INTRO :- FROM WHERE WE CAN OBTAIN WATER IN DESIRED QUALITY & QUANTITY FOR REQUIRED PERIOD OF TIME SOURCES OF WATER.

INTRO :- FROM WHERE WE CAN OBTAIN WATER IN

DESIRED QUALITY & QUANTITY FOR REQUIRED

PERIOD OF TIME

SOURCES OF WATER

SURFACE SOURCE

SUB-SURFACE SOURCE

TYPES OF SOURCES OF WATER

SURFACE WATER SOURCE

RAINFALL (PRECIPITATION)………………..1. RIVER………………..2. LAKES………………..3. STREAMS………………..4. PONDS………………..5. IMPONDED RESERVOIRS

WATER CYCLE

CLOUDSSUN

PERCOLATION

EVAPORATION

LAKE

SEA

RAINFALL (PRECIPITATION)

GROUND PERCOLATION = 50%

SURFACE RUN-OFF = 50 %…………15 – 20 % surface supply………….30 – 35 % evaporation

NATURAL SURFACE SOURCES

FLOWING SOURCES – ………………………RIVERS & STREAMS

NON–FLOWING SOURCES – ………………………LAKES & PONDS

ARTIFICIAL SURFACE SOURCES

IMPONDED RESERVOIR

RAINN WATER DUPMS

IMPONDED RESERVOIR

WATER RETAINING STRUCTURE

IMPONDED ESERVOIR

Def. – An artificial structure constructed across the valley containing water course to impound or store the water stream so that it may be used for water supply.

It has 3 parts…….1. Dam to hold the water2. Spillway to release the extra water3. Gates to regulate the flow of water supply

LOCATION FACTORS

# Quantity of water# Quality of water# Shortest dam size# Suitable elevation (height)# density & distribution of population around

catchment area# Location of consumer population# Location of nearby highways, electric lines,

bridges, rail lines etc. # Geological stability

QUALITY V/S QUANTITY OF SURFACE WATER

- Ensure quantity first

- Availability for longer period

- Up streams can give good quality water

- Surface waters are more contaminated

SUB-SURFACE WATER

Definition :- It is the available stock of water

under the ground surface in flowing or static condition due the continuous percolation of rain water or water from surface sources like river or lakes. It is also called under-ground water. It is a natural phenomenon.

OCCURANCE OF SUB-SURFACE WATER

Depends upon……..

…..Amount & intensity of rainfall

…..Distribution of rainfall

……Slope of ground

…..Permeability of ground surface

QUALITY V/S QUANTITY OF SUB-SURFACE WATER

OLD VIEW – GROUND WATER IS PURE

MODERN VIEW – NO NATURAL SOURCE IS PURE

SUB-SURFACE SOURCE OF WATER

SPRINGS

WELLS

ARTESIAN WELL

INFILTERATION GALLARIES

INFILTERATION WELLS

SPRINGS

OPEN WELL

ARTESIAN WELL

CHOICE OF SOURCE FORWATER SUPPLY SCHEME

1. LOCATION OF WATER SOURCE

2. QUANTITY OF WATER

3. QUALITY OF WATER

4. THE COST OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

TUBE WELL

INTAKES

RESERVOIR INTAKE

RIVER INTAKE

CANAL INTAKE

LAKE INTAKE