Internetworking Technologies Handbook, Second Edition Kevin Downes Merilee Ford H. Kim Lew Steve Spanier Tim Stevenson M CISCOSYSTEMS Tfyp M A C M I L L A N TECHNICAL PUBLISHING Cisco PRESS U-S-A Macmillan Technical Publishing 201 West 103 rd Street Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
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Internetworking Technologies Handbook, Second Edition
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Internetworking Technologies Handbook,
Second Edition
Kevin Downes Merilee Ford H. Kim Lew Steve Spanier Tim Stevenson
M CISCOSYSTEMS T f y p
M A C M I L L A N T E C H N I C A L P U B L I S H I N G
C i s c o P R E S S U-S-A
Macmillan Technical Publishing 201 West 103 r d Street Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
Table of Contents
PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNETWORKING
Chapter 1 Internetworking Basics 3 What is an Internetwork? 3 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference
Model 6 Information Formats 19 ISO Hierarchy of Networks 21 Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Network
Chapter 2 Introduction to LAN Protocols 37 Introduction to LAN Protocols What Is a LAN? 38
LAN Protocols and the OSI Reference Model LAN Media-Access Methods 39
39
vu
viii Internetworking Technologies Handbook, Second Edition
LAN Transmission Methods LAN Topologies 41 LAN Devices 43
40
Chapter 3 Introduction to WAN Technologies 45 What Is a WAN? 45 Point-to-Point Links 46 Circuit Switching 47 Packet Switching 48 WAN Virtual Circuits 49 WAN Dialup Services 50 WAN Devices 51
Chapter 4 Bridging and Switching Basics 55 What Are Bridges and Switches? 55 Link-Layer Device Overview 56 Types of Bridges 58 Types of Switches 60
Chapter 5 Routing Basics 63 What Is Routing? 63 Routing Components 64 Routing Algorithms 68 Network Protocols 75
Chapter 6 Network Management Basics 77 What is Network Management? 77 Network Management Architecture 78 ISO Network Management Model 79
Background 349 Transparent Bridging Operation Frame Format 355
349
PART 5 NETWORK PROTOCOLS
Chapter 27 AppleTalk 361
Background 361 AppleTalk Network Components 362
AppleTalk Physical and Data Link Layers 367 Network Addresses 373 AppleTalk Address-Resolution Protocol (AARP) 375
Datagram-Delivery Protocol (DDP) Overview 377
AppleTalk Transport Layer 378 AppleTalk Upper-Layer Protocols 385
AppleTalk Protocol Suite 388
Chapter 28 DECnet 393
Background 393
DECnet Phase IV Digital Network Architecture (DNA) 394
xiv Internetworking Technologies Handbook, Second Edition
DECnet/OSI Digital Network Architecture (DNA) 397 DECnet Media Access 399 DECnet Routing 399 DECnet End-Communications Layer 401 DECnet/OSI Transport Layer 401 DECnet Phase IV Upper Layers 402 DECnet/OSI Upper Layers 404
Chapter 29 IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA) Protocols 407 Background 407 Traditional SNA Environments 408 IBM Peer-Based Networking 415 Basic Information Unit (BIU) Format 422 Path Information Unit (PIU) Format 424
Chapter 30 Internet Protocols 429 Background 429 Internet Protocol (IP) 431 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Overview 441 Internet Routing 442 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 443 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 445 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 450 Internet Protocols Application-Layer Protocols 451
Chapter 31 NetWare Protocols 453 Background 453
NetWare Media Access 455 Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) Overview 455 IPX Encapsulation Types 456 Service Advertisement Protocol (SAP) 458 NetWare Transport Layer 459
Table of Contents xv
NetWare Upper-Layer Protocols and Services 459 IPX Packet Format 460
Chapter 32 Open System Interconnection (OSI) Protocols 463
Background 463 OSI Networking Protocols 464
Chapter 33 Banyan VINES 477
Background 477 Media Access 478 Network Layer 478 Transport Layer 486 Upper-Layer Protocols 487
Chapter 34 Xerox Network Systems (XNS) 489
Background 489 XNS Hierarchy Overview 490 Media Access 491 Network Layer 491 Transport Layer 494 Upper-Layer Protocols 495
Chapter 37 IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA) Routing 519 Background 519 IBM SNA Session Connectors 520 IBM SNA Transmission Groups (TGs) 521 IBM SNA Explicit and Virtual Routes 521 IBM SNA Class of Service (COS) 522 IBM SNA Subarea Routing 525 IBM Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking (APPN)