INTRODUCTION Labour has an important role to play in the economic development of any country. Labour includes all the efforts made by man to a living. There fore it is necessary to safeguard the interests of the labourers in order to enhance their productive efficiency. The purpose of adopting the welfare measures to bring about the development of the whole personality of the worker, his social, Psychological, Economic, Moral, Culture and intellectual excellence. This will shape him to be a good worker and a responsible citizen of this country. Labour Welfare is a broad term which includes Social security, Medical facilities, Crèches, Canteen 7
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INTRODUCTION
Labour has an important role to play in the economic
development of any country. Labour includes all the efforts made
by man to a living. There fore it is necessary to safeguard the
interests of the labourers in order to enhance their productive
efficiency.
The purpose of adopting the welfare measures to bring
about the development of the whole personality of the worker,
his social, Psychological, Economic, Moral, Culture and
intellectual excellence. This will shape him to be a good worker
and a responsible citizen of this country.
Labour Welfare is a broad term which includes Social
security, Medical facilities, Crèches, Canteen facilities,
Recreation, Housing facilities, Educational facilities and Transport
facilities.
Rapid industrialization and urbanization have made
employees dependent on capitalists. Inflation has made their lot
poor and they find it difficult to maintain their standard of life. In
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such situation employee welfare facilities enable workers to live a
richer and more satisfactory life.
Labour comprises all human efforts of body and mind, which
is exchanged for a consideration in cash or kind or both. Labour
has an important role to play in the economic development of
any country. Labour includes all the efforts made by man to earn
a living. Therefore it is necessary to safeguard the interest of the
labour in order to enhance their productive efficiency.
Welfare in a broad concept, it refers to a condition of living
of an individual or group, in a desirable and happy state of
relationship with the whole environment-ecological, economical
and social. Ecological welfare means environment friendly
existence, ecological balance, pollution free existence and proper
sanitation. Social welfare is the prevention of discrimination
based on caste, creed, sex, establishment of equity and earning
safety, health and social security. Economic welfare means
increasing individual earning and at the same time promoting
economic development of society by increasing production,
productivity, and quality of product and services.
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The productivity and quality of production in country
depend upon the availability of efficient labour force. Generally
the efficiency of labour depends on the attitude of the
management and the welfare measures extend to them.
Labour welfare is a broad term which includes social
security, medical facilities, canteen facilities, housing facilities,
educational facilities, transport facilities, etc.,
VARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF LABOUR WELFARE
To Chambers dictionary, it is a state of faring or doing well,
freedom from calamity, enjoyment of health prosperity, etc.,
Therefore welfare denotes a condition of well being, happiness,
satisfaction, conservation and development of human resources.
The concept of welfare is necessarily elastic in character. It
varies in its interpretation from country and from time to time,
depending on the industrialization and general level of social and
economic development.
“ The efforts to make life worth living for workmen”.
- Oxford Dictionary.
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“ Labour welfare means anything done for the comfort and
improvement, intellectual or social, of the employees over and
above the wages paid which is not necessity of the industry”.
- Arthur James Todd.
ACCORDING TO ILO REPORT
“Workers” welfare may be understood as including such
services facilities and amenities, which may be established in, or
in the vicinity of undertakings to perform their work in healthy
and congenial surroundings and to avail of facilities which
improve their health and bring high morale.
THE COMMITTEE ON LABOUR WELFARE (1969) DEFINED
IT AS
“Such services, facilities and amenities as adequate
canteen, rest and recreation facilities, sanitary and medical
facilities, arrangements for travel to and from work and for the
such other services, amenities and facilities including social
security measures as contribute to improve the condition under
which workers are employed”.
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ACCORDING TO THE LABOUR INVESTIGATION COMMITTEE (1946)
“Employee welfare means” anything done for intellectual
physical, moral and economic betterment of the workers,
whether by employers, by government or by other agencies, over
and above what in laid down by law, or what is normally expected
on the part of the contracted benefit for which workers may be
bargained”.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF LABOUR WELFARE
The employee welfare activities seek to achieve the following
objectives.
To give expression to philanthropic and paternalistic
feelings.
To win over employees loyalty and increase their morale.
To combat trade unionism and socialists ideas.
To build up stable labour force, to reduce labour turnover
and absenteeism.
To develop efficiency and productivity among workers.
To save oneself from heavy taxes on surplus profits.
To earn good will and enhance public image.
To reduce the threat of further government intervention.
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To make recruitment effective (because these benefits add
to job appeal).
CLASSIFICATION OF WELFARE MEASURES
EXTRA – MURAL ACTIVITIES (OR) BENEFITS
Extra – mural activities are commonly known benefits :
Social security, medical cover, insurance, pension,
Transport, Bath rooms, Rest Room, Bank, Change room,
recreational facilities, Schools, Auditorium, and Creches.
I) STATUTORY MEASURES
Statutory welfare measures are those laid down by
government through enactment of legislative laws.
FACTORIS ACT, 1948
The principal act to provide for various labour welfare
measures in India is
Factories Act, 1948. This Act contains among others,
detailed provision about appointment of labour welfare officer for
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the health of workers, for the safety workers and the welfare of
employees.
A) HEALTH AND MEDICAL FACILITIES :
Factories Act 1948, deals with the health of workers in a
factory. The following provisions have been incorporated to
protect the health of workers.
1. Cleanliness (Sec 11)2. Disposal of waste and effluents (Sec 12)3. Ventilation and temperature (Sec 13)4. Prevention of dust and fume (Sec 14)5. Provision of artificial humidification (Sec 15)6. Over crowding (Sec 16)7. Lighting (Sec 17)8. Drinking water facilities (Sec 18)9. Latrines and urinals (Sec 19)10. Spittoons (Sec 20)
B) EMPLOYEES PENSION SCHEME 1971
The family pension seeks to provide some monetary relief
to the family members of employees, who die in service, i.e.,
before superannuating. In the event of an employee’s death his
family gets pension on a graded scale depending the employee’s
last salary grade.
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C) EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT 1948
This act applies in the first instance, to the factories using
power and employing 20 or more persons. The objective of this
act in to provide certain benefits to the employees in case of
sickness, maternity, disablement, medical and funerals and to
evolve a scheme for socio-economic welfare of the workers. The
covers all the factories and industries that run on permanent
basis and it does not include any seasonal factory.
D) WORKEMEN’S COMPENSATION ACT 1923
This act is intended to provide for compensation to those
workmen who sustain personal injuries by the accident arising
out of and in the course of their employment. The act applies to
all permanent employees employed in railways, factories, mines,
and plantations, mechanically prepared vehicles, construction
work and certain hazardous occupations.
An employer in liable to pay compensation to a workman for
personal injury caused to him by accident as well as occupational
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diseases contracted by him. The amount of compensation
payable to a workman depends on the nature of injury caused by
accident, the monthly wages of the workmen concerned, and the
relevant factor of working out lump sum equipment of
compensation amount as specified in schedule IV (as substituted
by amendment 1984).
E) PAYMENT OF GRATUTITY ACT, 1972
Gratuity is a kind of retirement benefit, like provident fund
or pension. It is payment which is intended to help an employee
after his retirement, whether the retirement is the result of the
rules of superannuation ore of some physical disability.
The employer based gratuity shall be payable to an
employee on the termination of his employment after he has
rendered continuous service for not less than 5 years, on his
retirement or on his death or disablement due to accident.
F) PAYMENT OF BONUS ACTS, 1965
Every employees shall be entitled to be paid by his
employer in an accounting year bonus in accordance with the
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provisions of the act, provided he has worked in the
establishment for not less than 30 working days in the year (Sec
8). Where an employee has not worked for all the working days
in any accounting year, the bonus payable to him (U/s.10) shall
be proportionately reduced (Sec13).
G) VOLUNTARY SCHEMS
There are facilities like holidays, rest period, coffee break
etc., which are declared by employers.
H) MUTUAL WELFARE FACILITIES
These are these facilities agreed to by mutual consultation
between employers and employees.
II) NON – STATUTORY MEASURESA) HOUSING FACILITIES
Progressive enterprises must consider proper facilities for
sheltering their own working forces a necessary adjunct to sound
industrial relation where the undertaking is located for away from
any city of populated area. The problem of housing can best be
solved by the company constructing its own cottages in the
vicinity of the workspot and renting these its own workers at low
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rates. The supervision of housing conditions being them under
own control, the sanitation, health and comfort of its own will
necessarily be have looked after such an amenity will prove a
great value in attracting desirable workers and in establishing
employment relations.
The living quarters of work force is most of industrial towns
and cities are a slur on modern civilization and the conditions
under which our industrial toilers are made to live are most
revolting.
B)TRANSPORT FACILITIES
Growth of industrial states and also workshop outside the city
has made communication a problem to workers, where the
workers are located in out the way places far from the workmen’s
living quarters and there are no available means of conveyance
are inadequate of un-satisfactory by being their sloe or too
expensive. Efforts should be directed to provide buses or lorries
to carry the workers to and from the workspot.
The committee on labour welfare after studying the situation
recommended that transport on a large scale is best provided by
the state that the local bodies should stream line their
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operations, increase their fleet and frequency of buses especially
to labour colonies, industrial estates and town ships and for
carrying workers to and from. This is yet another problem which
welfare workers would need to solve.
C) EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES
Education is important factor in all respects whether for the
citizen of the industrial worker is of equal importance. Since the
latter even is the works in a factory, has to cope up with change,
which is most often technological. Since in a sense it is an
investment in training the world force of the future. Children for
a better management relationship, that a fund could be created,
with different industrial establishments contributing to wards the
education of their worker’s children. Funds could also be raised
through contributions from workers and employees. The
precision of education facilities cipher of education facilities
cipher by the state or employees or jointly will help a great deal
in improving the workers commitment and give him a sense of
belonging and achievement. It is an expensive scheme and
hence needs to be provided for by the state employees and be
social welfare agencies.
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D) CO-OPERATIVE STORES FOR EMPLOYEES
The running of co-operative stores by company where must
articles of daily necessary including food grains,
grocery,oil,cloth,etc., Can be purchased by its own employee at
low cost plus expenses of conducting the advantage to the
employee will be two fold. They will be able to but their daily
requirements at much lower price.
E) RECREATION FACILITIES
Most of the employees today take their pride in the extra
curricular achievements of their workers and here it is often a
prestige issue. The facilities provided for recreation, broadly
speaking are determined by the resource available for this
purpose in the enterprise and the importance accorded to it by
the employer. However, other recreation facilities available to
industry workers are much better organized than these at
disposal of the average citizen.
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INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE STUDY
This study was conducted at INFRRA-TEX, PRIVATE LIMITED,
PERUNDURAI. The main objective of thestudy is to find out the
factors influencing absenteeism.
The annual cost of absenteeism of Indian Organisation has
been consumed larger amount of human and money at the job
level one day absence by a clerical worker can cost an employer.
Up to one thousand in reduced efficiency and increase
supervisory workload. It is obviously difficult for an organization
has been consumed larger and money. Absenteeism in important
symptom of maladjustment and sign of protest.
It is not an isolated phenomena, but , an integral part of
psychology and economics of industrial production. It is a great
sociological problem of great complexity, born but of attitudes,
circumstances and conclusions, frequent absenteeism in
industrial units has constituted a great drain on the productive
resource of India .
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Managers and supervisors be aware of exact level of
absenteeism of their work units as well as each employee’s
specific attendance patterns as a nature of each absence. The
rate of absenteeism is lowest on pay day it increases
considerable on the days following the payment of wages honour.
For calculating the rate of absenteeism, two factors are
taken into consideration the number of persons scheduled to
work and the number of actually present.
Worker reports for any parts of a shift is to be considered
present. Any employee may stay away from work, if he take
leave to which he is entitled, or on the ground of sickness or
some accident or without any previous sanction of leave. Thus
the absence may authorized or unauthorized will full or caused be
circumstances beyond one’s control.
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INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE TOPIC
The adverse effect of absenteeism are to be listed. He high
rate of absenteeism in India is a serious tow hold problems
affecting both employees and workers they are described below.
ON INDUSTRY
Absenteeism in industry stops machine, distrust process,
create production bottle necks, hampers smooth flow or
continuity of work upsets production targets, results in production
losses, increases direct over load costs increases work load of the
inexperienced less experienced workers are creating problems of