhiskers (10 nm long) create a thin cushion of air above the cotton fabric, smoothing out wrinkles and allowing liquids to bead up and roll off without a trace.

Levi’s Dockers Go Khaki with Stain DefenderEddie Bauer’s Nano-Care chinos

• water droplets form spherical globules • rough nanoscale surface picks up dirt• water and dirt roll off• biomimicry

Application: Self-cleaning Surfaces

self-cleaning window

A. The scale of matter determines its nature and properties.B. Dominant forces in the nanoworld are different from those in

the macro world.C. Materials and phenomena in the nanoscale may or may not

behave the same way as in the macroscale.D. The unique properties of nanomaterials can be used to

advance technology and improve quality of life.E. New concepts can be derived from interdisciplinarity and

complexity at the nano level.F. Geometry can have an impact on nano materials design and

applications.

Link to National Standards:Link to National Standards: (A, C) NSES/5-8/B/1/a, Properties and changes of properties in matter; 2061/6-8/4D/1, The structure of matter; 2061/6-8/11D/1, Scale; 2061/6-8/12B/9, Computation and estimation; 2061/9-12/11D/2, Scale. (B) 2061/6-8/4G/1, Forces of Nature; NSES/9-12/B/4/d, Motions and Forces. (D) NSES/5-8/F/5/d, Science and technology in society; NSES/9-12/E/2/b, Understanding about science and technology; 2061/9-12/8B/3,4, Materials and manufacturing. (E)NSES/5-8/F/5/d, Science and technology in society; NSES/9-12/G/1/a, Science as a human endeavor. (F)2061/9-12/9C/2, Shapes.

Some “Big” nano concepts and learning goals, relating to materials

Questions about Nanomaterials, Related Nanoconcepts Research & Linkages to Curricula

What makes them unique?

How can they be used?

How can they be made and characterized?

Manipulation of Light in the Nanoworld

Information Storage and Processing

Tools for Probing the Nanoworld

Physical Properties of Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials for Energy, Environment, and Pharmaceuticals

Design and Fabrication of Nanomaterials

•Work circle and research activities carried out Year 1

• Research Activities start Year 2

• Self-assembly/ Nanopatterning work circle launched Year 2

NanoConcepts introduced

NanoConcepts introduced

Linkage to ScienceCurricula

Linkage to Science Curricula

• Research Activities startYear 2

• Scanning Probe work circle and research activities carried out Yr. 1

•Work circle and research activities carried out Year 1

NCLT Pre-College Module: Nanomaterials

Application: Using TiO2 nano particles to Regenerate Clean H2O

TiO2 photocatalyst TiO2 -based, water treatment systemIndustrial waste water

International space station

Investigating: Changes in Surface to Volume Ratio

pellets powder

pellets

powder

Which form of polymer

absorbs water

faster?

Modeling with snap cubesLength

S.A

. / V

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 2 4 6 8 10

NCLT Pre-College Module: Manipulation of Light in the Nanoworld

Application: Creating Opal-like, Photonic Structures

Investigating: Light and Its Interaction with Nano Structures

Diffraction

Homemade CD-ROM spectroscope

Interference Reflection due to structure

Self-assembly of polystyrene nanoparticles

Artificial opalby design

Natural opal

Laboratory opals

Predict structure via simulation

TE

TM

TE

TM

Simulated opal structureLight wave

Total reflection

Light transmission

MacroModel

NanoInstrument

1 nm

Tips

10-1 m

10-4 m 10-4 m

10-2 m10-2 m

Cantilevers Samples

10-9 m

NaClCr2Hf

Macroscopic Models of Nano SPM Instruments

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

S1S2

S3S4

S5S6

S7S8

S9S10

S11S12

S13S14

S15S16

-9-8-7-6-5

-4-3-2-10123456789

1011121314151617

Deflection

Location

Location

16-1715-1614-1513-1412-1311-1210-119-108-97-86-75-64-53-42-31-20-1-1-0-2--1-3--2-4--3-5--4-6--5-7--6-8--7-9--8

Excel-based ImagingActivity Progression• Build Model AFM• Build Sample• Collect & Graph Data in Excel• Analyze Data & Discussion• Observe & Analyze Real C-AFM Image

Nathan Unterman*, Emma Tevaarwerk+, Marcel Gridnic*, Venkat Chandrasekhar+*Glenbrook North High School, +Northwestern University

Key Nano-Concepts:• Nanostructured materials can be measured with a nanosized tip.• Dominant Forces in the nanoworld are

different from those in the macroworld.

Nano-Day at Northwestern

National Science Education Standards (9-12)• A: Science as Inquiry (models)• B: Physical Science (structure of matter)• E: Science & TechnologyBenchmarks for Science Literacy (9-12)• 4D, Physical Setting,

“all matter is made up of atoms”

LEGO Models

Science Courses_____________

Engineering Courses

NanoConcepts

Research & Development

Deriving NewApplications &

DevelopingNanotechnology

Insert

College Level

College-Level Integration of NSE Concepts

NCLT Higher Education Initiatives• Nanomaterials Unit –

research on effectiveness of NSE curriculum in non-major course

• Faculty workshop (10 colleges/universities represented)

– Provided plans for incorporation into curriculum

– Partnerships forming for Degree programs & Certification

• Development of courses on NCLT Cyberinfrastructure

College-Level Integration of NSE Concepts

Nanofabrication

Top-down Approach: Chisel away material to make nanoscale objects

Bottom-up Approach: Assemble nanoscaleobjects out of even smaller units (e.g., atoms and molecules)

Ultimate Goal: Dial in the properties that you want by designing and building at the scale of nature (i.e., the nanoscale)

College-Level Integration of NSE Concepts

Molecular electronics(e-beam lithography)

Ferromagnetic/super-conducting devices (e-beam

lithography)

1 μm

PHOTORESIST

SiO2 LAYER

Si3N4 LAYER

Si SUBSTRATE

1 PREPAREDSi WAFER

PROJECTEDLIGHT

RETICLE(OR MASK)

2

3

LENS

PATTERNS ARE PROJECTEDREPEATEDLY ONTO WAFER

EXPOSEDPHOTORESISTIS REMOVED

AREAS UNPROTECTEDBY PHOTORESIST ARE

ETCHED BY GASES

4

5

6

DOPEDREGION

IONS SHOWER THE ETCHEDAREAS, DOPING THEM

METALCONNECTOR

NEW PHOTORESIST IS SPUNON WAFER AND STEPS 2 TO 4

ARE REPEATED

SIMILAR CYCLE IS REPEATEDTO LAY DOWN METAL LINKS

BETWEEN TRANSISTORS

Top-Down: Photolithography

College-Level Integration of NSE Concepts

Top-Down: Nanoimprint Lithography1. Imprint

• Press Mold

2. Pattern Transfer• RIE

• Remove Mold

Mold

Resist

Substrate

College-Level Integration of NSE Concepts

Top-Down: Nanosphere Lithography

College-Level Integration of NSE Concepts

Bottom-Up: Carbon Nanotube Synthesis

100 nm

College-Level Integration of NSE Concepts

Bottom-Up: Molecular Self-Assembly

Supramolecular rodcoil“mushrooms”

Supramolecular rodcoilnanoribbons

Polythiophene wires

• Spontaneous organization of molecules into stable, structurally well-defined aggregates (nanometer length scale).

• Molecules can be transported to surfaces through liquids to form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs).

College-Level Integration of NSE Concepts

Dip Pen Nanolithography

College-Level Integration of NSE Concepts

The Cascade Approach to Teaching

Both levels benefit:• Freshmen must master nano content in

order to teach it. • Freshmen are highly motivated to help

younger students and communicate very well with them

• Middle Schoolers get exciting new materials that are age-appropriate.

College-Level Integration of NSE Concepts

College Course: Nanoscale Engineering Design & CommunicationFreshmen

EngineeringStudents

+Middle School

Teachers+

Challenge: Develop Tools/Materials to Teach Nano Concepts to Middle School Students

Results— A win-win situation! Freshmen are very innovative & come up with great ideas, including a nano card game, a video game, design projects and activities.

• Card Game designed by College Freshmen for Middle School Students

• Reinforces Surface-to-Volume Ratio• Reinforces Powers of 10 and Scientific

Notation

Example of the Cascade ApproachNanocos: The Game of Nanotechnology Concepts

Designed by: Joey Hsu, Lee Lamers, Siu-Hin Wan, Stephen WylieCopyright: NCLT, Northwestern University EDC 18.2

Object Cards

Microscope Cards

Carbon Cards

Action Cards

Example of the Cascade ApproachNanocos: A Nano Card Game for Middle School Students

Copyright: NCLT, Northwestern University

NanoEducation Clearinghouse

NanoCourses NanoLectures Nanoconcepts

NSE Research Posters

Search

http://www.nclt.us

For all levels: NSE Simulations

Interactive nanoconcept simulations designed by Professors and Post-Doctorates at the cutting edge of nanoscale science and engineering for use in the classroom.

The simulations bring research taking place in the lab now to the classroom today.

Nanoconcept simulations are developed for highschool, college and graduate school levels. Suggestions for how to integrate these simulations with existing courses are included.

Photonic Bandgap Crystal Simulation

- Here showing incident light at 560 nm being blocked by the crystal.

- Created by Boyang Liu & Prof. Ho, Northwestern University

Simulations are used within the NCLT Clearinghouse Nanomodules. Each Nanomodule can be thought of as a dynamic book chapter designed around one particular topic within the six main themes of the NCLT, such as “The Manipulation of Light at the Nanoscale”.

Detection of Surface Plasmon WavesMaxim Sukharev, Ph.D. & Prof. Tamar Seideman

DESCRIPTION:

Surface plasmon waves are charge density waves occurring at an interface between a thin metallic film and an insulator medium. Two conditions are needed for the excitation of plasmon waves:

* The dielectric constant of the non-metal medium should be real and positive;

* The real part of the metal dielectric constant should be negative and its absolute value should be greater than its imaginary part;

The wave can be thought of as having a section in the thin film and a section out of the film, at the insulator/metal interface, much like an ocean wave has part of the wave unseen inside the ocean, while another part of the wave is seen at the ocean/horizon interface.

For all levels: NSE Simulations

NSE Modules

The Nanomodules should get students excited about learning Science and understanding the world around them. Making it possible for them to understand both natural phenomenon and the products they use everyday.

NanoModulesNM: Surface Area

/Volume

NM: DiffractionLimit

NM: Magneticdipoles

NM: Photonicband gap

SC: Optics

SC: Magnetism

Science Concepts

+Students’Curiosity,

Discovery & Innovation

=

NewUnderstanding

& Application

of Concepts

NSE Courses

Complete nanoscale science and engineering courses taught by university professors.

These courses include videos of the lectures, lecture notes, assignments and syllabi.

Such lectures are being integrated into other courses or used directly at other universities and colleges. They are also open to the public to be a clear source of information about nanoscience and nanotechnology. Prof. Hersam teaches a

nanomaterials course

NSE Course Modules

Focused, smaller lecture series on one particular topic in nanoscale science and engineering education.

These mini- courses include videos of the lectures, lecture notes, and other explanations.

Being focused, Nano modules are good discussions of nanoscience and technology and may for example serve graduate students who are looking to learn principles and techniques of advanced scanning probe microscopy.

Prof. Lauhon teaches a module on principles of Atomic Force Microscopy.

NSE Lecture Series

Seminar videos from experts from around the globe focusing on both the laboratory results and educational methods of nanoscale science and engineering.

Recent results, and innovative teaching methods are presented as real-time web broadcasts, allowing a question and answer format for the audience. Videos are then permanently displayed at the NanoEdClearinghouse. Dr. Sands discusses nanowires

and their impact on thermopower technology.

Global Challenges in Nano Education• Help students visualize nano

phenomena and grasp nano-concepts using new tools and methods

• Use nano as a hook to get students interested in science & engineering

• Offer teachers effective professional development & lab experience!

• Partner with teachers & schools to integrate new content into existing curricula

• Develop new learning standards for nano concepts

Global Approaches: Taiwan

• K-12 Nanotechnology Program established by Ministry of Education in 2002

• Five regional centers where university faculty work with pre-college students and teachers

Taiwan is very active in Nano-education:

• New website showcases educational activities and resources

http://www.nano.edu.tw

• Teachers wrote a book to train other teachers & instruct the general public(Nanotechnology Symphony-Physics, Chemistry, and Biology)

Taiwan is using new media and informal methods

• A comic book (Nano BlasterMan) for middle school students. (Superhero "Nano BlasterMan" uses the power of nanotechnology to fight evil.)

• An animated film “A Fantastic Journey for Nana and Nono” in Chinese with Chinese and English subtitles.

Global Approaches: Taiwan

European Commission: Investment in PeopleEuropean Commission: Investment in PeopleIn 2004 around 15% (55M€) was invested in nano research-training via the Framework Programme

Training15%

Research, Demonstration,

Others85%

~90% Marie Curie~10% Other Projects

Slide courtesy of Dr. Bruno Schmitz, European Commission

Global Approaches: Europe

Slide courtesy of Prof. Gonçal Badenes, ICFO – The Institute of Photonic Sciences & MEC – Spanish Ministry of Education and Science

Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Master’s Program (Spain) • Highly inter-

disciplinary: combines physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, pharmacy and engineering

• Coordinated effort by multiple institutions

• Adapted to the European Spacefor Higher Education

Global Cooperation in Science Education

Exciting new content and professional development models are being developed worldwide - we can share best practices!

Young researchers must develop global leadership capabilities in order to lead future education initiatives!

Expand access to research facilities for hands-on experience; The cascade approachcan improve grasp of nano concepts.

Priorities Timeline

Pre-college level+ 15-20 years

Undergraduate level

+ 10-15 years

Graduate level

+ 5-10 years

Organized by:

Sponsored by:

Third GNN Development Workshop May 26-27, 2005

Saarbrücken, Germany

A Global Network for Nano Learning -Global Nanotechnology Network

GNN Education Strand

Participants from 25 countries + EC (Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, U.K., U.S.)

Flagship Initiative of the GNNCo-sponsored by the US NSF and NSC of Taiwan20 GSAS Scholars9 Prominent Global Experts serving as lecturers and mentors250 Registered ObserversWinning team will be hosted by ITRI and/or Academia SinicaNegotiations underway to hold future GSAS Sessions

First GSAS Session Taiwan, September 2006