Intro To Flying Insects

1. Introduction to Flying Insects

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• Flying insects carry disease and if not properly controlled can cause contamination within the food chain

• In non-food areas, they give rise to the perception that the hygiene at a particular location is poorly managed

• It is important to ensure a proactive flying insect control programmes is in place as part of the wider pest control strategy

Introduction to Flies

Flies are insects of the order Diptera.

In the order Diptera there are over 3500 species.

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Introduction to Flies

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Under optimal conditions a pair of house flies can produce 191 quintillion (191,000,000,000,000,000,000) in 4 months

Introduction to Flies

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A house fly can travel between 1.5 and 3kms in a day

Introduction to Flies

• The average life cycle is between 8 days to 2 months

• House flies watch each other constantly and follow each other to find food sources

• Flies spread diseases quickly because they move from rotting disease laden garbage, to utensils and foods

Fly FactsThe lifecycle of a fly

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• Wings• Legs• Abdomen• Compound Eye• Antennae• Thorax • Hairs• Sponge like mouth parts

Fly FactsTypical Anatomy

Flying Insects A compound eye• Flies eyes feature thousands

of receptors.

• The images that they see is a sum of all the pictures from each receptor

• Flies have a very wide sphere of view due to this and can detect very fast movement

They are known to carry pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Listeria & E-Coli.

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The Danger of Flies

• The common house fly can carry up to 1.9 million bacteria on its body

• Up to 33 million micro-organisms flourish in a fly’s gut

• Flies deposit thousands of bacterium every time they land

• For every fly you see, 19 more are hidden from view

Salmonella E. Coli Cholera

Typhoid Dysentery Tuberculosis

Fly Facts: Flying insects as Vectors of disease

What is foodborne illness? How does food become contaminated• Eating or drinking contaminated food and

drinks can lead to a foodborne illness.

• In instances where two or more people get sick from the same food or drink source this is classed as a foodborne illness outbreak.

• The three main ways food becomes contaminated are:

• Microbiological; Chemical; Physical

Microbiological

Chemical

Physical

• Despite the United States having one of the safest food systems in the world, the Federal Government and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that there are about 48 million cases of foodborne illnesses annually

• This is the equivalent of:• 1 in 6 Americans becoming sick, • An estimated 128,000 people being

hospitalised• 3,000 deaths

Source FDA - What You Need to Know About Foodborne Illness-Causing Organisms in the U.S. http://www.fda.gov/food/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm103263.htm

Flying insects and disease in the USA

• Each year food-borne illnesses cost the United States an estimated $152 billion in health-related expenses.

• This equates to $1,850 on average per illness.

Source: Business Week - Food borne illnesses in US cost $152 billion http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/healthday/636595.html

Flying insects and disease in the USA

• 11 million people in Canada suffer foodborne illness each year. This costs nearly $1.1 billion

• The number of foodborne illnesses from Salmonella and E- coli are greater in Canada than America

• More than half of all foodborne illnesses are picked up in restaurants, cafeterias and other food service providers.

Sources: Costs of acute bacterial foodborne disease in Canada and the United States. International Journal of Microbiology http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2701860 The Globe and Mail - Higher rate of foodborne illness in Canada than US: report – http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/higher-rate-of-food-borne-illness-in-canada-than-us-report/article2331264

Flying insects and disease in Canada

• Reducing foodborne illnesses by 10% would keep 5 million Americans from getting sick each year,

• Preventing a single case of E-coli O157:H7 would save an estimated $7 million

CDC and Food Safety - http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/PDFs/CDC-and-Food-Safety.pdf

Fly Facts:The potential effects of reducing foodborne illness

House Fly Face Fly Fruit Fly Flesh Fly Drain FlyMusca Domestica Musca autumnalis Drosophilia

MelanogasterSarcophagidea rudis Psychoda alternata

Say

6-7mm in length 6mm in length 3mm in length 12mm in length 3mm in lengthMedium to dark grey in color

Medium to dark grey in color

Tan color, red eyes Medium to dark grey in color

Brownish grey to black color

Breed around garbage and decaying fruit and vegetables

Breed in fresh cow manure

Breed wherever food is allowed to rot. Over ripened fruit and vegetables

Breed around animal carcasses and human excrement

Breed around drains and wet areas such as sinks and shower trays

Can trasmit E. coli, Salmonella, and Typhoid

Transmits pinkeye and Thelazia worms to cattle

Associated with Salmonella and E. coli.

In close contact with E.coli, salmonella and Vibrio choleae

In contact with Bacillus spores, Salmonella and Shigella

Common Flies

Electromagnetic spectrum

Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd.,Box 178, Houston, TX 77030

Filth Fly Peak Eye Sensitivity

House fly (Musca domestica)340-360nm

Lesser House fly (Fannia canicularis)340-350nm

Bluebottle fly (Calliphora vomitoria)344nm

Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)345-375nm

What does a fly see?

What we see.What a fly sees

The basics of flying insect attraction:How UVA is produced

• UVA bulbs are used in Insect light traps to attract flies.

• These bulbs are designed in a very similar way as normal fluorescent lights, except that a different phosphor is used on the inside of the tube, which emits UV instead of visible light.

T8 15W lamp

Above: Image of a Brandenburg TT insect light trap taken with a UV camera

Insect Light Traps:Important Considerations

• Response to light varies with the insect and conditions.

• Flies do not see ILTs more than 30 meters away.

• Response increases greatly within 3-4 meters.

• Response can be delayed – flies may ignore a trap for a while before becoming attracted.

• Flies demonstrate intermittent periods of being attracted to ILTs.

• Most flies fly in a zone within 2 meters from the floor (consider this when placing Insect light traps).

Flies may not be responsive to an ILT until they have been inside for quite some time.

What are the key factors in an Insect Light Trap (ILT)?

• Studies* have shown that the degree of attraction increases with increasing light intensity, and also with increased size of the UV-emitting area.

“Brightness and size of the UV-target were the two most important parameters influencing catch”*

* Pickens,LG; Thimijan,RW (1986): Design parameters that affect the performance of UV-emitting traps in attracting house flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

From Attraction to Capture

• Once attracted towards an insect light trap, a flying insect will be killed or captured.

• The two most common methods for capture or kill are:

• High voltage grid for killing flying insects (not suitable for areas of food preparation/service)

• Control or sticky board – for capturing flying insects whole

• Further details on which type of insect light trap is appropriate are available

Any Questions?

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