Cell Division & Its Regulation: (Mitosis & Meiosis) (Outline) • Why do cells divide? • New Terms: gamete, zygote, somatic cells, germ cells, haploid, and diploid. • Types of eukaryotic cell division- Mitosis & Meiosis • Cell division of somatic cells and germ line cells. • Comparison of Mitosis & Meiosis in terms of # of cell divisions, # of daughter cells, DNA content in comparison to mother cell, haploid/diploid state of daughter cells, genetic sameness or variability of daughter and mother cells. • Cell cycle and its phases; Interphase and the Mitotic phase and events and outcomes of subphases of Interphase: G1, S, G2 • State of chromatin in non-dividing and dividing cells: looses chromatin and condensed chromosome. • The Mitotic phases: (a) Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and (b) Cytokinesis. • Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells. • Cell Cycle control checkpoints: G1, G2, & M. Cancer cells. • Meiosis and events and outcomes of its two divisions. • Sources of variability in sexually reproducing organisms
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Cell Division & Its Regulation: (Mitosis & Meiosis) (Outline)• Why do cells divide?• New Terms: gamete, zygote, somatic cells, germ cells, haploid, and diploid. • Types of eukaryotic cell division- Mitosis & Meiosis• Cell division of somatic cells and germ line cells.• Comparison of Mitosis & Meiosis in terms of # of cell divisions, # of daughter
cells, DNA content in comparison to mother cell, haploid/diploid state of daughter cells, genetic sameness or variability of daughter and mother cells.
• Cell cycle and its phases; Interphase and the Mitotic phase and events and outcomes of subphases of Interphase: G1, S, G2
• State of chromatin in non-dividing and dividing cells: looses chromatin and condensed chromosome.
• The Mitotic phases: (a) Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and (b) Cytokinesis.
• Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.• Cell Cycle control checkpoints: G1, G2, & M. Cancer cells. • Meiosis and events and outcomes of its two divisions. • Sources of variability in sexually reproducing organisms
Sperm cell (haploid)
NucleicontainingDNA
Egg cell (haploid)
Fertilized eggwith DNA fromboth parents
Embryo cells with copies of same inherited
DNA Offspring with traitsinherited fromboth parents
Zygote (diploid)
Eukaryotic multi-cellular organisms• From gametes -sperm or egg (haploid)• Fertilization of sperm and egg produces zygote
(diploid) • Somatic cells- Body cells of multi-cellular
organism (diploid)
Cell Division & Its Regulation
Key Roles of Cell Division• .• .
Purpose: distribution of genetic material to daughter cells
Types of cell division
Two types in eukaryotic cells:Mitosis produces genetic sameness
- Some multi-cellular eukaryotes plants and some animals like hydra, by budding cells
Eukaryotic Cell division ( cont’d)
2. Sexual reproduction (gametes, non-identical cells- for genetic variety of offspring)
Most multi-cellular organisms have both asexual and sexual reproduction
Cell Reproduction in HumansSomatic cells (sameness)Germ line cells of the gonads (variability)
Mitosis produces 2 genetically identical cellsMeiosis produces 4 genetically non-identical cells each with ½ the number of chromosomes Mitosis and
development
Multicellulardiploid adults
(2n = 46)
Diploidzygote
(2n = 46) 2n
Meiosis Fertilization
Egg cell
Sperm cell
n
Haploid gametes (n = 23)
n
Cell Division• One mother cell divides into two identical
cells following an ordered sequence of events (Cell Cycle)
• Summary of event of dividing cells• Replicate the genetic material• Manufacture additional cellular content• Divide the nucleus• Separate the cytoplasm
Overall Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
Interphase with gaps for growthMitosis- division of the nucleusCytokinesis- division of the cytoplasmwww.cellsalive.com