Intro to Marine Science - westex.org to...Intro to Marine Science ... Ferdinand Magellan became the first man to sail around the ... PowerPoint Presentation Author: Martin, Timothy

Intro to Marine

Science

1.Geological Oceanography – Sediments,

formation, rocks and minerals.

2.Physical Oceanography – Waves, tides, and

currents.

3.Chemical Oceanography – Salinity, dissolved

gasses, and nutrients.

4.Biological Oceanography – life and

interactions. We spend 2/3 of our time on this

section.

BUT BEFORE WE HAD THE KNOWLEDGE WE HAVE

TODAY……We had to start somewhere

Why did ancient

explorers

navigate the

oceans?

"There's probably more history now preserved

underwater than in all the museums of the world

combined. And there's no law governing that history.

It's finders keepers."

— Robert Ballard, Ocean Researcher

HOW DID THEY KNOW WHERE THE

HECK THEY WERE GOING?

5000 BC – 800 AD

-The first civilizations to interact with the oceans were unknown,

but tools used for fishing have been dated back to as early as

5000 BC.

-The Egyptians were the first to make a recorded sea voyage in

3200 BC. They were also the first to begin voyages dedicated to

exploration.

In fact, one of the Great Pyramids contains the ruins of an

entire ship!

5000 BC – 800 AD (CONT’D)

-Ancient Phoenicians (near modern-day Libya) were the

creators of the oldest recorded ship wreck, 1200 BC. Their

motivation was believed to be trade.

-Around 1000 BC, Polynesians (South Pacific Islanders) were

traveling thousands of miles across the Pacific in canoes carved

from trees to trade. They developed double hulled boats also.

-Early methods used for navigation:

Astronomy

Visual Landmarks

Birds

Currents

Smell

Other Animals

5000 BC – 800 AD (CONT’D)-The Greeks were the first to involve Mathematics to help create

maps for navigation.

-Pytheas discovered the ability to track tides using moon phases,

and how to navigate using the North Star as a guide.

-Herodotus created the one of the first world maps in 450 BC.

-Eratosthenes was the first to calculate Earth’s circumference

and also to create a grid system of long/lat.

-Hipparchus improved on the long/lat system. It uses degrees of

set distance to navigate. 127 BC.

-Strabo was the first to publish a world map in a written text. His

work showed the progression of maps over tens of years.

PTOLEMY-First to create a map that represented the Earth as a sphere on

a flat piece of paper.

-Improved on Hipparchus’ long/lat system, adding more precise

lines between the basic lines of degrees.

LATITUDE/LONGITUDE

equator

prime meridian

0º Latitude = equator (flatitude)

0º Longitude = prime meridian

THE MIDDLE AGES – 800 AD TO 1400 AD- Sometimes also referred to as the Dark Ages because so little

was achieved in the fields of geography and science. A

- A focus on religion took center stage during the Middle Ages.

- Viking voyages were the only significant ones during this time.

Their major contributions came with advancements in ship

anatomy and structure.

- Chinese explorers developed the first compass near 1000 AD,

as it was referenced in several pieces of literature.

- They also kept maps of extensive trade routes along the East

Asian Coastlines.

1400-1700: EXPLORATION BOOMAKA the Renaissance period in Europe.

Economics, politics, and religion were the motivating factors

behind the rebirth of ocean exploration.

Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal was the first to attempt to

find a route to the east around the southern tip of Africa. He did

not succeed, but brought back valuable information.

Vasco da Gama finally accomplished

the feat nearly 20 years after Henry.

He led the first voyage around Africa

to India.

THE NEW WORLD

Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the America’s.

He was actually looking for another route to Asia and

accidentally landed in the Caribbean. (1492)

Amerigo Vespucci was the first to actually announce the

America’s as a new continent. (1507)

Vasco Nunez de Balboa led an expedition to sail through the

Isthmus of Panama, leading to the Pacific Ocean. (Early 1500s)

Ferdinand Magellan became the first man to sail around the

world. 242 of his 260 men died during the trip, including

Magellan himself during a fight with islanders in the Philippines.

Francis Drake was an English explorer who was paid to raid

Spanish ships in the Americas and bring back their fortunes.

THE TRUE BIRTH OF MARINE SCIENCE (1700-1900)With the expansion of England, Spain and France globally, they

began to compete for knowledge of the Oceans that would

give them a political advantage.

James Cook

Led the first ever expeditions solely motivated by science and

exploration.

His explorations led to the invention of the chronometer, a clock

that was not affected by the movement of the sea.

He spent the end of his life searching for a mythical southern

continent, but never succeeded.

US EXPEDITIONS

Charles Wilkes was the commander of the US Exploring Expedition

in 1836. His objective was to explore the Southern Oceans important

to trade and whaling.

His expedition proved the existence and location of Antarctica, an

documented 17 books worth of maps, pictures, and descriptions.

Matthew Maury known as the father of physical oceanography. He

was the first to hypothesize and map global currents and winds.

Charles Darwin was the naturalist aboard the H.M.S.

Beagle. This is where he began his work on evolution.

CHALLENGER EXPEDITION

Possibly the greatest Marine Science expedition of all time. The journey

of the Challenger took 4 years to complete. Accomplishments

include:

-The deepest sonar readings to map the ocean floor.

-Used a towing device to capture creatures deeper than ever before.

-Sampled and illustrated microscopic organisms of the ocean.

-Cataloged 4,717 new species.

It took 23 years for the findings to be published in a volume of books

that was 29,500 pages long.

TWENTIETH CENTURY-PRESENT DAYAdvancements in engines and metal ship hulls allowed explorers to be

more efficient travelers.

More elaborate research equipment allowed scientists to study

chemical, physical, biological, and geographic science all at once.

Eventually, submersibles and SCUBA gear allowed explorers to venture

underwater to view the deep ocean with their own eyes.

Bathysphere- steel ball with

window and “umbilical cord”

bringing oxygen.

Bathyscaphe – similar to a

bathysphere, but attached to a free

moving buoy instead of a boat.

Deep-diving

submersibles –

cannot go as deep

as bathyscaphes,

but are more

maneuverable.

SCUBA – SELF-CONTAINED

UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS

Although the first underwater breathing apparatus was created as

early as 375 AD, Jacques Cousteau created the first practical SCUBA

in 1943, similar to what is used today.

"The future is in the hands of those

who explore... and from all the

beauty they discover while crossing

perpetually receding frontiers, they

develop for nature and for

humankind an infinite love."

FINALLY, THE ROBOTS…

ROV’s- Remote-operated Vehicles

– unmanned vehicles that can go

to extreme depths.

AUV’s- Autonomous Underwater

Vehicles – don’t require a

constant operator. Can be set to

complete a goal and complete it

on their own.