Intro: What is a Macromolecule? Organic molecules all contain Carbon. They are huge molecules called polymers and are subdivided into their basic units.

Intro:What is a Macromolecule?

• Organic molecules all contain Carbon.

• They are huge molecules called polymers and are subdivided into their basic units called monomers. 

Macromolecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.

– Monomers are the individual subunits.

– Polymers are made of many monomers.

Carbon is the skeleton of all organic molecules!

•Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.

•Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates:Carbohydrates:Carbon, Hydrogen, OxygenCarbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

CHOCHO

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

•Small sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large starch moleculeslarge starch molecules.

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonoMonosaccharide: saccharide: oneone sugar sugar unitunit

glucose (glucose (C6H12O6) is blood sugar

glucoseglucose

YUM!

DiDisaccharide: saccharide: twotwo sugar unitssugar units

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

PolyPolysaccharide: saccharide: manymany sugar unitssugar units

Starch!

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

cellulosecellulose

Carbohydrate Function

- Used for Energy

- Some provide structure

Carbohydrate Examples

Monosaccharides

Glucose - Blood Sugar

Deoxyribose - In DNA

Fructose - Fruit Sugar

Galactose - Milk Sugar

glucoseglucose

DiDisaccharide: saccharide: twotwo sugar unitsugar unit

Examples: Examples: –Maltose Maltose (glucose+glucose) in (glucose+glucose) in maltmalt

–Sucrose Sucrose (glucose+fructose) is (glucose+fructose) is sugarsugar

–Lactose Lactose (glucose+galactose) in (glucose+galactose) in milkmilk

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

PolyPolysaccharide: saccharide: manymany sugar unitssugar units

Examples:Examples:starch (rice, potatoes, starch (rice, potatoes, cereal)cereal)

glycogen (starch in the glycogen (starch in the liver)liver)

cellulose (lettuce, wood, cellulose (lettuce, wood, fibers)fibers)

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

cellulosecellulose

cotton

Lipids

Lipid Facts:

•Fats and oils are neutral, non-polar.

•Not soluble in water.

• A Neutral Fat is a Triglyceride

• 3 Tails of Fatty Acid are attached to One glycerol molecule.

• Fork-like shape:

Lipid Structure:

This is a model of 1 triglyceride (don’t write this).

(Lipid monomers)

SaturatedFatty Acid

UnsaturatedFatty Acid

How are oils different from fats?

Solid fat

Liquid oil

Saturated Fat Facts

• Saturated fats are solid at room temp.

• Fats come from animals.

• All Carbons are “saturated” with Hydrogen

• “Hydrogenated oils”

Unsaturated Fats/OIL Facts

• Some C=C bonds• Less Hydrogen, some

Carbons are unsaturated with H.

• Liquid at room temp.• Oils come from plants

Lipid FunctionsSix Functions of Lipids:

1. Long term energy storage

2. Insulation against heat loss (blubber)

3. Shock absorption

4. Prevents water loss

5. Chemical messengers ( steroid hormones)

6. Major component in membranes

(phospholipids)

Lipid Examples

1. Fats

2. Oils

3. Waxes (bees wax)

4. Phospholipids (cell membranes)

5. Steroids and cholesterol

Proteins

Proteins (Polypeptides)

-Amino acids: 20 different types

-Bonded together by a peptide bond to make polypeptides

Protein Examples

ENZYMES!!!!

Hemoglobin - in your blood

Muscles

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids-Two Types:

- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA - double helix)

- Ribonucleic acid (RNA - single strand)

- Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides

- Nucleotides make up DNA

- DNA stores genetic information

- RNA builds proteins