Intra-Couple (Dis)Similarity on Gender Role Attitudes and the Transition to Parenthood .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Ansgar Hudde & Henriette Engelhardt-Wölfler University of Bamberg / BAGSS Bamberg BAMBERG GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
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Intra-Couple (Dis)Similarity on Gender Role Attitudes and ...
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Intra-Couple (Dis)Similarity on Gender Role Attitudes and the
I. Direct Assortative Mating+ Relevance for relationship- Lack of information (e.g. Fallesen & Breen, 2016; Brüderl & Kalter, 2001)- False consensus bias à overestimation of similarity (e.g. Ross, Greene, & House, 1977;
Kenny & Acitelli, 2001)- Low importance in stage of partnership formation
II. Indirect Assortative Mating+ Assortative mating on e.g. education, religiosity, or political ideology is happening(e.g. Blossfeld 2009; Schwartz 2013)? Are these variables good proxies for gender role attitudes? (Hudde, 2017)
III. Alignment over Time? To what degree? (Kalmijn, 2005; Luo & Klohnen, 2005; Watson et al., 2004)
IV. Differential Separation+ To some degree (Hohmann-Marriott, 2006; Arranz Becker, 2013)
Gender roles: women1. Frauen sollten sich stŠrker um die Familie kummern als um ihre Karriere. 2. Ein Kind unter 6 Jahren wird darunter leiden, wenn seine Mutter arbeitet.
Gender roles: men3. Männer sollten sich genau so an der Hausarbeit beteiligen wie Frauen.4. Kinder leiden oft darunter, dass sich ihre Väter zu sehr auf die Arbeit konzentrieren.à Four items do not seem to represent 1 underlying dimension [Cronbach’s Alpha <.6]
Gender roles: women1. Women should be more concerned about their family than about their career.2. A child under age 6 will suffer from having a working mother.
Gender roles: men3. Men should participate in housework to the same extent as women.4. Children often suffer because their fathers spend too much time at work.à Four items do not seem to represent 1 underlying dimension [Cronbach’s Alpha <.6]
Challenge: matching to maximize similarity on multiple dimensions
Problem: [To us,] It seems impossible to test all possible matches: factorial of422 has 926 digits.422! = 09611383012576635876856401893914866426066372166774021105107419272349194310311448669690479132859659861580094983785283237190059139356104454480943809268951423737197619921802099702035272489020871300804426419176691976261020700182922928638458739244713639544815723484810878099548639946916348566758540770208501379361588417208280935243119770504600344079531656318416842816431857837438189657323697706428164664883595800546483387661817010631976342923673882077669505282512663645432253105415102629767347026792273289184753448697507194719203574073180686327567596741721911463018048819628257204923103613375586094654287055485186369934351227744501509631699604606237889558290765106772598640145083285151220811060746817836612987177407390236711283138099810105240401010605773792397667328544760431469273644315657274742873944639056325292778468084285440000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Matching is likely not the perfect one, but it is Pareto-optimal: we could not give anyone a ‚better‘ match withoutat the same time giving someone else a worse match.
Gender roles: women1. Women should be more concerned about their family than about their career.2. A child under age 6 will suffer from having a working mother.
Gender roles: men3. Men should participate in housework to the same extent as women.4. Children often suffer because their fathers spend too much time at work.
Linear variables [as i.factor as robustness check]
(Dis)similarity Between PartnersDifference scores = value of female partner – value of male partner-> positive value: female partner agrees more
Regressions
(1) (2) (3)OR OR OR
GENDER ROLE ATTITUDES: INDIVIDUAL VALUESFemale partner1. women: family > career 1.021 1.047 1.0492. child <6 suffers if mother works 0.908 0.913 0.9153. housework: male involv. = female inv. 0.825 0.862 0.8644. child suffers if father focus work 0.954 0.964 0.962
Male partner1. women: family > career 1.220* 1.228* 1.228*
2. child <6 suffers if mother works 0.956 0.978 0.9773. housework: male involv. = female inv. 1.054 1.125 1.1274. child suffers if father focus work 1.114 1.114 1.112
GENDER ROLE ATTITUDES: DISSIMILARITY BETWEENPARTNERSDissimilarity on…
All items 0.829+
Male & female roles separatelyfemale roles (items 1&2) 0.651**
male roles (items 3&4) 1.190Single items
women: family > career 0.608*
child <6 suffers if mother works 0.694+
housework: female involv. = male involv. 1.199child suffers if father focus work 1.176
AIC 852.6 848.4 852.2Share of couples with childbirth by last observation 40.34% 40.34% 40.34%Observations 705 705 705
Dissimilarity in attitudes & childbirth
Regressions
(1) (2) (3)OR OR OR
GENDER ROLE ATTITUDES: INDIVIDUAL VALUESFemale partner1. women: family > career 1.021 1.047 1.0492. child <6 suffers if mother works 0.908 0.913 0.9153. housework: male involv. = female inv. 0.825 0.862 0.8644. child suffers if father focus work 0.954 0.964 0.962
Male partner1. women: family > career 1.220* 1.228* 1.228*
2. child <6 suffers if mother works 0.956 0.978 0.9773. housework: male involv. = female inv. 1.054 1.125 1.1274. child suffers if father focus work 1.114 1.114 1.112
GENDER ROLE ATTITUDES: DISSIMILARITY BETWEENPARTNERSDissimilarity on…
All items 0.829+
Male & female roles separatelyfemale roles (items 1&2) 0.651**
male roles (items 3&4) 1.190Single items
women: family > career 0.608*
child <6 suffers if mother works 0.694+
housework: female involv. = male involv. 1.199child suffers if father focus work 1.176
AIC 852.6 848.4 852.2Share of couples with childbirth by last observation 40.34% 40.34% 40.34%Observations 705 705 705
GENDER ROLE ATTITUDES: INDIVIDUAL VALUESFemale partner1. women: family > career 1.021 1.047 1.0492. child <6 suffers if mother works 0.908 0.913 0.9153. housework: male involv. = female inv. 0.825 0.862 0.8644. child suffers if father focus work 0.954 0.964 0.962
Male partner1. women: family > career 1.220* 1.228* 1.228*
2. child <6 suffers if mother works 0.956 0.978 0.9773. housework: male involv. = female inv. 1.054 1.125 1.1274. child suffers if father focus work 1.114 1.114 1.112
GENDER ROLE ATTITUDES: DISSIMILARITY BETWEENPARTNERSDissimilarity on…
All items 0.829+
Male & female roles separatelyfemale roles (items 1&2) 0.651**
male roles (items 3&4) 1.190Single items
women: family > career 0.608*
child <6 suffers if mother works 0.694+
housework: female involv. = male involv. 1.199child suffers if father focus work 1.176
AIC 852.6 848.4 852.2Share of couples with childbirth by last observation 40.34% 40.34% 40.34%Observations 705 705 705
Dissimilarity in attitudes & childbirth
Size of association? Predicted probability of transition to parenthood.
Similar answers to 1.&2.: 45%Dissimilar answers to 1. or 2.: 37%Dissimilar answers to 1. & 2.: 30%
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01Odds-Ratios display. Control variables included.
Gender roles: women1. Frauen sollten sich stärker um die
Familie kummern als um ihre Karriere.
2. Ein Kind unter 6 Jahren wird darunter leiden, wenn seine Mutter arbeitet.