Intervention Strategies Intervention Strategies for Woodstove Homes for Woodstove Homes Tony Ward, Ph.D. Tony Ward, Ph.D. The University of Montana The University of Montana Center for Environmental Health Center for Environmental Health Sciences Sciences June 16, 2011 June 16, 2011
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Intervention Strategies for Woodstove Homes Tony Ward, Ph.D. The University of Montana Center for Environmental Health Sciences June 16, 2011.
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Intervention Strategies for Intervention Strategies for Woodstove HomesWoodstove Homes
Tony Ward, Ph.D.Tony Ward, Ph.D.The University of MontanaThe University of Montana
Center for Environmental Health SciencesCenter for Environmental Health Sciences
Conduct prospective multi-year study to assess changes in woodsmoke PM2.5 and impact on health of school children following the intervention.
1. Monitor changes in ambient PM2.5.
2. Monitor changes in school indoor PM2.5.
3. Evaluate the change in residential indoor PM2.5 following a changeout.
4. Track changes in reporting of symptoms and illness-related absences among students.
PM2.5 in Libby and NAAQS
PM2.5 in Libby and NAAQS
Key Finding - LibbyKey Finding - Libby
• A large woodstove changeout can be effective in reducing ambient levels of PM2.5.
Bergauff, M.A., Ward, T.J., Noonan, C.W., and Palmer C.P. 2009. The effect of a woodstove changeout on ambient levels of PM2.5 and chemical tracers for woodsmoke in Libby, Montana. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 2938-2943.
Ward, T.J., Palmer, C.P., Houck, J.E., Navidi, W.C., Geinitz, S., and Noonan, C.W., 2009. A community woodstove changeout and impact on ambient concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(14), 5345–5350.
Ward, T. J., Palmer, C. P., and Noonan, C. W., 2010, PM2.5 source apportionment following a large woodstove changeout program in Libby, Montana. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 60: 688-693.
What about the impact of a woodstove changeout on indoor levels of PM2.5?
1) Libby, Montana.
2) Nez Perce Woodstove Changeout Program.
Exposure Assessment Within HomesExposure Assessment Within Homes
Libby 2006/2007 Residential PM2.5 Program
PM2.5 Mass - Home 4A
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1
Time
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
ug
/m3)
15:22
19:53
06:30
Start Sampling:10/25/06 @ 14:00
End Sampling:10/26/06 @ 14:00
Avg = 131.8 μg/m3
Before Changeout
2006/2007 Libby Residential 2006/2007 Libby Residential PMPM2.52.5 Sampling Program Sampling Program
Sampling focused on 20 homes containing woodstoves.
24-hour PM2.5 samplingPre-changeout period (Oct/Nov 2006).
Post-changeout (Dec 2006 – Feb 2007).
The goal of the program was to evaluate the impact of this “intervention” on indoor air quality within the home.
Libby PM2.5 Mass Results – Pre and Post Stove Changeout
Did the stove changeout work Did the stove changeout work over time?over time?
Ward, T.J., Palmer, C., Bergauff, M., Hooper, K., and Noonan, C., 2008. Results of a residential indoor PM2.5 sampling program before and after a woodstove changeout, Indoor Air, 18: 408–415.
Followup PMFollowup PM2.52.5 Indoor Study Indoor Study
Air sampling was conducted in a total of 26 woodstove homes.
Five phases:
Phase 1 = pre stove change, 2006/2007 winter.
Phase 2 = post change, same winter.
Phase 3 = post change, 2nd 2007/2008 winter.
Phase 4 = post change, 3rd 2007/2008 winter.
Phase 5 = post change, 4th 2008/2009 winter.
Libby Residential Study (winters of 2006/2007 - 2008/2009 (3 winters)
Results of Multi-Winter Results of Multi-Winter Residential StudyResidential Study
• Overall reductions following the wood stove changeout were observed in 16 of 21 homes.
• High variability was observed for post-changeout sampling within some homes, but 14 of the 21 homes still had lower PM2.5 concentrations for all post-changeout sampling compared to pre-changeout PM2.5 concentrations.
Nez Perce Woodstove Nez Perce Woodstove Changeout ProgramChangeout Program
PM2.5 Mass (µg/m3) Measured in Homes Following Outreach/Education.
Ward, T.J., Boulafentis, J., Simpson, J., Hester, C., Moliga, T., Warden, K., and Noonan, C.W., 2011. Results of the Nez Perce woodstove changeout program, Science of the Total Environment, 409, 664-670.
Woodstove ChangeoutsWoodstove Changeouts
• Effective in reducing ambient PM2.5.
• Expensive (~$1500 - $4500).
• Learning curve.
• Results can be variable for indoor air.
Another Indoor InterventionAnother Indoor Intervention- Filtration Units -- Filtration Units -
Overall Averages for the 3M Study
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
11 Samples Averaged
Overall Averages Without Outliers
PM
2.5
ug
/m3
With a 3M Filter
Without a 3M Filter
Avg ~50% PM2.5 Reduction in Woodstove Homes
A Randomized Trial for Indoor A Randomized Trial for Indoor Smoke (ARTIS)Smoke (ARTIS)
• 5-year, NIEHS funded study.
• The Primary Aim of this study is to assess the impact on quality of life among asthmatic children following interventions that reduce in-home woodsmoke PM exposures.
Study Design: Study Design: Randomized Randomized TrialTrial
Recruitment
Randomization
Group 1 (n=36)
Group 2 (n=36)
Group 3 (n=36)
Winter #1: Baselines Exposure and Health Outcomes Measures
Winter #2: Post-intervention Exposure
and Health Outcomes Measures
Tx1: EPA-Certified
Woodstove
Tx2: Active Air Filter Units In two rooms
Tx3: Inactive Air Filter Units
(Placebo)
X
Health Outcome MeasuresHealth Outcome Measures
• PAQoL• Peak flow• Symptoms• eNO• Biol. samples
– EBC– Urine
Dr. Curtis Noonan
Indoor Air Sampling
ARTIS Preliminary ResultsARTIS Preliminary Results
SummarySummary
• Woodstoves are a significant source of PM2.5 in both ambient and indoor environments.
• Woodstove changeouts can be effective in reducing ambient wintertime PM2.5 – results are more variable indoors.
• Filtration units are consistently effective in improving indoor air in homes with woodstoves.
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsFunding• NIH Centers of Biomedical Research Excellence (p20-
RR017670).• Health Effects Institute (#4743-RFA04-4/06-4).• NIEHS (1R01ES016336-01; 3R01ES016336-02S1)• Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). • Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
(DEC, Barbara Trost and Jim Connor).• EPA Region 10 (Mary Manous).• Nez Perce ERWM (Johna Boulafentis and Julie
Simpson).• The 3M Corporation.• Toyota USA Foundation.