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¿Que es un metal traza (o metal pesado)? 1. Químicamente corresponden a los elementos de transición, pero también se incluyen elementos no metálicos i.e., Al (III); Pb(IV); As(V), Se(VI) 2. Tienen con una densidad > 5 g/cm 3 3. Su concentración en sedimentos es muy baja (< 0,1%) 4. Son escenciales y tóxicos
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Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

Oct 04, 2018

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Page 1: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

¿Que es un metal traza (o metal pesado)?1. Químicamente corresponden a los elementos de

transición, pero también se incluyen elementos no metálicos i.e., Al (III); Pb(IV); As(V), Se(VI)

2. Tienen con una densidad > 5 g/cm3

3. Su concentración en sedimentos es muy baja (< 0,1%)

4. Son escenciales y tóxicos

Page 2: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 3: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 4: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

The Problem of Metals• Metals are potentially dangerous because they can

affect enzymatic functions and the nervous system

• Anthropogenic activities contribute to their accumulation in the environment

• Metals are not biodegradable

=> What is the toxic species and how much?

=> What is the residence time?

Page 5: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

Analytical Speciation(multi-techniques)

Probe(water

column)

Lander,ROV

(sediment)

Fe, MnCu, Pb, Cd, Zn

voltammetricmicro-

electrodes

total analysis

filtration,dialyzers

Sampling(sediment,

water column)

In situ

SupportedLiquid

Membrane

Chromato-graphy

(ion exch.;size fraction.)

total analysis

Extractions(Dissolved

phase)

visualizationcomposition

TEM-EDS(micro-

particles)

bond lengthredox

EXAFS

Particles

Laboratory

Total analysis: ICP-MS or GFAAS

– few techniques available

– speciation is operationally defined

– artifacts due to sampling and handling

Page 6: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

In Situ Voltammetric Measurements

Page 7: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

Design of in situ sensors

• Reliable, automatic measurements• Simple, compact, low-cost• Minimization of artifacts• Multi-element analysis• High sensitivity (1 pM to 100 nM)• Speciation capabilities• Microsensors

100 µm diameter Au

0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 -1.2 -1.4 -1.6 -1.80

50

100

150

200

250

-0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 -0.8 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.2

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

Lake SedimentFe2+ + Hg + 2e- -> Fe(Hg)

Mn2+ + Hg + 2e- -> Mn(Hg)

I - [n

A]

Marine Sediment

E - [V]

H2S + Hg -> HgS + 2e- + 2H+

I - [n

A]

Page 8: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 9: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 10: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 11: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 12: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 13: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

Atmósfera

Columna de agua

Sedimento

Interfase Océano-atmósfera

InterfaseAgua-sedimento

Aportes continentales

Procesos autigénicos

Acumulación

SISTEMA MARINO COMO AMBIENTE

Page 14: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 15: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

Ciclos Biogeoquimicos: Elementos Traza

Page 16: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 17: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 18: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 19: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 20: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 21: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 22: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

Published by AAAS

Page 23: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

Published by AAAS

F. M. M. Morel et al., Science 300, 944 -947 (2003)

Vertical profiles of dissolved zinc (43) and iron (44) concentrations in the north Pacific Ocean

Page 24: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 25: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 26: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 27: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 28: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

Published by AAAS

F. M. M. Morel et al., Science 300, 944 -947 (2003)

Fig. 2. (A) Examples of release of complexing agents and metal ligand complexes from marine

plankton: CdX, phytochelatin-Cd complex released by diatoms (25); CuY, peptide

complexes of Cu released by coccolithophorids (26); CuZ, unidentified Cu ligand complex released by Synechococcus (27, 28); sid,

siderophore released by heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria (17); L, unidentified Co

complexing agent released by Prochlorococcus (29); C, Cys; E, Glu; G, Gly; Q, Gln; and R, Arg

Page 29: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

Published by AAAS

F. M. M. Morel et al., Science 300, 944 -947 (2003)

Fig. 3. (A) A diagram of the nitrogen cycle, illustrating the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step

Page 30: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 31: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 32: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 33: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 34: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

INTRODUCCION

FINANCIAMIENTO MINERA ESCONDIDA LIMITADA

Page 35: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 36: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

PRODUCCION PRIMARIA

FLUJO DE PARTICULAS

QUÍMICA MT

LIMITACIONNUTRIENTES/TOXICO

ADSORCION/DESORCION

PRODUCCION PARTICULAS

SITUACIÓN OCEANOS

Procesos Interfases Situación realOcéanos

Page 37: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

IonComplejoQueladoMolécula

ColoideAdsorbidoSuspendido

Estado del Metal(Especie química)

Inorgánico

Orgánico

Soluble

Particulado

Minerales ArcillososCarbonatosOxi-hidróxidosOrgánicos y SulfurosDetrito Mineral

Me Total)P = Σ Fracciones

Page 38: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 39: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 40: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

LA FASE “TRANSPORTADORA”Fases orgánicas : ácidos húmicos y fúlvicos

Material orgánico sólido

Fases carbonatadas

Fases Fe y Mn

Fases detríticas/no detríticas

Fases autigénicas/litogénica

Adsorción e intercambio iónico

Page 41: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

MEDIO

EXPOSICIÓN

ORGANISMO

INTERFASEAGUA OSEDIMENTO

METABOLISMO HOMEOSTASIS

•Forma Química•Concentración(Actividad)•Compartimiento•Tiempo Residencia

•Incorporación•Tasa de Encuentro•Eficiencia

Función al nivelde Órganos o Celular.

DISPONIBILIDAD AMBIENTAL

BIODISPONIBILIDAD AMBIENTAL BIODISPONIBILIDAD

TOXICOLOGICA/ FARMACOLOGICA

Organos y Celulas

Page 42: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 43: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 44: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 45: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes
Page 46: Introduccion Elementos traza - UdeC Elementos traza… · Analytical Speciation (multi-techniques) Probe (water column) Lander, ROV (sediment) Fe, Mn Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn voltammetric micro-electrodes

Inventario Inventario (mg Cu cm-2) (mg Pb cm-2)

Entradas

Advección(1) 0,004 0,02

Transporte atmosférico(2) 0,210 0,05

Aporte Antropogénico(3) 0,410 0,090,624 0,16

Salidas

Acumulación en sedimentos 0,624 0,16

(1): Asume 100% de remoción de Cu y Pb desde columna de agua(2): Estimado a partir del nivel pre-industrial(3). Estimado por diferencia (ver texto)