INTERNSHIP REPORT On SOCIAL SCIENCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SSRI)
TANDOJAM
SUBMITTED TO:
SIR, SANAULLAH NOONARI Assistant Professor Department of
Agricultural Economics
SUBMITTED BY:
WAJID ALI SHAHANI REG.NO: 2K8-SS-79 B.SC (AGRI) HONS PART-
IV
DEPARTEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL
SOCIAL SCIENCES SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDO JAM2012-13
Table of Contents ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC FERTILIZER USE
IN WHEAT CROP ........ Error! Bookmark not defined. D E D I C A T I
O N
......................................................................................................
i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
.............................................................................................................
ii ACKNOWLEDEMENTS
..............................................................................................................
iii INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATION
....................................................................................
iv PARC Achievements and Future Plans (New Initiatives of PARC)
.......................................... xviii INTRODUCTION AND
HISTORY OF SOCIAL SECIENCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, TANDO JAM
..............................................................................................................................
xxv RESPONSIBILITIES OF
STUDENT.......................................................................................
xxvii Methodology
.........................................................................................................................
xxvii ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC FERTILIZER USE IN WHEAT CROP
................. 1 Introduction of Wheat Crop
........................................................................................................
1 Introduction of
Fertilize...............................................................................................................
2 Objectives:
...................................................................................................................................
3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
..........................................................................................................
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
........................................................................................................
6 Figure 1: Education Level of Selected Respondents:
..................................................................
6 Table 1: Age of Respondent:
.......................................................................................................
6 Table 2: Tenancy Status:
.............................................................................................................
7 Table 3: Irrigation Method:
.........................................................................................................
7 Table 4: Wheat Area:
..................................................................................................................
7 Table 5: Tractor hours
.................................................................................................................
8 Table 6: Seed Used in per acre:
...................................................................................................
9 Table 7: Per Acre DAP Applied in the Study Area
...................................................................
11 Table 8: Per Acre Urea Applied in the Study Area
...................................................................
12 Table 9: Per Acre NP Applied in the Study
Area......................................................................
13 Table 10: Per Acre weeds Applied in the Study Area
............................................................... 14
Table 11: Harvesting Charges
...................................................................................................
15 Table 12: Threshing Charges
....................................................................................................
16 Table 13: Usage of
irrigation.....................................................................................................
17 Table 14: Per acre yield / 40kg
..................................................................................................
18 Table 15: Per acre cost of production and share of inputs in
rupees ......................................... 19 Table 16: Usage
of fertilizer according to price change
........................................................... 21
Table 17: per acre comparative profitability of wheat crop
...................................................... 22
Conclusion
.................................................................................................................................
23 R E C O M M E N D A T I O
N....................................................................................................
24 REFERENCE
................................................................................................................................
25
D E D I C A T I O N
THIS HUMBLE IS DEDICATED TO MY RESPECTED FATHER, MOTHER AND MY
OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS
WHOS AFFECTION INSPIRED TO LOVE AND RESPECT MANKIND AND THEIR
ADVICED UPLIFTED ME TO THE HIGH OF AN IDEAL LIFE
I DO NOT IGNORE MY RESPECTABLE TEACHERS WHO INSPIRED ME TO WORK
FROM DOWN TO DUSK AND LET ME REACH TO HIGHTS OF THE SKY
i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYMy department requires this report. The purpose
of report is to record all the major activities that I performed in
that particular institute during my internship training. It
Comprises of: How to preparer questionnaire How to conduct survey
Introduction of the organization Objectives Review of Literature
Analysis Results and discussion Work done by me Suggestions and
recommendations
ii
ACKNOWLEDEMENTS
I offer my life humble thanks to Almighty Allah who enabled me
to complete one of my lifes academic urges. I am grateful to
almighty ALLAH who made me able to comp lete the work presented in
this report. It is due to his unending mercy that this work moved
toward success. I express my thoughts and feelings to supervisor
honorable Mr. Muhammad Aslam Memon (Senior Scientific Officer), Mr.
Muhammad Ibrahim Lashari, (Principal scientific officer) and Mr.
Manzoor Ali Memon (Principal Scientific Officer) SSRI, Tandojam for
his courteous professional advices, internship report transcript
checking and its improvement, motivation, nice suggestion and
encouragement during this study.
Further author wishes to extend his special thanks of Dr. Ali
Muhammad Khushk Director Social Sciences Research Institute
Pakistan Agriculture Council Tandojam, who allow me for interning
in that organization and provide me house job pattern during
research work up to finishing the manuscript.
Further author wishes to extend his special thanks to
respectable teacher Mr. Sanaullah Noonari Assistant professor of
Department of Agricultural Economics Faculty Of Agricultural Social
Sciences.
WAJID ALI SHAHANI
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
SOCIAL SCIENCES viii
Action Plan for Livestock Marketing Systems in Pakistan
IntroductionLivestock farming is an integral part of rural
economy of Pakistan. Despite the laissez faire type of public
approach for the development of this sector, it has grown at
impressive rate. Presently, this sector is sharing almost 50% to
the total value addition in agriculture sector and almost 11% of
national GDP. Only the milk produced has value higher than the
combined value of wheat and cotton. National Commission on
Agriculture clearly emphasized that one of the main reasons for the
lack of development in the livestock sub-sector is the exceeding
defective system of marketing of livestock and livestock products.
Realizing the importance of the issue, a nation wide study was
carried out, with the assistance of FAO Pakistan, to investigate
the marketing of live animals and their products in the country.
Besides marketing of live animals, the selling system of different
livestock products like milk, meat, wool, hides and skins were
investigated. Main Findings It was found that majority of the
animals brought for sale in livestock markets were low milk
yielding and have poor body score. The livestock markets lack even
basic facilities while local governments collect a handsome amount
of revenues from these markets. Beoparies or traders are the major
players in these markets while the farmers, as sellers and buyers,
have relatively little information about competitive prices of the
animals. In milk marketing, dhodies or milkmen are the only
dominant intermediary. Consumers, shopkeepers, veterinarians and
researchers report a number of adulterations and contaminations in
the milk supplied by dhodies. The competitive milk marketing in the
pasteurized and UHT forms is at highly limited scale and UHT milk
prices are almost double than the loose fresh milk supplied by
dhodies. In meat marketing, the abattoirs are the production points
and butchers shops are the only vending points to the consumers.
The abattoirs are seriously lacking basic sanitation facilities
(like light, adequate water supply, space for slaughtering and
animal keeping, meat refrigeration, and disposal of offal) all over
the country. A large portion of the by-products such as blood,
glands, intestines, and bones are either wasted or poorly
processed. The hygienic conditions of the slaughterhouses and meat
shops are very poor. One of the underlying reasons is that these
facilities were not periodically updated because of complex
administratively procedures ix
involved. The flayers and butchers are also not professionally
trained. The fixing the prices of beef and mutton by local
governments are serious obstacles in buying good quality animals
for slaughtering. Due to poor flaying, lot of damages occurred to
hides and skins right at the production points. The collection and
disposal of these hides and skins is a lengthy process and proper
care is not given to these useful products on their way from
production point till it reaches the tanneries. In town or city
markets, the hides and skins business is in the hands of commission
agents or arthies. The price is mostly dictated by the beopari who
decides the price on the basis of weight and cleanliness and they
have the updated price information. In case of wool, due to
clipping with scissors, the quality is damaged right at the
production point. The local wool collector mixes fleece of
different flock into one consignment and in this way he adds some
dirt to increase the weight. No quality control measures are
practiced during wool marketing. Virtually all livestock and
livestock products provide relatively a meager rate of return
compared to the investment. This is true at each stage of largely
traditional marketing systems. Recommendations Creation of a
Livestock Marketing Regulatory Authority is recommended to ensure
good governance in marketing of livestock and livestock products.
Practicing of SPS measures in production and marketing of milk and
meat marketing. Provision of milk pasteurization and chilling
facilities in deep rural areas, and hides/skins processing
facilities in NWFP and Balochistan.
x
PARC Achievements and Future Plans (New Initiatives of PARC) Dr.
Iftikhar Ahmad, Director General, NARC Dr. Imdad H. Mirza, Dr.
Javed Iqbal, PRMC, NARC SardarGhulam Mustafa, Director PR &
Protocol, PARC
Like many other developing countries of South East Asia,
agriculture is the mainstay of rural economy of Pakistan as well.
Nearly two-third of the country's population live in rural areas
and an overwhelming majority of them are dependent on agriculture
for their livelihood. Agriculture contributes 23 percent to
national income (GDP), and employees about 50 percent of the labor
force. It is a prime source of raw materials for Pakistan's
industries, notably the textile sector. The development of
science-based agriculture production technologies is of utmost
importance for moving forward and keeping pace with developing
economies. Major goals of agricultural research include making
Pakistans agriculture: productive, profitable, competitive and
sustainable. Major areas of Councils research include: crops,
horticulture and floriculture, agricultural biotechnology, farm
mechanization, natural resources, animal sciences, social sciences
and agricultural informatics. PARC has assisted in developing more
than 264 improved varieties of wheat, rice, pulses, maize, sorghum,
millet, fodder, cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds and horticultural
crops. Major achievements of the Council in animal sciences' sector
include livestock reproduction capacity enhancement from one to
three offsprings per year through embryo transplant technology.
Hydro pericardium vaccine production technology for poultry has
been transferred to private sector with a success rate of 95%.
Losses prior to the introduction of this vaccine were estimated at
75 to 80 percent. Annual financial savings during the past 10 years
were approximately Rs. 30 billion, due to this vaccine. PARC has
played the major role in the diagnosis, and prevention of bird flu
in Pakistan. Through the introduction of balanced concentrate
feeds, milk and meat production has increased and production cost
reduced. Improved varieties of wheat, cotton, rice and sugarcane
crops coupled with balanced fertilizer use have resulted in yield
increases from 100-170%. Use of chickpea inoculums on large scale
in Bhakkar (Punjab) area increased the chickpea yield by 45 to 65%.
The Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) epidemics during 1992 94 caused
serious havoc. Monetary loss only in 1992 was estimated to be Rs.
2000 millions. PARC scientists on the way to xi
manage the crisis have diagnosed and characterized the virus and
its vector. Virus-free potato seed and banana plantlets have been
developed by the PARC scientists working at its various institutes.
Consequently, seed potato import has reduced to almost nil as
compared to thousands of tons in 1980s. Another breakthrough was
the introduction of virus-free banana saplings. The Bunchy-top
virus had almost eroded banana plantation in Sindh in mid 1990s.
Now, this plantation is being replaced by PARC produced virus free
banana plantlets in Hyderabad, Thatta and Gharo areas. Hybrid seed
production of maize, oilseeds, wheat, rice, cotton and vegetables
is being researched in a big way. In collaboration with Japan, PARC
has established a, state-of-the-art plant genetic resources
facility for conservation and exchange of germplasm including
collection of seeds of all plants etc. In-vitro conservation
facility of vegetatively propagated crops is also available in this
institute. PARC has also developed a state-of-the-art grain quality
laboratory. The laboratory is ISO-17025 certified. In order to
minimize the indiscriminate and excessive use of harmful
pesticides, PARC is promoting the concept of biological control of
insect pests through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for
fruits and vegetables. PARC established bio-control laboratories in
five sugar mills and provided technical assistance to another eight
sugar mills to do so. To reduce input costs and to produce health
and environment-friendly crops, PARC has given special thrusts on
organic wheat and vegetable production based on EM-compost and
humic acid. Plants for production of biofertilizers and
biopesticides started production at NARC. Intercropping of
vegetables cultivation indigenized is also being propagated.
all-season PARC hasSalicornia Harvesting Near Karachi
have on ridge
technology
for
vegetable
production. Work on plants suitable for bio-fuel production like
Salicornia, Jatropha, Arind, Sarkanda, Sukhchan is in progress.
Under the visionary leadership of Dr. ZafarAltaf, Chairman PARC,
various innovative technologies like biotechnology, bioprospecting,
dairy goats crossbreeding, mushroom development, efficient water
harvesting, remote sensing, GIS, mitigation strategies for climate
change, biofuel production, biodiversitySaanen Queen of the Dairy
Goat
conservation, dry rice farming organic certification, etc. are
being
researched, perfected, tested, tried and extended. xii
Very recently, PARC has established two waste-water treatment
plants for agricultural use through bio-remediation at NARC.
Feasibility study used-water treatment facility Jamshid Colony,
with a of of
Benezirabad (Nawab Shah)
capacity of 3 3.5 million gallon/day has been conducted.
Similarly, establishment of PARC/NARC sub-research station at
village
Neela,Chakwal for demonstration of biological treatment of
used-water and solid organic matter for integrated farming is also
under consideration. A campaign has been launched to plant fruit
saplings and vegetables to cover the spaces available along road
sides, green belts etc. in the urban areas including households
(backyards, front-yards and other empty spaces). An urban
agriculture centre is being established at NARC through
public-private partnership. Research work on high density fruit
orchards is also in progress at NARC and at various locations of
the country. Pakistan is a major tea importer. Tea import to the
tune of Rs.12 to 14 billion per annum is quite disturbing and a
challenge to all concerned in Pakistan. PARC has been working to
enhance indigenous tea production in the country since 1980s. As a
result of sustained efforts, the Council has established a big
nursery with 1.5 million tea plants. Tea plantation has been
established on more than 400 acres at farmers' fields. Farmers and
NGOs' workers have been trained in tea cultivation technology.
Green and black tea processing plants of 50 kg/day and 1 ton/day
capacity, respectively have been installed and private sector is
being encouraged to come forward in a big way to help increase the
area under tea. AnMoU was signed with a local company to promote
the indigenous tea production and make the country self- reliant in
tea. However, more work on this project is needed to make tea
cultivation a sustainable and profitable venture for the farmers.
Another remarkable achievement of PARC's research and development
has been the introduction of European honeybees in Pakistan in the
1980s, which made Pakistan a leading exporter of honey in the
region. Now, more than 300,000 bee colonies exist in Pakistan which
increased honey production from 4 kg in 1982 to 28 kg per colony
per annum in 2009. We also trained around 8000 farmers in modern
beekeeping. Farm Machinery Institute (FMI) under PARC has designed,
developed and modified variety of farm mechanization technologies
and transferred these to about 30 private sector engineering
firms/companies for commercial production. The machines developed
by PARC include reaperxiii
windrowers, groundnut-diggers, paddy-threshers and
sunflower-threshers. A rice transplanter has been designed,
developed and introduced by PARC to suit the local socio-economic
and agroecological conditions. It has given satisfactory
performance in rice fields of Punjab and Sindh. It is being
manufactured by Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC), Taxila on
commercial scale. Tractor mounted reaper-windrower, wheat drill,
wheat straw chopper-cum-blower and mobile seed processing units
have also been recently developed and introduced. Realizing the
importance of straw, FMI has developed wheat and rice
clipper-cum-blower, facilitating the farmers to save the uncut and
un-chopped wheat straw after combine harvesting of these crops. FMI
has also introduced phosphate band placement fertilizer drill,
which saves 50% fertilizer. Covering diverse socio-economic aspects
of agricultural research and a wide variety of production
technology packages developed by PARC research scientists, the
Social Sciences discipline takes care of agri-economics,
agribusiness, socio-economics, biometrics, gender development and
WTO opportunities and challenges for Pakistan's agriculture. A
variety of surveys and studies are conducted every year to gauge
the suitability and profitability of various agricultural
technologies. As a result, PARC has more than 100 off-the-shelf
available technologies for immediate transfer to farmers through
various mass media and technology transfer/extension channels. The
new management has desired that the new technologies will be
demonstrated at farmers' fields in more aggressive manner so that
the technologies developed at PARC research stations disseminate
fairly rapidly. PARC has already established a network of
Technology Transfer Institutes (TTIs) at Faisalabad, Tandojam,
Peshawar, Quetta, Gilgit and Muzaffarabad for efficient transfer of
developed technologies and generated knowledge. PARC management
realizes that the process of technology transfer will be successful
if it is done through closed collaboration with the provincial
extension departments. The emphasis is on development and
dissemination of sitespecific solutions and technology transfer
according to local needs of the farming community. PARC has
imparted training to about 15000 people (farmers, extortionists,
junior scientists, technicians) through 750 organized training
courses, published booklets/brochures (300), audios (160) and
videos (300) programs, held exhibitions (60), seminars/workshops
(70). More than 16000 farmers benefited by PARC helpline. In this
age of information technology where Internet and email has become a
house-hold item, PARC also inaugurated its own web site in August
2000. It contains more than 500 pages with more than 160,000 hits
by visitors from over 50 countries. The web site has both English
and xiv
Urdu Sections to cater the information needs of a wide variety
of clientele including scientists, researchers, policy makers,
planners, students as well as farmers. The site contains 25 English
and more than 100 Urdu commodity papers. As mandated, PARC has
maintained a National Library for Agricultural Sciences at NARC
with more than 25000 books/documents and about 1100 scientific
journals.
INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATIONPakistan Agriculture Research
Council (PARC) is established in 1981 for research purpose at
federal and provincial level in a country to provide science-based
solution for agricultural development. Chairman is the chief
executive of the PARC. Chairman and members are the responsible for
executing all policies and discharging all function of the PARC
relating to the research planning, coordination, budget and policy
formulation. The main functions of PARC are to: Undertake aid,
promote and coordinate agricultural research. Arrange expeditious
utilization of research result. Establish research establishments
mainly to fill in the gap in existing programs of agriculture
research. Arrange the training of high level scientific manpower in
agriculture sciences. Generate, acquire and disseminate information
relating to agriculture. Establish and maintain a reference and
research library. Perform any other function related to the matters
aforesaid.
Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC) is the apex
agriculture research organization at the national level. Its main
objective is to strengthen Pakistans agriculture research system,
comprising the federal and provincial components. In Pakistan, all
the four provinces have established a large number of institutes to
meet their specific need for agriculture research. The activities
of institutions need to be coordinated at national level to make
judicious use of resources in term of men, money and material. PARC
is only organization in the country with a mandate to coordinate
agriculture research, being carried out in the provincial as well
as federal institutions and the universities.
xv
PARC conducts research, especially of a basic and long term
nature in areas of national importance, which are either neglected
or inadequately covered, or are beyond the resources of the
provincial institutions requiring sophisticated and costly
equipment and facilities as well as highly qualified but scare man
power and frequently interaction with international agricultural
research institutions.
xvi
xvii
PARC Achievements and Future Plans (New Initiatives of PARC)Like
many other developing countries of South East Asia, agriculture is
the mainstay of rural economy of Pakistan as well. Nearly two-third
of the country's population live in rural areas and an overwhelming
majority of them are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood.
Agriculture contributes 23 percent to national income (GDP), and
employees about 50 percent of the labor force. It is a prime source
of raw materials for Pakistan's industries, notably the textile
sector. The development of science-based agriculture production
technologies is of utmost importance for moving forward and keeping
pace with developing economies. Major goals of agricultural
research include making Pakistans agriculture: productive,
profitable, competitive and sustainable. Major areas of Councils
research include: crops, horticulture and floriculture,
agricultural biotechnology, farm mechanization, natural resources,
animal sciences, social sciences and agricultural informatics. PARC
has assisted in developing more than 264 improved varieties of
wheat, rice, pulses, maize, sorghum, millet, fodder, cotton,
sugarcane, oilseeds and horticultural crops. Major achievements of
the Council in animal sciences' sector include livestock
reproduction capacity enhancement from one to three offsprings per
year through embryo transplant technology. Hydro pericardium
vaccine production technology for poultry has been transferred to
private sector with a success rate of 95%. Losses prior to the
introduction of this vaccine were estimated at 75 to 80 percent.
Annual financial savings during the past 10 years were
approximately Rs. 30 billion, due to this vaccine. PARC has played
the major role in the diagnosis, and prevention of bird flu in
Pakistan. Through the introduction of balanced concentrate feeds,
milk and meat production has increased and production cost reduced.
Improved varieties of wheat, cotton, rice and sugarcane crops
coupled with balanced fertilizer use have resulted in yield
increases from 100-170%. Use of chickpea inoculums on large scale
in Bhakkar (Punjab) area increased the chickpea yield by 45 to 65%.
The Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) epidemics during 1992 94 caused
serious havoc. Monetary loss only in 1992 was estimated to be Rs.
2000 millions. PARC scientists on the way to manage the crisis have
diagnosed and characterized the virus and its vector. Virus-free
potato seed and banana plantlets have been developed by the PARC
scientists working at its various institutes. Consequently, seed
potato import has reduced to almost nil as compared to thousands of
tons in 1980s. Another breakthrough was the introduction of
virus-free banana saplings. The Bunchy-top virus had almost eroded
banana plantation in Sindh in mid 1990s. Now, this plantation is
being replaced by PARC produced virus free banana plantlets in
xviii
Hyderabad, Thatta and Gharo areas. Hybrid seed production of
maize, oilseeds, wheat, rice, cotton and vegetables is being
researched in a big way. In collaboration with Japan, PARC has
established a, state-of-the-art plant genetic resources facility
for conservation and exchange of germplasm including collection of
seeds of all plants etc. In-vitro conservation facility of
vegetatively propagated crops is also available in this institute.
PARC has also developed a state-of-the-art grain quality
laboratory. The laboratory is ISO-17025 certified. In order to
minimize the indiscriminate and excessive use of harmful
pesticides, PARC is promoting the concept of biological control of
insect pests through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for
fruits and vegetables. PARC established biocontrol laboratories in
five sugar mills and provided technical assistance to another eight
sugar mills to do so. To reduce input costs and to produce health
and environment-friendly crops, PARC has given special thrusts on
organic wheat and vegetable production based on EM-compost and
humic acid. Plants for production of biofertilizers and
biopesticides have started production at NARC. Intercropping of
vegetables on ridge cultivation is also being propagated. PARC has
indigenized technology for all-season vegetable production. Work on
plants suitable for bio-fuelSalicornia Harvesting Near Karachi
production like Salicornia, Jatropha, Arind, Sarkanda, Sukh chan
is in progress. Under the visionary leadership of Dr. Zafar Altaf,
Chairman PARC, various innovative technologies like biotechnology,
bioprospecting, dairy goats crossbreeding , mushroom development,
efficient water harvesting, remote sensing, GIS, mitigation
strategies for climate change, biofuel production, biodiversity
conservation, dry rice farming organic certification, etc. are
beingSaanen Queen of the Dairy Goat
researched, perfected, tested, tried and extended.
xix
Very recently, PARC has established two waste-water treatment
plants for agricultural use through bio-remediation at NARC.
Feasibility study of used-water treatment facility of Jamshid
Colony, Benezirabad (Nawab Shah) with a capacity of 3 3.5 million
gallon/day has been conducted. Similarly, establishment of
PARC/NARC sub-research station at village Neela, Chakwal for
demonstration of biological treatment of used-water and solid
organic matter for i ntegrated farming is also under consideration.
A campaign has been launched to plant fruit saplings and vegetables
to cover the spaces available along road sides, green belts etc. in
the urban areas including households (backyards, front-yards and
other empty spaces). An urban agriculture centre is being
established at NARC through public-private partnership. Research
work on high density fruit orchards is also in progress at NARC and
at various locations of the country. Pakistan is a major tea
importer. Tea import to the tune of Rs.12 to 14 billion per annum
is quite disturbing and a challenge to all concerned in Pakistan.
PARC has been working to enhance
indigenous tea production in the country since 1980s. As a
result of sustained efforts, the Council has established a big
nursery with 1.5 million tea plants. Tea plantation has been
established on more than 400 acres at farmers' fields. Farmers and
NGOs' workers have been trained in tea cultivation technology.
Green and black tea
processing plants of 50 kg/day and 1 ton/day capacity,
respectively have been installed and private sector is being
encouraged to come forward in a big way to help increase the area
under tea. An MoU was signed with a local company to promote the
indigenous tea production and make the country self- reliant in
tea. However, more work on this project is needed to make tea
cultivation a sustainable and profitable venture for the farmers.
Another remarkable achievement of PARC's research and development
has been the introduction of European honeybees in Pakistan in the
1980s, which made Pakistan a leading exporter of honey in the
region. Now, more than 300,000 bee colonies exist in Pakistan which
increased honey production from 4 kg in 1982 to 28 kg per colony
per annum in 2009. We also trained around 8000 farmers in modern
beekeeping. Farm Machinery Institute (FMI) under PARC has designed,
developed and modified variety of farm mechanization technologies
and transferred these to about 30 private sector engineering
firms/companies for commercial production. The machines developed
by PARC include reaper-windrowers, groundnut-diggers,
paddy-threshers and sunflower-threshers. A rice
xx
transplanter has been designed, developed and introduced by PARC
to suit the local socioeconomic and agro-ecological conditions. It
has given satisfactory performance in rice fields of Punjab and
Sindh. It is being manufactured by Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC),
Taxila on commercial scale. Tractor mounted reaper-windrower, wheat
drill, wheat straw chopper-cumblower and mobile seed processing
units have also been recently developed and introduced. Realizing
the importance of straw, FMI has developed wheat and rice
clipper-cum-blower, facilitating the farmers to save the uncut and
un-chopped wheat straw after combine harvesting of these crops. FMI
has also introduced phosphate band placement fertilizer drill,
which saves 50% fertilizer. Covering diverse socio-economic aspects
of agricultural research and a wide variety of production
technology packages developed by PARC research scientists, the
Social Sciences discipline takes care of agri-economics,
agribusiness, socio-economics, biometrics, gender development and
WTO opportunities and challenges for Pakistan's agriculture. A
variety of surveys and studies are conducted every year to gauge
the suitability and profitability of various agricultural
technologies. As a result, PARC has more than 100 off-the-shelf
available technologies for immediate transfer to farmers through
various mass media and technology transfer/extension channels. The
new management has desired that the new technologies will be
demonstrated at farmers' fields in more aggressive manner so that
the technologies developed at PARC research stations disseminate
fairly rapidly. PARC has already established a network of
Technology Transfer Institutes (TTIs) at Faisalabad, Tandojam,
Peshawar, Quetta, Gilgit and Muzaffarabad for efficient transfer of
developed technologies and generated knowledge. PARC management
realizes that the process of technology transfer will be successful
if it is done through closed collaboration with the provincial
extension departments. The emphasis is on development and
dissemination of site-specific solutions and technology transfer
according to local needs of the farming community. PARC has
imparted training to about 15000 people (farmers, extortionists,
junior scientists, technicians) through 750 organized training
courses, published booklets/brochures (300), audios (160) and
videos (300) programs, held exhibitions (60), seminars/workshops
(70). More than 16000 farmers benefited by PARC helpline. In this
age of information technology where Internet and email has become a
house-hold item, PARC also inaugurated its own web site in August
2000. It contains more than 500 pages with more than 160,000 hits
by visitors from over 50 countries. The web site has both English
and Urdu Sections to cater the information needs of a wide variety
of clientele including scientists, researchers, policy makers,
planners, students as well as farmers. The site contains 25 English
and more than 100 Urdu commodity papers. As mandated, PARC has
maintained a
xxi
National Library for Agricultural Sciences at NARC with more
than 25000 books/documents and about 1100 scientific journals. In
line with the new challenges in the WTO regime PARC has established
a WTO- Food and Agriculture Related Matters (WTO-FARM) Cell in
2000. The Cell has conducted more than 50 workshops and seminars in
close collaboration with key stakeholders across the country to
create awareness of WTO regime for food and agriculture. It has
also conducted research in this area and published 10 policy
research papers, a training manual and a bulletin for farmers.
Council has recently obtained post-graduate degree awarding status
by establishing National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS)
which will teach cutting-edge knowledge to students at M.Phil and
Ph.D level. PARC has registered a company, PARC Agrotech Trading
Company (PATCO), to patent and commercialize the technologies,
services and products developed and provided by the agricultural
scientists. It has already started functioning.
xxii
SOCIAL SCIENCES AT PARC
Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC) is an apex national
organization working in close collaboration with other federal and
provincial institutions to provide sciences based solution to
agriculture of Pakistan. At present, PARC has four technical
Division, plant science Division (PSD), Natural Resources Division
(NRD), Animal Sciences Division (ASD) and Social Science Division
(SSD). The SSD established its network of social sciences research
in 1984 with creation of Agriculture Economics Research Unit (now
up graded as Social Sciences Research Institutes) at provincial and
federal level and one of each at AJK and Gilgit-Baltistan. The main
objective of these institutes is to carry out research on
socio-economic aspects relating to grass root level farmer in
Pakistan a part from extending a helping arm to provincial
agriculture research system. This has not only bridged the
information gap on micro-level issue of farming and technology
adoption but has also resulted in the development of new crop,
livestock and farm machinery related technologies in the
country.
The past research work of SSD focused on diagnostic surveys,
monitoring technology adoption and diffusion, prioritization of
agricultural research, agriculture marketing and value chain
analysis, food and nutritional security, policy impacts, etc. To
keep in line with the international pattern of agricultural
Research, SSD has reformed its research agenda, thus gradually
shifting from commodity and system based research to thematic
research. The future SSD research shall revolve around themes like
agricultural production and value chains, agricultural growth and
poverty, agricultural policy etc. Director of Social Sciences
Research Coordination The Directorate aims at effective
coordination of Social Research with the PARC in house, NARS, and
IRS, major objectives are. .Coordination Social Science Research
with NARS and IRS. .Plan , monitor and evaluate the activities of
SSD and its satellite institutes and agricultural mega project of
PARC. Strategic prioritization of Social Sciences Research in
collaboration with NARS and IRS. Social Science Research based
knowledge management and communication.
xxiii
Social Sciences Research Institutes (SSRI)Located in Islamabad-
Faslabad-Peshawar-Quetta-Tandojam-Muzaffarabad-Gilgit.
Functions:
To identify on-farm issues and farmers research needs and
translate them into research priorities for appropriate
recommendation domains.
To determine the socioeconomic viability of alternative
technologies to identify farm level constrains in their adoption
levels and to highlight areas for policy intervention;
To guide policy design and implementation process in the
perspective of overall constraints to capacity utilization of the
production system and national targets of output growth, income and
employments;
To guide investment in agricultural research by disciplines.
Commodities, programs, agro ecological zones and target groups;
To develop public private partnership for accelerating pace of
commercialization of agricultural technologies.
To develop public private partnership for accelerating pace of
commercialization of agricultural technology.
xxiv
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF SOCIAL SECIENCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE,
TANDO JAMThe Social Science Research Institute (SSRI) has
established by the Pakistan Agriculture Research council of the
Ministry of Food , Agriculture and livestock (MINFAL) Government of
Pakistan. The Technology Transfer Institute (SSRI) was established
in July 2002 by upgrading and expanding the mandate of Agricultural
Economics Research Unit (AERU). The AERU had been functioning in
Tandojam since 1986.Appreciating the vital role of technology
transfer in over all Agricultural development. The PARC, under its
Social Sciences Division, established seven SSRIs by upgrading the
AERU in all four provinces and AJK. A new SSRI was established for
northern areas at Gilgit. The SSRI at national Agricultural
Research Center (NARC) had been already operational. At PARC,
Deputy Director General (SSRI) supervisor and coordinates the
activities of all the SSRIs. Each SSRI has a Socioeconomics
Research Unit (SERU) and Technology Transfer Unit (TTU).
Mandate of SSRI
It has a direct role and significant contributions in the
Agriculture Research endeavors of the province.
It identifies priority research areas.
It plans, coordinates and conducts research in different
disciplines of the Agricultural Social Sciences with close
collaboration of biological scientists.
It addresses their problems in investigating
Socioeconomic feasibility of new
technologies and identifies constraints in relation to their
adoption at the farm level.
xxv
Goals and Objectives
To provide feedback from on-farm research to help establish
priorities for research
To adopt disciplinary approach to undertake research on priority
areas/issues.
To conduct farm level research to diagnose factor limiting crop
productivity and evaluate alternative technologies for overcoming
these limiting factor.
To arrange training workshops to train biological and
socioeconomic tools and microcomputer package.
social scientists in different
To create awareness among the stakeholders, farmers about the
tested technologies developed by the research institutes through
different dissemination techniques.
SSRI Mission
To promote the use of technology and continually improves the
agricultural products for the benefit of our farmers, extension,
lecture and student and keeps them abreast with struggle in the
global society.
SSRI value
We can also focus on new technology of agricultural product and
expand the excellent and new technologies. Our qualified and
experienced work must enhance their confidence and trust in us.
xxvi
RESPONSIBILITIES OF STUDENT
I completed my internship at Social Science Research Institute
(SSRI) Tando Jam. During internship assignment entitled Economic
Analysis of Synthetic Fertilizer Use in Wheat Crop assigned to me
by Director SSRI, Tando Jam. The above assignment was competed with
following methodology.
Methodology
The study was conducted through primary data collection from
growers of Wheat cropping year 2013. A survey methodology used to
collect primary data because it is commonly used in the field of
social sciences. Survey methodology provides the plan for the study
and overall framework for collected data. Survey design is an
effective way to measure responses on fairly easy fashion as it
uses well developed questionnaire. The methodology includes data
source, study area, data collection and data analysis procedure.
Finally, it ends up with the farm cost calculation of crop
production.
Data source The data source of this study consists of primary
sources. The primary data was collected from the wheat growers
though the well structured pre-tested questionnaire. Data was
collected during the cropping year 2012-13. With the questionnaire
of growers, information was collected about synthetic fertilizer
use in wheat crop.
Study Area
The research work was conducted in district of Hyderabad Wheat
cropping zone of Sindh. The selection of growers has been carried
out based on the criteria that they had synthetic fertilizer use in
wheat crop.
xxvii
Data collection procedure
The data was collected from, wheat growing areas of Tando Jam
(Hyderabad). Which was selected and identified with the help of
local wheat growers, and growers was randomly selected and
interviewed. The total 25 wheat growers were determined as a sample
size. The interview with growers was carried out personally, which
allowed very detailed insights in wheat growers in the target
areas. The interview of wheat growers was carried out during the mo
nth of February 2013. Each interview with growers took
approximately 30 minutes.
Data analysis procedure
The data is analysis with the help of Statistical Package for
Social Scientists Software (SPSS). This software I analysis
frequency, minimum, maximum, mean and standard division.
Total revenue
Total revenue is the total money received from the sale of any
given quantity of output. The total revenue is calculated by taking
the price of the sale times the quantity sold. (Total revenue =
price x quantity) Total Cost
Total cost is the sum of the fixed cost and total variable cost
for an given wheat cost of production. For example land
preparation, seed, fertilizer, harvesting, threshing and irrigation
cost.
Net Profit
Profit calculated by gross income minus expenses. (Gross income
cost of production = net profit.
xxviii
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC FERTILIZER USE IN WHEAT CROP
Introduction of Wheat Crop Wheat occupies a pivotal position in
the Agricultural Economy of Pakistan. It is the most important food
of our country and accounts for 75% of total food grain production
and covers the largest area (8.4 m ha) under any crop in Pakistan.
Wheat is the most important grain and a staple food for more than
one third of the world population. It is sown on 220 million
hectares around the world with 564.6 million tons production, an
average of 2500 kg grain per hectare. China sown wheat on around 30
million hectares, followed by the Russian Federation; India, the
USA, Australia, Canada, Turkey and Pakistan. As far as the highest
yield is concerned France in Europe produces 7200 kg per hectare as
it has much longer growing season of winter wheat. It is also a
staple food crop of Pakistan, and accounts for nearly 36 per cent
of the total cropped area, 30 per cent of the value added by major
crops and 76 per cent of the total production of food grains.
Pakistan made an important breakthrough last year by not only
achieving selfsufficiency in wheat production, but by also being
able to become a wheat exporting country. Among the wheat producing
country, Pakistan stands at 10th place in terms of area (8.5
million hectares) and 59th in terms of yield (21.0 m ton) annually.
The production of wheat per acre differs from area to area and farm
to farm as some allied and supporting factors have to be taken into
account, while calculating yield. Weather and the availability of
the irrigation water through canals also contribute to the yield.
The average per acre yield of wheat is estimated between 20 and 25
maunds and above it needs an extra effort as well as natural
supporting factors.
In Sindh wheat was cultivated on 1482.2 hectares and is likely
to produce 3.733 million tons against the set target of 3.5 million
tons. Wheat was cultivated on 757.9 hectares in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
and is likely to produce 1.211m tons against the set target of 1.5
million tons. Wheat was cultivated on 394.0 thousand hectares in
Balochistan and is likely to produce 0.744m tons against the set
target of 0.8 million tons. An official of the Food Security and
Research Ministry said that though the target of 25 million tons of
wheat production seems not to be achieved still over 24 million
tons would be enough for the whole year as Pakistans annual wheat
consumption is around 21.7 million tons. The government estimates
wheat production amounting to 24.02 million tons this year fairly
sufficing countrys annual requirement of noting less than 24
million tons, an official told Online on Saturday. However, he
informed that there was no risk of shortage of the commodity
1
in the country as the sufficient stock of carry forward
available collectively with the provincial and federal government.
The official underlined the fact; net production is fell down
slightly against its target of 25 million tons due to certain
factors and the major reasons are shortage of fertilizers and water
scarcity. Wheat harvesting is going to start from mid April in
Sindh and in the end of this month or in the beginning of next
month in Punjab, the federal secretary said, adding that this year
wheat requirement is expected to remain about 24 million tons in
the country. While talking to Online Muhammad Ibrahim Mughal,
Chairman of Agri Forum Pakistan said that wheat production target
was set 25 million tons for this year but the output could be
around 23 to 23.5 million tons. Introduction of Fertilize The
fertilizer sector in Pakistan has experienced policy shifts and
changes in the management of its domestic production, import, and
distribution system. There were times when government controlled
fertilizer retail prices and was directly or indirectly engaged in
fertilizer production, import, and distribution. As a result of
reforms that were initiated in 1986 and completed by 1995,
subsidies on sales prices of fertilizers were eliminated; the
reforms disbanded provincial distribution organizations and the
Fertilizer Imports Directorate (FID) in the federal Ministry of
Food and Agriculture (MINFA).
Domestic production of various fertilizers, in terms of
nutrients, has increased from 1.790 million tons in 1995/96 to
3.082 million tons in 2009/10, an overall increase of 72 percent.
The production of all nutrients is reported to have expanded, but
the major contribution comes from the expansion in production of
the 2 most widely used fertilizers in Pakistan: urea and diammonium
phosphate (DAP). The National Fertilizer Development Centre (NFDC)
reported that urea production has risen from 3.258 million tons to
5.155 million tons in the period under study. In 1995/96, Pakistan
had no facilities for producing DAP, the main source of phosphorus
nutrients in the country; that same year, total nutrient imports
were 734,000 tons. In 2009/10, Pakistan imported 1.444 million tons
of nutrients, including 901,000 tons of nitrogen and 522,000 tons
of phosphorus. The share of domestic production in the total annual
supply of fertilizer nutrients (ranging from 67 to 84 percent)
averaged 74 percent in the period studied (1996 2010). In the case
of nitrogen, domestic production has accounted for 87 percent of
its total supply. Fertilizer Prices A number of domestic and
international developments affected fertilizer prices. These
included the rising prices of energy and natural gas, which
resulted in higher costs for fertilizer
2
production and transportation. Higher costs led in turn to
increased reliance on imports to meet burgeoning demand for
fertilizers and reluctance on the part of the government to
increase commodity prices in line with international prices.
Moreover, in the wake of deregulation of the fertilizer sector and
the elimination of subsidies, fertilizer prices in the second half
of the last decade rose rapidly.(Sources: NFDC 2008 and 2011.)
Historical Developments in the Fertilizer Sector Local
fertilizer production in Pakistan began in 1957 in the public
sector with small-scale production units for ammonium sulfate and
single super phosphate.5 Two private-sector urea plants commenced
production in 1968 (Engro Chemicals Pakistan Limited) and 1971
(Dawood Hercules). The private companies had their own network of
dealers for marketing their products. The government nationalized
fertilizer marketing and distribution in 1973, setting up
provincial distribution agencies for fertilizer marketing. Engro
was allowed to continue to market all of its production. Initially,
Dawood Hercules was allowed to market only 50 percent, but in 1978,
it was granted permission to market all of its production. The
National Fertilizer Corporation (NFC), a public organization, set
up new fertilizer plants, managed existing public-sector fertilizer
manufacturing units, and marketed their production. NFC set up two
urea plants in 1980, one at Mirpur Mathelo in Sindh and the other
at Haripur in KPK. NFC also expanded the capacity of its existing
plants and added new production units. Notwithstanding its efforts
to augment domestic production, NFC was unable to meet rapidly
expanding fertilizer demand. Accordingly, in 1982, Fauji Fertilizer
Company was granted permission to establish a urea plant at Machhi
Goth, in Sindh.
Objectives: To estimate share of different fertilizers used by
farmers. To estimate impact of price change on use of fertilizer To
calculate the cost of profitability of fertilizer use in wheat
crop.
3
REVIEW OF LITERATUREJeiran Eyvazi et al., (2010) studies
Increased use of fertilizer nitrogen (N) in agricultural production
continues to raise concerns, because of the risk of surplus N
leaving the plant-soil system and thereby causing environmental
contamination. Therefore, decreasing nitrate leaching from crop
production fields, such as in wheat fields, is of considerable
importance. Against this backdrop, a field experiment was conducted
to assess the effect of pellet fertilizer, produced by mixing urea
and dry cow dung manure, on wheat yield and its components. The
study was carried out, during the 2007-2008 wheat-growing season,
at the experimental farm of Zanjan Agricultural Research Center in
Iran. The experimental layout was a randomized complete block
design replicated four times. The pellet fertilizer was produced by
mixing urea (50, 100 and 150kg N/ha) with dry cow dung (100, 200
and 300 kg/ha i.e. twice the rate of urea). The mixture was ground
and compressed by closed die method at three levels (167, 223 and
279 mp) of compressive forces, giving a total of ten treatments
including; treatments nine of pellet fertilizer plus a control
treatment with 150kg N ha-1. The biological yield, grain yield,
number of spikes per square meter, number of grains per spike,
grain weight, harvest index, and grain protein content was
calculated. Treatment T7 significantly produced better harvest
index, higher number of spikes/m2, highest 1000 grain weight, the
maximum biological yield, the maximum grain yield and highest grain
protein content per hectare. The use of pellet fertilizer is
therefore a better alternative to uncoated urea due to its slow and
continuous nutrient release for plant uptake at different stages of
its growth. Abdur Rashid et al., (2010) the study was to determine
optimum and economical level of fertilizer for wheat cultivation in
rainfed regions. The study comprised seven rates of NP fertilizer
i.e control (T1), 25-0 kg (T2), 0-25 kg (T3), 25-25 kg (T4), 50-25
kg (T5), 75-50 kg (T6) and 10050 kg per hectare (T7) arranged in a
RCBD with four replications. The data recorded on wheat grain yield
and components showed that all NP levels significantly increased
the number of tillers, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yields as
against control treatment. The data further showed linear increase
in different parameters of wheat with increasing fertilizer levels
upto 5025 kg NP per hectare but further increment of fertilizer
inhibited the physiological growth of crop which ultimately
suppressed grain yield. The highest grain yield (2450 kg/ ha) was
obtained with 50-25 kg NP showing 71 percent increase over control
treatment (1435 kg). The inhibiting effect of higher NP doses on
yield and yield components might be attributed to the scarcity of
moisture in rainfed regions. Economic analysis showed that net
income from increased yield of wheat over control ranged from
Rs.1407 to Rs.5686/- per hectare. Maximum net income (Rs.5686/-)
with 7.01 cost benefit ratio was obtained with 50-25 kg. Thus,
level of 50-25 kg NP per hectare can be recommended as an
economical rate of fertilizer for growing of wheat under rainfed
condition.
Paul Hepperly et al., (2009) studied from 1993 to 2001, a
maize-vegetable-wheat rotation was compared using either 1)
composts, 2) manure, or 3) synthetic fertilizer for nitrogen
nutrient input. From 1993 to1998, red clover (Trifolium pratense
L.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were used as an
annual winter legume cover crop prior to maize production. From
1999 to 2001, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) served as the
legume green manure nitrogen (N) source for maize. In this
rotation, wheat depended entirely on residual N that remained in
the soil after maize and vegetable (pepper and potato) production.
Vegetables received either compost, manure, or fertilizer N inputs.
Raw dairy manure stimulated the highest overall maize yields of
7,395 kg/ha (approximately 140 bushels per acre). This exceeded the
Berks County mean yield of about 107 bushels per acre from 1994 to
2001. When hairy vetch replaced clover as the winter green manure
cover crop, maize yields rose in three of the four treatments
(approximately 500-1,300 kg/ha, or 10-24 bu/a). Hairy vetch cover
cropping also resulted in a 9-25 % increase in wheat yields in the
compost treatments compared to clover cover cropping. Hairy vetch
cover crops increased both maize and wheat grain protein
contents
4
about 16 to 20% compared to the clover cover crop. Compost was
superior to conventional synthetic fertilizer and raw dairy manure
in 1) building soil nutrient levels, 2) providing residual nutrient
support to wheat production, and 3) reducing nutrient losses to
ground and surface waters.
FAO (2004) studied the fertilizer sector has been privatized and
deregulated. Farm price subsidies have been eliminated and prices
decontrolled. Almost ninety percent of fertilizers are distributed
by the private sector through a network of some 8 000 dealers. A
large amount of data is available on crop responses to fertilizer
and the use of fertilizers has been found to be profitable on all
crops. Most of the fertilizer is used on irrigated wheat, cotton,
sugar cane and rice. On these crops the nitrogen application rate
is close to 80 percent of the recommendations, compared with about
40 percent or less, depending on the crop, in the case of
phosphate. Scarcely two percent of farmers apply potash; the
quantities used are applied to fruit and vegetable crops and sugar
cane. Micronutrient deficiencies are common but less than five
percent of the farmers apply micronutrient fertilizers. Total food
crop production in Pakistan increased from 10 million tonnes in
1970/71 to about 25 million tonnes in 2002/03. Fertilizer
consumption increased 13-fold during the same period, to reach
three million tonnes of total nutrients. However, the use of
nutrients is unbalanced. The current N:P2O5:K2O ratio is
1:0.28:0.01. Growth in food production and hence in fertilizer use
will continue due to investments in irrigation projects and
increased food demand. What needs to be done is known but not
implemented. Fertilization practice is far from the recommendations
with consequent loss of yield, financial waste and environmental
contamination.
Muhammad Tahir et al., (2004) Evaluation of the effect of use of
N.P. fertilizer in different ratios on the yield of wheat crop was
investigated at farmers fields at chak No. 2 JB during 20022003 and
at chak No. 70 RB, Faisalabad during 2003-2004. In all the five
treatments nitrogen was applied @ 128 kg ha-1 whereas the
phosphorus was applied @ 32, 42, 84, 96 and 128 kg ha-1,
respectively. Maximum number of productive tillers m-2, number of
grains per spike- 1, 1000-grain weight and grain yield ha-1 were
recorded and observed. All these parameters significantly maximum
in the treatment where N and P ratio was 1:1 (i.e. 128 kg ha-1) and
significantly lowest in the treatment where this ratio was 4:1
(i.e. N 128 kg ha-1 and P 32 kg ha1). Different phosphorus levels
affect significantly to the yield components of wheat.
Wahab (2003) reported the results obtained from Demonstration
Plots laid out in various districts of the former Punjab. In the
case of wheat (irrigated), the results were highly significant for
all the fertilizers. The increased yield ranged from 3 to 6 maunds
of wheat per acre for 30 pounds of nitrogen. At the then prevailing
prices of fertilizer and wheat even an increase of 3 manunds was
economical.
Ministry of Food and Agriculture (3) conducted a survey on the
use of fertilizer in Pakistan and reported that in West Pakistan
largest number of cultivators applied fertilizer to wheat. The
increase in yield due to fertilizer use was 28.8 percent. Financial
return per rupee spent on fertilizer was reported to be 2.8 rupees
at 40 percent subsidy. The method employed for determining increase
in yield due to the use of fertilizer, however, seemed to be very
unsatisfactory. The farmers were asked to report the yield of
fertilized and unfertilized portions of a crop separately. Since
the did not harvest the treated and untreated crop separately, the
could not possibly have known accurately the yields separately. The
sampling of villages in a district and that of farmers in a
village, being all by randomization, was very defective in the
presence of heterogeneous conditions prevailing.
5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Figure 1: Education Level of Selected Respondents: Figure: 1
Figure 1 shows the educational level of wheat farmers. Results
indicate that majority 32% farmers had education level of primary.
Likewise there were 28% matriculated and intermediate each. The
remaining about 12% farmers were recorded illiterate in the study
area. Conclusively about seven eighth of the farmers were literate,
and one eighth were illiterate. This means is farmers in the study
area can read and write. Table 1: Age of Respondent: Year 2011-12
Total N 25 25 Minimum 21 21 Maximum 57 57 Mean 39.3 39.3 Std.
Deviation 11.3 11.3
Table shows that the minimum 21 year age of respondent and
maximum 57 year old with the an average of 39.9 year old of
respondents respectively in the study area.
6
Table 2: Tenancy Status: N Owner Tenant Total 23 2 25 Percent 92
8 100
The share croppers are not involved in purchase of inputs and
marketing of crop output. This is usually left to the landlord or
his kamdar. The tenants share of grain food crops is paid in kind,
out of which some may be sold if they have surplus. The most common
share cropping contract requires the tenant to bear the 50 percent
costs of seeds, fertilizer and pesticides. In return the tenant
receives 50 percent share in the crop output. Data present in table
4 indicate that, a majority 92 percent of the respondents were land
owners and remaining only 8 percent were tenants.
Table 3: Irrigation Method: N Tube well Canal-Tube well Total 18
7 25 Percent 72 28 100
The results show that the growers used different sources such as
tube well and canal to provide irrigation. Tube well is mostly use
because in the study area of scarcity of canal water. The source of
irrigation was examined and found that majority 72 percent
respondents used tube well and 28 percent used tube well plus canal
as shown in table 3.
Table 4: Wheat Area: Year 2011-12 2012-13 Total N 25 25 50
Minimum 3 4 3 Maximum 20 25 25 Mean 8.2 8.7 8.4 Std. Deviation 4.2
4.6 4.3
The table shows that in the cropping year 20d11-12 the minimum 3
wheat acre and maximum 20 acre was recorded with an average of 8.2
with a variation of 4.2 acre were recorded. Similarly the cropping
year 2012-13 was minimum 4 acre and maximum 25 acre holding with
the an average of 8.7 acre with a variation 4.3 was recorded in the
study area.
7
Table 5: Tractor hours
Year 201112 Tractor per acre hours Tractor per hours price Total
Tractor Hours price Tractor per acre hours Tractor per hours price
Total Tractor Hours price Tractor per acre hours Tractor per hours
price Total Tractor Hours price
N
Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation 25 4 7 5.40 .81 25 1,000
1,200 1,060 81.6 25 4,000 7,700 5,740 1,059.4 25 4 25 1,100 25
4,400 50 4 50 1,000 50 4,000 6 1,200 7,200 7 1,200 7,700 4.9 .81
1,168 47.6 5,744 9,57.8 5.1 .84 1,114 85.7 5,742 999.6
201213
Overall
Table shows that in the previous year 2011-12 the minimum
tractor hours of 4 and maximum 7 hours per acre were recorded with
an average of 5.40 hours with a variation of 0.81 tractor hour per
acre. Similarly the per unit price of tractor hour was minimum Rs.
1,000 and maximum Rs. 1,200 with the average value of Rs. 1,060 per
hour of tractor was recorded. However minimum Rs. 4,000 and maximum
Rs. 7,700 with an average cost of Rs. 5,740 per acre were
recorded.
In the present year 2012-13 the minimum tractor hours of 4 and
maximum 6 hours per acre were recorded with an average of 4.9 hours
with a variation of 0.81 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of
tractor hour was minimum Rs. 1,100 and maximum Rs. 1,200 with the
average value of Rs. 1,168 per tractor hour was recorded. However
per acre cost of minimum Rs. 4,400 and maximum Rs. 7,200 with an
average cost of Rs. 5,744 per acre were recorded.
The overall results revealed that minimum tractor hours of 4 and
maximum 7 per acre hours were recorded with an average of 5.1 hours
with a variation of 0.84 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of
tractor hour was minimum Rs. 1,000 and maximum Rs. 1,200 with the
average value of Rs. 1,114 per tractor hour was recorded. Moreover
minimum Rs. 4,000 and maximum Rs. 7,700 with an average cost of Rs.
5,742 per acre with a price variation of Rs. 999.6 were
recorded.
8
In conclusion, results indicate that the tractor hour for the
land preparation of wheat crop the current year was less than the
previous year. Likewise the cost per tractor hour in the present
year was greater than the previous year.
Table 6: Seed Used in per acre:
Year 201112 Seed kg / acre Seed kg price / acre Total Seed kg
Price 2012Seed kg / acre 13 Seed kg price / acre Total Seed kg
Price Overall Seed kg / acre Seed kg price / acre Total Seed kg
Price
N 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 50 50
Minimum Maximum 60 1,400 1,800 60 1,600 2,380 60 1,400 1,800 80
2,200 3,520 80 2,400 3,840 80 2,400 3,840
Mean 73.0 1,718.0 2,499.2 70.6 2,060.0 2,882.4 71.8 1,889.0
2,690.8
Std. Deviation 7.9 217.4 357.6 8.0 261.4 308.2 8.0 294.0
383.0
The table shows that In the cropping year 2011-12 the minimum
per acre seed quantity 60kg and maximum 80kg per acre was recorded
with an average of 73kg with a variation of 7.1kg per acre.
Similarly the per unit price of seed kg was minimum Rs. 1,400 and
maximum Rs. 2,200 with the an average value of Rs. 1,718 price seed
per acre was recorded. However the minimum overall seed price Rs.
1,800 and maximum Rs. 3,520 with an average cost of Rs.2,499 per
acre was recorded in the study area.
In the cropping year 2012-13 the minimum seed quantity 60kg and
maximum seed quantity 80kg of per acre was recorded with an average
of 70.6kg seed quantity with a variation 8.0. Similarly the per
unit seed quantity price was minimum Rs. 16,00 and maximum Rs.
2,400 with the average value of Rs. 2,060 per acre seed quantity
was recorded. However the overall seed quantity price was minimum
Rs. 2,380 and maximum Rs. 3,840 with an average cost of Rs. 2,882
per acre were recorded.
The overall results revealed that minimum seed quantity of per
acre 60kg and maximum 80kg was recorded with an average of 71.8kg
with a variation of 8.0kg per acre. Similarly the per unit seed
quantity price was minimum Rs. 1,400 and maximum Rs. 2,400 with the
an average value of Rs. 1,889 per acre was recorded. Moreover the
overall seed quantity price
9
minimum Rs. 1,800 and maximum Rs. 3,840 with an average cost of
Rs. 2,690 per acre with a price variation of Rs. 383 were recorded
respectively in the study area.
10
Table 7: Per Acre DAP Applied in the Study Area
2011-12
2012-13
Overall
Year Quantity Per acre Price per bag Total Cost Quantity Per
acre Price per bag Total Cost Quantity Per acre Price per bag Total
Cost
N 19 19 19 25 25 25 44 44 44
Minimum 1 3800 3800 1 4000 4000 1 3800 3800
Maximum 2 4400 6300 1 4200 4200 2 4400 6300
Mean 1.03 4068.42 4178.95 1.00 4092.00 4092.00 1.01 4081.82
4129.55
Std. Deviation .115 178.894 542.964 .000 85.000 85.000 .075
132.547 359.638
In the previous year 2011-12 the minimum quantity of 1 DAP bag
and maximum 2 bags per acre were recorded with an average of 1.3
bags with a variation of 0.1 per acre. Similarly the per unit price
of DAP bag was minimum Rs. 3,800 and maximum Rs. Rs.4,400 with the
average value of Rs. 4,068 per bag was recorded. However minimum
Rs. 3,800 and maximum Rs. 6,300 with an average cost of Rs. 4,178
per acre were recorded.
In the present year 2012-13 the minimum and maximum 1 bag
quantity of per acre were recorded with an average of 1.0 bag per
acre. Similarly the per unit price of DAP bag was minimum Rs. 4,000
and maximum Rs. 4,200 with the average value of Rs. 4,092 per bag
was recorded. However minimum Rs. 4,000 and maximum Rs. 4,200 with
an average cost of Rs. 4,092 per acre were recorded.
The overall results revealed that minimum quantity of 1 bag and
maximum 2 bags per acre were recorded with an average of 1.0 bag
with a variation of 0.7 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of
DAP bag was minimum Rs. 3,800 and maximum Rs. Rs.4,400 with the
average value of Rs. 4,081 per bag was recorded. Moreover minimum
Rs. 3,800 and maximum Rs. 6,300 with an average cost of Rs. 4,129
per acre with a price variation of Rs. 395.6 were recorded.
In conclusion, results indicate that the quantity used in the
current year was greater than the previous year. Likewise the cost
per acre of DAP in the previous year was greater than the
present.
11
Table 8: Per Acre Urea Applied in the Study AreaYear 2011-12
Quantity Per Bag Price Per Bag Total Cost 2012-13 Quantity Per Bag
Price Per Bag Total Cost Overall Quantity Per Bag Price Per Bag
Total Cost N 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 Minimum
2.0 1,700.0 3,400.0 2.0 1,750.0 3,500.0 2.0 1,700.0 3,400.0 Maximum
4.0 2,200.0 8,800.0 3.0 2,000.0 6,000.0 4.0 2,200.0 8,800.0 Mean
3.2 1,796.4 5,716.0 2.6 1,816.0 4,720.0 2.9 1,806.2 5,218.0 SD .7
128.6 1,495.0 .5 74.6 921.6 .7 104.5 1,328.1
In the previous year 2011-12 the minimum quantity of 2 bags and
maximum 4 bags per acre were recorded with an average of 3.2 bags
with a variation of 0.7 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of
urea bag was minimum Rs. 1,700 and maximum Rs. 2,200 with the
average value of Rs. 1,796 per bag was recorded. However minimum
Rs. 3,400 and maximum Rs. 8,800 with an average cost of Rs. 5,716
per acre were recorded.
In the present year 2012-13 the minimum quantity of 2 bags and
maximum 3 bags per acre were recorded with an average of 2.6 bags
with a variation of 0.5 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of
urea bag was minimum Rs. 1,750 and maximum Rs. 2,000 with the
average value of Rs. 1,816 per bag was recorded. However minimum
Rs. 3,500 and maximum Rs. 6,000 with an average cost of Rs. 4,720
per acre were recorded.
The overall results revealed that minimum quantity of 2 bags and
maximum 4 bags per acre were recorded with an average of 2.9 bags
with a variation of 0.7 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of
urea bag was minimum Rs. 1,700 and maximum Rs. 2,200 with the
average value of Rs. 1,806 per bag was recorded. Moreover minimum
Rs. 3,400 and maximum Rs. 8,800 with an average cost of Rs. 5,218
per acre with a price variation of Rs. 1,328 were recorded.
In conclusion, results indicate that the quantity used in the
current year was less than the previous year. Likewise the cost per
acre of urea in the previous year was greater than the present.
12
Table 9: Per Acre NP Applied in the Study Area
Year 201112 Quantity Per acre Price per bag Total Cost
2012Quantity Per acre 13 Price per bag Total Cost Overall Quantity
Per acre Price per bag Total Cost
N 25 23 23 25 11 11 50 34 34
Minimum Maximum 1 1,900 1,900 1 2,700 2,700 1 1,900 1,900 2
2,900 5,200 1 2,800 2,800 2 2,900 5,200
Mean .6 1,491.3 1,604.3 .4 2,750.0 2,750.0 .52 1,898.5
1,975.0
Std. Deviation .5 1,241.6 1,448.3 .5 44.7 44.7 .5 1,177.1
1,301.9
The table shows that in the previous year 2011-12 the minimum
quantity of 1 bag of NP and maximum 2 bags per acre were recorded
with an average of .6 with a variation of 0.5 per acre. Similarly
the per unit price of NP bag was minimum Rs. 1,900 and maximum Rs.
2,900 with the average value of Rs. 1,491 per bag was recorded.
However minimum Rs. 1,900 and maximum Rs. 5,200 with an average
cost of Rs. 1,604 per acre were recorded.
In the present year 2012-13 the minimum and maximum quantity of
1 bag of NP per acre were recorded with an average of 0.4 with a
variation of 0.5 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of NP bag
was minimum Rs. 2,700 and maximum Rs. 2,800 with the average value
of Rs. 2,750per bag was recorded. However minimum Rs. 2,700 and
maximum Rs. 2,800 with an average cost of Rs. 2,750 per acre were
recorded.
The overall results revealed that minimum quantity of NP 1 bag
and maximum 2 bags per acre were recorded with an average of
.52with a variation of 0.5 per acre. Similarly the per unit price
of NP bag was minimum Rs. 1,900 and maximum Rs. 2,900 with the
average value of Rs. 1,898 per bag was recorded. Moreover minimum
Rs. 1,900 and maximum Rs. 5,200 with an average cost of Rs. 1,975
per acre with a price variation of Rs. 1,301 were recorded. In
conclusion, results indicate that the quantity of NP used in the
current year was greater than the previous year. Likewise the cost
per acre of NP bag in the present year was greater than the
previous. Most of the farmer used of NP bag in wheat crop because
urea bag price greater than the NP bag.
13
Table 10: Per Acre weeds Applied in the Study Area
2011-12
2012-13
Overall
Year Quantity Per acre Price per bag Total Cost Quantity Per
acre Price per bag Total Cost Quantity Per acre Price per bag Total
Cost
N 14 15 14 15 15 15 29 30 29
Minimum 1 400 400 1 650 650 1 400 400
Maximum 1 1000 1000 1 950 950 1 1000 1000
Mean 1.00 723.33 732.14 1.00 838.67 838.67 1.00 781.00
787.24
Std. Deviation .000 157.963 160.057 .000 79.270 79.270 .000
136.087 134.055
The table shows that in the cropping year 2011-12 the minimum
and maximum quantity of 1 bag of weeds with an average of 1 per
acre were recorded. Similarly the per unit price of weeds bag was
minimum Rs. 400 and maximum Rs. 1,000 with the average value of Rs.
723.3 per bag was recorded. However the total cost minimum Rs. 400
and maximum Rs. 1,000 with an average cost of Rs. 732 per acre was
recorded respectively in the study area.
In the cropping year 2012-13 the minimum and maximum quantity of
1 bag of weeds per acre were recorded with an average of 1 bag per
acre was recorded. Similarly the per unit price of weeds bag was
minimum Rs.650 and maximum Rs. 950 with the average value of Rs.
838 per acre bag was recorded.
The overall results revealed that minimum and maximum quantity
of weeds 1 bag per acre were recorded with an average of 1 bag per
acre. Similarly the per unit price of weeds bag was minimum Rs. 400
and maximum Rs. 1,000 with the average value of Rs. 781 per bag was
recorded. Moreover the overall cost minimum Rs. 400 and maximum Rs.
1000 with an average cost of Rs. 787.2 per acre with a price
variation of Rs. 134 were recorded in the study area.
14
Table 11: Harvesting Charges
Year 2011-12
2012-13
Total
Quantity (Mds) Price /40kg Total Cost /acre Quantity (Mds) Price
/40kg Total Cost /acre Quantity (Mds) Price /40kg Total Cost
/acre
N 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 50 50
Minimum 2 900 1800 2 1100 3300 2 900 1800
Maximum 2 1,050 2,100 3 1200 3600 3 1200 3600
Mean 2.10 954.80 1,809.0 2.5 1148.00 3444.00 2.55 1051.40
2776.80
Std. Deviation .00 38.09 180.54 .50 39.47 118.42 .47 104.86
751.36
The above table shows that for the cropping year 2011-12 the
minimum and maximum harvesting charges were given as yield quantity
about 80kgs per acre with an average of 2.10mds1 with a variation
of 0.20 per acre. Similarly the per 40kg price of wheat grain was
minimum Rs.900 and maximum Rs. 1,050 with the average of Rs.954.80
per 40kg . However the minimum price paid for harvesting wheat was
Rs.1,800 and maximum Rs. 2,100 per acre with an average cost of Rs.
1,809 per acre was reported. For the cropping year 2012-13 the
minimum harvesting charges were given about 2mds and maximum 3mds
per acre, with an average of 2.5mds per acre. Similarly the minimum
per 40kg price was Rs. 1,100 and maximum Rs. 1,200 with an average
value of Rs. 1,148 per 40kg was recorded. However the minimum per
acre cost incurred Rs. 3,300 and maximum Rs. 3,600 with an average
of Rs. 3,444 per acre were recorded respectively in the study area.
The overall results unveil that minimum quantity given for
harvesting was 2mds and maximum 3mds per acre, with an average of
2.55 0.47 40kg per acre. Similarly the per 40kg value was minimum
Rs. 900 and maximum Rs. 1,200 with the average value of Rs. 1,051
per 40kg was recorded. Moreover minimum Rs. 1,800 and maximum Rs.
3,600 with an average cost of Rs. 2,776 per acre price was recorded
for harvesting in the study area.
1
Mds is a local term used for measuring yield, which is equal to
40kg
15
Table 12: Threshing Charges
Year 2011-12 2012-13 Overall Price per /40kg Total cost per acre
Price per /40kg Total cost per acre Price per /40kg Total cost per
acre
N 25 25 25 25 50 50
Minimum Maximum 115 4200 120 5040 115 4200 120 5400 120 6240 120
6240
Mean 119.60 4701.40 120.00 5640.00 119.80 5170.70
Std. Deviation 1.384 279.976 .000 285.657 .990 550.543
The above table-12 reveals per acre threshing cost. Results
indicate that in the cropping year 2011-12 threshing cost per 40kg
ranged from Rs.115-120, and for the cropping year 201213 wheat
threshing cost per 40kg was constant Rs.120. However the overall
threshing cost per 40kg ranged from minimum Rs.115 and maximum
Rs.120. However the average threshing cost in cropping year 2011-12
was Rs.119 and for the cropping year 2012-2013 the average of
threshing cost per 40kg was Rs.120 respectively in the study
area.
Moreover for
the cropping year 2011-12 the minimum cost incurred for
threshing was
Rs.4,200 and maximum Rs. 5,400 per acre. Similarly for the
cropping year 2012-13 the threshing cost per acre was minimum
Rs.5,040 and maximum Rs.6,240. However the overall threshing cost
ranged from Rs.4,200 to Rs.6,240 per acre. Hence the average
overall threshing cost per acre incurred was Rs.5,170.70 in the
study area respectively.
16
Table 13: Usage of irrigation
Year 201112 No. irrigation Cost Total Cost 2012No. irrigation 13
Cost Total Cost Overall No. of irrigation Cost Total Cost
N 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 50 50
Minimum Maximum 4 300 1200 4 400 1600 4 300 1200
Mean
5 4.44 500 350.00 2000 1548.00 5 4.52 450 422.00 2250 1910.00 5
4.48 500 386.00 2250 1729.00
Std. Deviation .507 47.871 229.801 .510 25.331 264.181 .505
52.528 305.743
The table-13 shows that in the cropping year 2011-12 the minimum
quantity of 4 No. of irrigation and maximum 5 No. of Irrigation per
acre were recorded with an average of 4.4 with a variation of 0.5
per acre. Similarly the per unit price of irrigation was minimum
Rs. 300 and maximum Rs. 500 with the average value of Rs. 350 per
acre was recorded. However the total cost of irrigation minimum Rs.
1,200 and maximum Rs. 2,000 with an average cost of Rs. 1,548 per
acre were recorded.
In the cropping year 2012-13 the minimum quantity of 4 No. of
irrigation and maximum 5 No. of Irrigation per acre were recorded
with an average of 4.52 with a variation of 0.5 per acre. Similarly
the per unit price of irrigation was minimum Rs. 400 and maximum
Rs. 450 with the average value of Rs. 422 per acre was recorded.
However the total cost of irrigation
minimum Rs. 1,600 and maximum Rs. 2,250 with an average cost of
Rs. 1,010 per acre were recorded in the study area.
17
Table 14: Per acre yield / 40kg
Year 201112 Yield / 40kg Price /40kg Gross Income (Rs.) Yield /
40kg Price / 40kg Gross Income (Rs.) Yield / 40kg Price / 40kg
Gross Income (Rs.)
N 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 50 50
Minimum Maximum 35 900 33,250 42 1,100 48,300 35 900 33,250
Mean
45 39.32 1,050 954.80 43,650 37,548.00 52 47.00 1,200 1,148.00
59,800 53,930.00 52 43.16 1,200 1,051.40 59,800 45,739.00
Std. Deviation 2.47 38.09 2,875.88 2.38 39.47 2,805.12 4.56
104.86 8,738.80
201213
Overall
Table shows per acre yield and gross income acquired by farmers.
Hence the results indicate that for the cropping year 2011-12 per
acre yield ranged from 35-45 mds, and for cropping year 2012-13
wheat yields ranged from 42 to 52 mds per acre. Similarly overall
yield ranged from minimum 35 to maximum 52 mds per acre. However
the average yield obtained by farmer in 2011-12 was 39.32 mds and
for 2012-13 the average yield obtained was 47 mds. Whereas the
average overall yield was 43.16 mds were recorded.
Moreover results further indicate that in the cropping year
2011-12 price per 40kg ranged from Rs.900-1,050, and for the
cropping year 2012-13 wheat price per 40kg ranged from
Rs.1,100-1,200. However the overall price per 40kg ranged from
minimum Rs.900 and maximum Rs.1,200 was recorded. However the
average price obtained by farmer in 2011-12 was Rs.954.80 and for
the cropping year 2012-2013 the average of price per 40kg obtained
by farmer was Rs.1,148 in the study area.
However the per acre gross income received by farmer in the
cropping year 2011-12 was minimum Rs.33,250 and maximum Rs. 43,650.
Similarly for the year 2012-13 the farmer received per acre gross
income minimum Rs.48,300 and maximum Rs.59,800. However the overall
gross income received by farmer ranged from Rs.33,250-59,800 per
acre. Henceforth the average overall gross income was Rs.45,739 per
acre in the study area.
18
Table 15: Per acre cost of production and share of inputs in
rupees
Tractor Seed DAP Urea NP Share of fertilizer Harvesting
Threshing Irrigation Total
2011-12 Cost Share 5,740 20% 2,499 9% 4,302 15% 5,716 20% 1,604
6% 11,622 41% 1,809 6% 4701 17% 1,848 7% 28,219 100%
2012-13 Cost Share 5,744 18% 2,882 9% 4,092 13% 4,720 15% 2,750
9% 11,562 37% 2,244 11% 5640 18% 2,248 7% 31,520 100%
OVERALL Cost Share 5,742 19% 2,691 9% 4,197 14% 5,218 17% 2,177
7% 11,592 38% 2,026 9% 5,171 17% 2,048 7% 29,870 100%
The major component in production cost of wheat was the
variability in costs that include land preparation, seed,
fertilizer, irrigation water, harvesting and threshing. Table 15
shows cost on various inputs in the production of wheat. i) Land
Preparation
Land preparation is the first and important step in wheat
cultivation that enhances the water holding capacity of the soil
for long time and also it maximizes the ability of wheat plant
germination and to get required nutrients from soil. The share of
land preparation in cropping year 2011-12 was 20 percent, similarly
in cropping year 2012-13 the land preparation share was 18 percent
in the overall cost of production. ii) Seed cost
The seed cost relies on quality of seed, availability of seed,
and its quantity used. For the cropping year 2011-12 average share
was 9 percent, similarly for the cropping year 2012-13 average
share was 9 percent in the total cost of production.
19
iii) Fertilizer
Fertilizer is important inputs. Fertilizers make the soil more
fertile and have direct impact on the yield. Fertilizers like Urea,
DAP and NP were commonly used by farmers in wheat production. The
share of fertilizer in cropping year 2011-12 was 41 percent share,
similarly cropping year 2012-13 the irrigation share was 37 percent
in the total cost of wheat production. iv) Harvesting and
threshing
Harvesting/threshing are the final and very important activities
in the production process of wheat. Harvesting includes cutting of
the crop and also stacking of bales. Harvesting is carried out
either by family labour and hired labour. The share of harvesting
in cropping year 2011-12 was 6 percent share and cropping year
2012-13 the harvesting share was 11 percent in the total overall
cost of wheat production. Mechanical thresher was used for
threshing of the wheat crop. Threshing charges were paid in kind
and were converted to monetary unit on per acre basis. The share of
threshing in cropping year 2011-12 was showing 17 percent,
similarly cropping year 2012-13 threshing share was 7 percent share
in the total wheat cost of production.
v) Irrigation
Water is considered life of farming and agriculture. Irrigation
water is the limiting factor of agricultural production. This shows
that irrigation plays important role in higher wheat yield
obtained. Tube well and canal were the main sources of irrigation.
While in case of tube wells water charges were on per hour basis
charged by the owner of the tube well. The share of irrigation in
cropping year 2011-12 was showing 7 percent, similarly cropping
year 2012-13 irrigation share was 7 percent share in the total cost
of wheat production.
20
Table 16: Usage of fertilizer according to price change
DAP Price 3,800 4,000 4,050 4,100 4,150 4,200 4,350 4,400
Year 201112 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00
201213 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
NP Price 2350 2400 2500 2600 2700 2750 2800 2900
Year 201112 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.25
201213
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Urea Price 1700 1730 1750 1800 1850 1900 2000 2200
Year 201112 2.88 2.50 3.17 3.33 4.00 3.00 3.67 4.00
201213
2.75 2.45 2.75 2.50
Table 16 shows the price change of DAP on use of fertilizer. The
price variability in cropping year 2011-12 the price variation was
unstable and varied form Rs.3,800 to Rs.4,350. Similarly the price
variability for the cropping year 2012-13 was a bit stable than the
previous year, which ranged from Rs 4,000 to Rs.4,400. Hence it
could be seen from the variability of DAP price on use of
fertilizer. Similarly the price change of urea on use of
fertilizer. The price variability in cropping year 2011-12 the
price variation was unstable and varied form Rs.1,700 to Rs.2,200.
Similarly the price variability for the cropping year 2012-13 was a
bit stable than the previous year, which ranged from Rs.1,700 to
Rs.2,000. Hence it could be seen from the variability of price on
use of fertilizer.
Similarly the price change of Nitrogen Phosphorus on use of
fertilizer. The price variability in cropping year 2011-12 the
price variation was unstable and varied form Rs.2,350 to Rs.2,600.
Similarly the price variability for the cropping year 2012-13 was a
greater than the previous year, which ranged from Rs.2,700 to
Rs.2,900. Hence it could be seen from the variability of price on
use of fertilizer in the study area.
21
Table 17: per acre comparative profitability of wheat crop
Yield quantity straw quantity Yield 40kg price straw price gross
Income Cost of Production Net Return input output ratio Benefit
Cost Ratio
2011-12 39.32 39.32 954.80 110.00 41873.20 27644.20 9903.80 1.52
.36
Year 2012-13 47.00 47.00 1148.00 110.00 59100.00 30483.60
23446.40 1.93 .76
Total 43.16 43.16 1051.40 110.00 50486.60 29063.90 16675.10 1.73
.56
Table 17 shows per acre yield income acquired by farmers. Hence
the results indicate that for the cropping year 2011-12 per acre
average yield quantity 39.32 40kg per acre and for cropping year
2012-13 wheat average yields quantity 47 40kg per acre. Similarly
overall yield quantity obtained by farmer 43.16 40kg per acre.
Moreover results further indicate that in the cropping year
2011-12 average per 40kg price received by farmer Rs.954.32 and for
the cropping year 2012-13 average per 40kg price received by farmer
Rs.1148. Similarly total average per 40kg price received by farmer
Rs.1,051.4 respectively, in the study area. Gross income from wheat
production
Gross income depend on; 1) wheat grain and 2) wheat straw from
wheat production. The returns income from wheat also depend on
prices of these inputs availability of improved seed, proper doses
of fertilizer and adequate irrigation water, given by the farmers.
Results further indicate that in (table17) the cropping year
2011-12 gross income Rs.41,873.2 received by the farmer and
cropping year 2012-13 gross income Rs.59,100. Similarly total gross
income Rs.50,486.6 received by farmer respectively, in the study
area. Cost of production
Total cost of production of wheat per acre included production
cost and marketing cost on per acre basis. The cost of production
in the cropping year 2011-12 average cost shows was
22
Rs.27,644.2 per acre and cropping year 2012-13 average cost of
production Rs.30,483.4 per acre. The total cost of production of
wheat came to be Rs.29,063.9 per acre. Net returns of wheat
production
The net returns from wheat production are determined by the
quantity of wheat produced (Q), price of wheat (marketed) received
by farmers (P) and the total cost (C) incurred on the production of
wheat. Likewise results further indicate that in the cropping year
2011-12 net return Price per acre Rs.9,903 obtained by farmer and
for the cropping year 2012-13 net return price per acre Rs. 23,446
obtained by farmer. Similarly total average net return price per
acre Rs.16,675obtained by farmer respectively, in the study
area.
Conclusion From the preceding discussion it is found that
fertil