Internship Report on Pressure Vessels

7/7/2012

Vivek Rathor

OPTECH

ENGINEERING

PRIVATE

LIMITED

INTERNSHIP REPORT ON PRESSURE VESSELS

Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012

Page 2

Preface

This report documents the work done during the summer internship at

Optech Engineering Private Limited, D- 151, Amargyan Industrial

Estate, Khopat,Thane under the supervision of directors of the company,

Siddharth Desai and Trisit Bhuiyan. The report first shall give an

overview of the tasks completed during the period of internship with

technical details. Then the results obtained shall be discussed and

analyzed. I have tried my best to keep report simple yet technically

correct. I hope I succeed in my attempt.

Vivek Rathor


Page 3

Acknowledgments

Simply put, I could not have done this work without the lots of help I

received cheerfully from whole Optech. The work culture in Optech

really motivates. Everybody is such a friendly and cheerful companion

here that work stress is never comes in way. I would specially like to

thank Kiran sir to always help me in every possible way and for proving

the nice ideas to work upon. I am also highly indebted to my supervisors

Siddharth Desai and Trisit Bhuiyan, who seemed to have solutions to all

my problems.

Vivek Rathor


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Company Introduction:

Optech Engineering Private Limited is incorporated in 2005 & is

dedicated to create a benchmark in the Indian Hydrocarbon sector.

Optech Engineering has its reputation in delivering high quality products

and innovative technology for its customers. The company has four main

wings-

1. OPFEB – The Fabrication Shop.

2. OPCON – The Project and Construction Division.

3. OPSERVE – 24X7 Onsite Services.

4. OPTEST – Non Destructive Testing and Certifications.

OPTECH ENGG.

PVT. LTD

OPFEB

OPCON

OPSERVE

OPTEST


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OPFEB – The Fabrication Shop

The company’s certified Pressure Vessel Fabrication facility at their

factory is a state of the art facility with the most modern equipments to

handle a job of 8 meters height and 33 meters in length and 10 meters in

width. This department has the following equipment:

15MT Demag OT crane

Plate rolling Machine for 60mm X 3m wide plate

Trolley Mounted Column & boom welding machine with rotators

All In-House NDT facilities

The Standards according to which the company fabricates the pressure

vessels are-

ASME sec VIII – Division 1

ASME sec VIII – Division 2

PD5500

IS 2825 etc.

Their products include:

LPG / PROPANE Storage tanks

AMMONIA Storage Vessels

CO2, H2, N2 & other industrial gases pressure vessels

Large capacity vaporizers and heat exchangers

Stainless Steel storage tanks vessel


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OPCON – The Project and Construction Division

With over two decades of experience, customers are assured of

innovative and reliable designs, well coordinated project execution, Fast

and Quality construction in all projects. There are over 100 projects to

its credits in India and abroad.

The company has expertise in this division mainly in following

areas:

1. PROPANE / LPG storage and handling terminals.

2. LNG storage terminals.

3. Large Crude Oil terminals and Floating roof storage tanks.

4. Auto LPG dispensing station.

5. LPG boiling plant etc.

OPSERVE – 24X7 Onsite services

It is an Optech’s third division which operates and maintains

Hydrocarbon Storage and handling facilities on 24X7 basis.

OPTEST – Non Destructive Testing and Certifications

Optech has its fourth division which undertakes all the Non Destructive

Testing procedures and statutory certifications for Hydrocarbon storage

and handling facilities.

The company’s expertise in this division is as follows:

Large diameter Horton spheres and Pressure Vessels.

Floating roof storage tanks (API 650).


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Auto LPG Stations.

Radiographic inspection (ASME sec. VIII Div 1 & Sec IX).

Harness Test (ASTM-E-110-89).

Hydro testing (ASME Sec VII Div 1) etc.

Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement (ASTM-A-4525-89).

Dye Penetration Test (ASTM-E-165-89).

Major Projects –

1. Lake Gas, Tanzania – 1X64 KL water capacity Propane or LPG

storage tank for bottling plant.

2. Sugam gas, Nepal – 4X 106 KL water capacity LPG storage &

bottling plant.

3. TATA Motors, Jamshedpur – 3X 350 KL water capacity LPG

mounded storage tank installation.

4. Mahindra and Mahindra, Chakan – 2 X 30 KL water capacity

H.S.D (High Speed Diesel) storage tank installation.

5. Ashok Leyland John Deree – 1 X 30 KL capacity mounded

Propane storage tank installation.

6. Munjal Showa, Haridwar – 2 X 36 KL water capacity Propane or

LPG mounded storage tank.

7. ISPAT Industries – 2 X 20 KL water capacity Ammonia storage

tank installation.


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The Goals :

Following Goals were set as I proceeded in my work –

1. Understanding of basic concepts of Pressure Vessels.

2. Understanding of Designing and Fabrication of pressure vessels

according to different codes viz. IS-2825, PD5500 & ASME Sec

VIII Div 1.

3. To make a master design calculation plan for all the design

calculation for the manufacture of Pressure Vessels by the different

types of codes as stated above.

4. To assist in the designing and design calculation for the ongoing

project of 130KL LPG tank.

Basics of Pressure Vessels :

Some definitions:

A PRESSURE VESSEL is a closed container designed to hold

gases or liquids at a pressure (either internal or external)

substantially different from the ambient pressure, and whose water

capacity exceeds 1000 liters.

DESIGN includes drawing, calculation, specifications, model

codes and all other details necessary for the complete description

of the Pressure Vessel and its construction.

DESIGN PRESSURE means the pressure used in the design

calculations of a vessel for the purpose of determining the

minimum thickness of various component parts of the vessel.


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DESIGN TEMPERATURE is the minimum and maximum

temperature range taken for the designing purpose.

CYLINDER or GAS CYLINDER means any closed metal

container intended for storage and transportation of compressed

gas.

CORROSION means all form of wastage, & includes oxidation,

scaling, mechanical abrasion & corrosion.

BOTTLING PLANT means a premises where cylinders are filled

with compressed gas.

FILLING DENSITY means the ratio of weight of liquefiable gas

allowed in a pressure vessel to the weight of the water that the

vessel will hold at 150 C.

FILL POINT means the point of the inlet pipe connection of a

vessel where hose is connected for filling the compressed gas into

vessel. LIQUEFIABLE GAS means any gas that may be liquefied by

pressure above -100 C, but will be completely vaporized when in

equilibrium with normal atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg) at 300

C.

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE means the temperature above

which gas cannot be liquefied by the application of pressure alone.

A DESIGN CODE is a document that sets rules for the design of a

new development. It is a tool that can be used in the design and

planning process, but goes further and is more regulatory than

other forms of guidance. Eg. – IS-2825, ASME Sec VIII Div 1,

etc.


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SAFETY RELIEF DEVICE means an automatic pressure

relieving device actuated by the pressure upstream of the valve and

characterized by fully opened pop action, intended to prevent the

rupture f a pressure vessel under certain conditions of exposure.

WATER CAPACITY means capacity in liters of the pressure

vessel when completely filled with water at 150 C.

Types of Pressure Vessels:

Following are the main types of pressure vessels:

A. According to the end construction

B. According to the dimensions

Pressure vessel according to the end construction:

According to the end construction, the pressure vessels are may be

OPEN END or CLOSED END. A simple cylinder with a piston is an

example of open-end vessel whereas a tank is an example of closed end

vessel. Due to the fluid pressure circumferential or hoop stresses are

include in case of open ended vessels whereas longitudinal stresses in

addition to circumferential stresses are induced in case of closed ended

vessels.

Pressure vessels according to dimensions:

According to the dimensions pressure vessels may be of THIN SHELL

or THICK SHELL. The deciding factor among thin and thick shells is its

wall thickness and shell diameter if the ratio t/d is less than 1/10 the

vessel is said to be THIN SHELL and if the ratio is greater than 1/10 it is

said to be a THICK SHELL. Thin shell are used in boilers, tanks and


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pipes whereas thick shells are used in high pressure cylinder, tanks gun

barrels.

Uses of pressure vessels: The pressure vessels are used to store

fluid such as liquid vapors and gases under pressure. Major uses of

pressure vessels are as follows:

Pressure vessels are used in steam boilers.

Pressure vessels are also used in storage of chemical in chemical

plants.

Use in storage of petroleum products (petrol, diesel etc).

It is also used in engine cylinders.

Vessel Orientation:

There are three types of vessel orientation:

1. Horizontal

2. Vertical

3. Horton sphere

1. Horizontal:

A horizontal Pressure Vessel is as shown in fig.-


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8. Vertical Pressure Vessel:

The Vertical Pressure Vessel is as shown in the fig. :

9. Horonsphere:

The Horton Sphere Pressure Vessel is as shown in the fig. :


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Types of Dish Ends :

There are many types of Dish Ends but only four types of Dish Ends are

broadly used in industries, which are:

1. Torispherical

2. Semi-Ellipsoidal (2:1)

3. Hemispherical

4. Flat

1. Torispherical: Torispherical heads are the most common type of head used for the

manufacture of pressure vessels and usually the most economical

to form. Generally, the I.C.R (Inside Crown Radius) is equal to

85% of I.D (Internal Diameter) of the head or less. The I.K.R

(Inside Knuckle Radius) needs to be around 18.85% of the I.D of

the head.

The S.F (Straight Face) is normally between 10mm and 30mm

depending on the diameter and thickness of the head to be formed.


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2. Semi-Ellipsoidal(2:1) :

Semi-Ellipsoidal (2:1) heads are deeper than a Torispherical head

and therefore stronger and able to resist greater pressures. These

heads are more difficult to form owning to the greater depth

required. As a result these are more expensive to form than a

Torispherical head, but may allow a reduction in material thickness

as the strength is greater.

The I.C.R is 80% of the O.D (Outer Diameter) of the head.

The I.K.R is 15.4% of the O.D of the head.

The maximum diameter we can form a 2:1 Semi-Ellipsoidal head to

is 2310mm I.D.

The S.F is normally between 10mm and 30mm depending on the

diameter and thickness of the head to be formed.

3. Hemispherical:

Hemispherical heads allow more pressure than any other head.

However, the hemispherical head is the most expensive to form, as

they consists of a number of petals. The number of which depends

on the size of the head and the thickness of the plate to be used. The

depth of the head is half of the diameter.


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4. Flat:

A flat end with a knuckled outer edge. Typically used as bases on

vertical atmospheric tanks and lids for smaller tanks. The I.K.R for

most flat ends is usually 25mm, 32mm and 51mm depending on the

diameter, thickness and customer requirements. The S.F is normally

between 10mm and 30mm depending on the diameter and thickness

of the head.

Support for Pressure Vessel:

Type of support used depends on the orientation and pressure of the

pressure vessel. Support from the pressure vessel must be capable of

withstanding heavy loads from the pressure vessel, wind loads and


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seismic loads. Pressure on pressure vessel design is not a consideration

in designing support. Temperature can be a consideration in designing

the support from the standpoint of material selection for the different

thermal expansion.

Various types of support that used to support the pressure vessel are as

follows:

1. Saddle Support

2. Leg Support

3. Lug Support

4. Skirt Support

1. Saddle Support: Horizontal pressure vessel (Fig. 1) is generally

supported by two advocates of saddle support. Wide saddle supports the

weight of the ultimate burden on a large area on the shell to prevent

excessive local stresses on the shell above the supporting point. The

width of the saddle between the detail designs is determined based on

the specific size and condition of the pressure vessel design.

Fig 1 - Pressure Vessel Horizontal with Saddle Support

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_zUko-Rxb3cE/TDvmRw_ZcxI/AAAAAAAAADc/c75AdYZx1Xg/s1600/Support1.JPG

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_zUko-Rxb3cE/TDvmRw_ZcxI/AAAAAAAAADc/c75AdYZx1Xg/s1600/Support1.JPG


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2. Leg Support: Small vertical pressure vessel is generally supported by

the a leg at the bottom of the shell. Comparison between the maximum

lengths of the support leg with a diameter of vessel is usually 2:1. Ring

reinforcement pad is used to provide additional reinforcement of local

and load distribution, where the local stresses that occur shell can be

overdone. The sum of the leg is needed depends on size and weight

received vessel. Support leg is also commonly used in pressurized

spherical storage vessels.

3. Lug Support: Lug Support in a pressure vessel can also be used to

support the vertical pressure vessel. Lug Support is limited to a small

vessel with a diameter of up to medium diameter (10-10 ft). With a ratio

of height to vessel diameter is 2:1 to 5:1. Lug often used to support

vessel located on top of steel structures. Lug usually bolted on the

horizontal structure to provide stability against the loads; however, bolt

holes are often given the gap to provide radial thermal expansion of

freedom in the vessel.

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_zUko-Rxb3cE/TDvrFlCdzcI/AAAAAAAAAFU/kC3m4YCxvLg/s1600/Support4.JPG

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_zUko-Rxb3cE/TDvrFlCdzcI/AAAAAAAAAFU/kC3m4YCxvLg/s1600/Support4.JPG


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4. Skirt Support: Vertical cylindrical pressure vessels which are high

are generally supported by the skirt. Skirt support is part of a cylindrical

shell, one of them at the bottom of the body vessel or the bottom head

(for the cylindrical vessel). Skirts for spherical vessel on the vessel are

closer to the center of the shell.

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_zUko-Rxb3cE/TDvrWFnWNdI/AAAAAAAAAFc/MTUE-XE0Dic/s1600/Support5.JPG

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_zUko-Rxb3cE/TDvrlOeK7YI/AAAAAAAAAFk/xyC8sIccsQ4/s1600/Support6.JPG






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Welded Joint:

Welding joints are formed by welding two or more work pieces, made of

metals or plastics, according to a particular geometry. The most common

types are butt and lap joints; there are various lesser used welding joints

including flange and corner joints.

Categories of Welded joints in a Pressure Vessel:


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a) Category A: Longitudinal welded joints within the main sheet,

communicating chambers, nozzles and any welded joints within a

formed or flat head.

b) Category B: Circumferential welded joints within the main shell,

communicating chambers, nozzles and transitions in diameter

including joints between the translations and a cylinder at either

the large of small end, circumferential welded joints connecting

from heads to main shells to nozzles and to communicating

chambers.

c) Category C: Welded joints connecting flanges, tubes sheets and

flat heads to main shells, to formed heads, to nozzles or to

communicating chambers and any welded joints connecting one

side plate to another side plate of a flat sided vessel.

d) Category D: Welded joints connecting communicating chambers

or nozzles to main shells, to heads and to flat sided vessels and

those joints connecting nozzles to communicating chambers.

Loadings Loadings or forces are the ―causes‖ of stress in pressure vessels.

Loadings may be applied over a large portion (general area) of the vessel

or over a local area of the vessel. General and local loads can produce

membrane and bending stresses. These stresses are additive and define

the overall state of stress in the vessel or component.

Categories of Loading:

General loads— Applied more or less continuously across a vessel

section.

a) Pressure loads—Internal or external pressure (design, operating,

Hydrotest, and hydrostatic head of liquid.)

b) Moment loads—Due to wind, seismic, erection, transportation.

c) Compressive/tensile loads—Due to dead weight, installed

equipment, ladders, platforms, piping and vessel contents.

d) Thermal loads—Hot box design of skirt-head attachment.


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Local loads— Due to reactions from supports, internal, attached Piping,

attached equipment, i.e., platforms, mixers, etc.

a) Radial load— Inward or Outward.

b) Shear load—Longitudinal or circumferential.

c) Torsion load.

d) Tangential load.

e) Moment load—Longitudinal or circumferential.

f) Thermal load.

Types of Loadings: 1. Steady Loads

2. Non- Steady Loads

Steady loads—Long-term duration, continuous.

a) Internal/external pressure.

b) Dead weight.

c) Vessel contents.

d) Loading due to attached piping and equipment.

e) Wind Loads

Non-steady loads- Short-term duration, Variable.

a) Shop and field hydro-test.

b) Earthquake.

c) Erection.

d) Transportation.

e) Upset, emergency.

f) Thermal Loads.

g) Startup, shut down


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FAILURE IN PRESSURE VESSELS

Categories of Failures: Material - Improper Selection of materials; defects in material.

Design—Incorrect design data; inaccurate or incorrect design

methods; inadequate shop testing.

Fabrication – Poor quality control; improper or insufficient

fabrication procedures including welding; heat treatment or

forming methods.

TYPES OF FAILURES Elastic deformation—Elastic instability or elastic buckling, vessel

geometry, and stiffness as well as properties of materials are

protecting against buckling.

Brittle fracture—Can occur at low or intermediate temperature.

Brittle fractures have occurred in vessels made of low carbon steel

in the 40-50 F range during hydrotest where minor flaws exist.

Excessive plastic deformation—The primary and secondary

stress limits as outlined in ASME Section VIII, Division 2, are

intended to prevent excessive plastic deformation and incremental

collapse.

Stress rupture—Creep deformation as a result of fatigue or cyclic

loading, i.e., progressive fracture. Creep is a time-dependent

phenomenon, whereas fatigue is a cyclic-dependent phenomenon

Plastic instability—Incremental collapse; incremental collapse is

cyclic strain accumulation or cumulative cyclic deformation.

Cumulative damage leads to instability of vessel by plastic

deformation.

High Strain—Low cyclic fatigue is strain-governed and occurs

mainly in lower strength/high-ductile materials.

Stress corrosion—It is well know that chlorides cause stress

corrosion cracking in stainless steels; likewise caustic service can


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cause stress corrosion cracking in carbon steel. Materials selection

is critical in these services.

Corrosion fatigue—Occurs when corrosive and fatigue effects

occur simultaneously. Corrosion can reduce fatigue life by pitting

the surface and propagating cracks. Material selection and fatigue

properties are the major considerations.

CODES

What is a design code? According to the formal definition provided by the Department of

Communities and Local Government: ―A design code is a set of illustrated design rules and

requirements which instruct and may advise on the physical

development of a site or area. The graphic and written

components of the code are detailed and precise, and build upon a

design vision such a masterplan or a design and development

framework for a site or area.‖

This means that, for a set of rules to constitute a code, they must:

Combine written instructions and graphic illustration,

Concern physical development within a defined area,

Give prescriptive and precise instructions (at least in part),

Distinguish clearly between mandatory and advisory elements, and

Not constitute a plan in their own right but put into operation

another plan or framework.

A design code is a technical delivery document, which serves as a

quality benchmark for the whole development, but not a prescription.

Design Codes should be read in conjunction with other documents,


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which set out a clear vision, principles and character for the

development, such as the Design & Access Statement and Spatial Master

plan document. Codes should develop the design vision, and provide a

clear set of requirements (the codes) to achieve/deliver this vision. The

Spatial Master plan or Vision provides the broader place based vision,

whilst codes interpret and articulate this vision.

Design codes should be a briefly and clearly expressed separate

document, which is easy to understand and use by non-technical people.

What are the advantages of codes?

There are a number of positive benefits of design codes for all parties

involved, including:

Greater design quality, character and sense of place.

Greater co-ordination of different aspects at an earlier stage (e.g.

highways, landscape and architecture), which avoid changes later

in the process.

Greater certainty for developers.

Potentially faster process.

Different types of design codes used in the field of Pressure

Vessel manufacturing/fabrication:

The most commonly used standard in the manufacture of Pressure

Vessels in India is ASME Section VIII Div 1 even though there is

another Indian standard for unfired Pressure Vessels. The Standards that

are commonly used are-

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII: Rules for

Construction of Pressure Vessels.

IS 2825-1969 (RE1977) code unfired Pressure vessels.


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BS 5500: Former British Standard, replaced in the UK by BS EN

13445 but retained under the name PD 5500 for the design and

construction of export equipment.

EN 13445: The current European Standard, harmonized with the

Pressure Equipment Directive (97/23/EC). Extensively used in

Europe.

BS 4994: Specification for design and construction of vessels and

tanks in reinforced plastics.

ASME PVHO: US standard for Pressure Vessels for Human

Occupancy

AIAA S-080-1998: AIAA Standard for Space Systems – Metallic

Pressure Vessels, Pressurized Structures, and Pressure

Components.

AIAA S-081A-2006: AIAA Standard for Space Systems -

Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPVs) etc.

Manufacturing of Pressure vessels:

Machines used in the manufacturing of pressure vessels are-

Plate Rolling Machine

Welding Machines

End Cups Manufacturing Machine

Post Weld Heat Treatment Machine

Other Tools and consumables

Steps of manufacturing in brief are as follows:

Cut the plates to the desire sizes.

Role the plates to the required radius.

Bevel the sides prior welding.


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Prepare the welding procedure, qualify these procedures and then

prequalify welders.

Install weldolets for fixing the gauges, pressure, temperature

gauges and so on.

Order the vessel end caps or cups.

Weld all elements.

Apply post weld heat treatment.

Paint the vessel, and install the instruments and gauges.

Quality Management System

Optech Engineering Private Limited follows the method of Quality

Management System according to which they inspect each and every

part of their Pressure Vessel to be manufactured in between the process

of manufacture for quality purposes. For example, we take a part of the

shell to be manufactured, the parts of the shell are inspected and

approved and only after that, they are manufactured and after that they

proceed further in manufacturing process. This process is adopted for

each and every part of the Vessel to assure Quality.

A Quality Management System (QMS) can be expressed as the

organizational structure, procedures, processes and resources needed to

implement quality management. Early systems emphasized predictable

outcomes of an industrial product production line, using simple statistics

and random sampling. By the 20th century, labor inputs were typically

the most costly inputs in most industrialized societies, so focus shifted to

team cooperation and dynamics, especially the early signaling of

problems via a improvement cycle. In the 21st century, QMS has tended

to converge with sustainability and transparency initiatives, as both

investor and customer satisfaction and perceived quality is increasingly

tied to these factors. Of all QMS regimes the ISO 9000 and ISO

14000 series are probably the most widely implemented worldwide -


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the ISO 19011 audit regime applies to both, and deals with quality and

sustainability and their integration.

Elements of a Quality Management System:

1. Organizational structure

2. Responsibilities

3. Methods

4. Data Management

5. Processes - including purchasing

6. Resources - including natural resources and human capital

7. Customer Satisfaction

8. Continuous Improvement

9. Product Quality

10. Maintenance

11. Sustainability - including efficient resource use and responsible

environmental operations

12. Transparency and independent audit

Concept of Quality – Historical Background:

The concept of quality as we think of it now first emerged out of

the Industrial Revolution. Previously goods had been made from start to

finish by the same person or team of people, with handcrafting and

tweaking the product to meet 'quality criteria'. Mass production brought

huge teams of people together to work on specific stages of production

where one person would not necessarily complete a product from start to

finish. In the late 19th century pioneers such as industrialists recognized

the limitations of the methods being used in mass production at the time

and the subsequent varying quality of output. Birland established

Quality Departments to oversee the quality of production and rectifying

of errors, and Ford emphasized standardization of design and component

standards to ensure a standard product was produced. Management of

quality was the responsibility of the Quality department and was

implemented by Inspection of product output to 'catch' defects.

Applications of statistical control came later as a result of World War

production methods, and were advanced by the work done of W.


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Edwards Deming, a statistician, after whom the Deming

Prize for quality is named. Joseph M. Juran focused more on managing

for quality. The first edition of Juran's Quality Control Handbook was

published in 1951. He also developed the "Juran's trilogy," an approach

to cross-functional management that is composed of three managerial

processes: quality planning, quality control and quality improvement.

These functions all play a vital role when evaluating quality.

Quality, as a profession and the managerial process associated with the

quality function, was introduced during the second-half of the 20th

century, and has evolved since then. Over this period, few other

disciplines have seen as many changes as the quality profession.

The quality profession grew from simple control, to engineering, to

systems engineering. Quality control activities were predominant in the

1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. The 1970s were an era of quality engineering

and the 1990s saw quality systems as an emerging field.

Like medicine, accounting, and engineering, quality has achieved status

as a recognized profession.


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Result:

According to different types of code, we performed design calculations

which are as follows:

Type of Code

Type of Vessel

Capacity Design Pressure

Allowable Stress

Hydrotest Pressure

Internal Diameter

PD 5500 Above Ground 130 KL 14.5 Kg/cm2 20.843 Kg/mm2

20.7 Kg/cm2 3400 mm

IS 2825 Above Ground 20 KL 21 Kg/cm2 20.944 Kg/mm2

30.3 Kg/cm2 2050 mm

IS 2825 Mounded 30 KL 21 Kg/cm2 16.405 Kg/mm2

27.4 Kg/cm2 2500 mm

IS 2825 Underground 10 KL 22.09 Kg/cm2 16.405 Kg/mm2

28.6 Kg/cm2 1720 mm

Type of Dish End

Volumetric Calculations Shell Thickness

Dish End Thickness

Volume of Two Dish Ends

Volume of Cylindrical Shell

Overall length

Hemi Spherical 20.57 m3 109.42 m3 15472 mm 14 mm 10 mm



Torrispherical 1.44 m3 8.56 m3 4550 mm 14 mm 14 mm


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Conclusion:

This organization has a great work culture, great minds and very high

quality of work. I learned a lot about Pressure Vessel manufacturing and

designing. I have tried to develop as many designs as possible for

Optech and even got very encouraging results with some of them. I hope

my work on Optech helps it meet its goals. The whole experience of

working at Optech was great.

Refrences:

Wikipedia.

Practical guide to pressure vessel manufacturing, Sunil Pullarcot.

ASME boiler and Pressure Vessel codes.

SMPV (Unfired) rules, 1981.

Internship Report on Pressure Vessels

Documents

quality management

vertical pressure

horizontal

pressure vessel

pressure vessel

welded joints

bottling plant

destructive