International Waters: Sanitation

International Waters: Sanitation

International Waters: SanitationJasmine Anderson, Zach Dahl, Noah Hurley, Ellie Mayne, Maia Palma, Sarah Sinnott1Historical Context: Sanskrit and Egyptians Susruta Samhita, Sanskrit writings from 2000 B.C. Boiling water over fire Dipping a heated iron into itFiltered through sand and gravelEgyptians allowed impurities to settle to the bottom of the liquid, spooned it out and stored in containers

2Historical Context: Hippocrates 460-354 B.C.Father of medicineCloth bag to strain boiled rain waterA Spartan lawgiver from ninth century B.C.Cup designed to hide badly colored waterCaused mud to stick to sidesGreeks and RomansHid the taste by adding macerated laurel, bruised coral, or pounded barley3Historical Context:Lucas Antonius PortiusMultiple sand filtration methodThree sand filters, each with downward and upward-flow filter1st water treatment plant in Paisley, Scotland in 1804Used sand and gravel filtersDistributed through horse and cartSand water filters used throughout 19th century London4Geographical ContextBodies of waterAral SeaBlack Sea

5Geographical Context: Aral SeaIn far-west AsiaEast of Caspian SeaCountries of Kazakhstan and UzbekistanDisappearingPolluted by fertilizerPolluted by weapon residue

6Geographical Context: Black SeaInland seaBetween far-southeastern Europe and the far western edges of the continent of Asia and Turkey 2 important rivers flow in: Darube and Dnipro 436,400 sq. kmPrimary highway for the transport of energyBusiest waterways

7Major Players: Being AffectedThe majority of water scarceness is found in South America and the Eastern hemisphere where third world countries are unable to pay for any accessible clean water that they can drink.World-wide, 900 million people lack access to water that is safe for them to drink, which is 1 in 8 people around the world.4,500 children die a day from water-borne illnesses, more than tuberculosis and HIV-AIDS.An American taking a five-minute shower uses more water than a typical person in a developing country slum uses in a whole day.

8Major Players: Being AffectedPlaces currently most affected by lack of sanitary water:ChileSub-Saharan AfricaBoliviaSouth Africa

9Major Players: Causing ProblemsNestle: Companies like Nestle have complete control over underground aquifers and streams. This causes controversy because technically, the ground water is owned by whoever owns the land the rivers run through; in 2002 a judge ruled that Nestle could continue pumping water.UNICEF: UNICEF is an organization that works through fundraising to provide children and people with health care, clean water and emergency relief.10Sources of Conflicts: As seen in Flow Water PrivatizationCharges expensive water prices many cannot afford

Leads to the use of free water found in the communityOften PollutedContaining disease Control of a communities water =Controlling Cost of Water11Sources of Conflict: Polluted WaterUnsanitary water can lead to widespread diseases

TyphoidE. ColiSalmonellaCholera

Hepatitis ADysenteryParasites

12Sources of Conflict: Disease 80% of diseases are caused by unsanitized water and unsafe hygieneMany of these illnesses are preventableUNICEF reports that 1.5 million children die a year from unclean water

13Source of Conflict: Undeveloped NationsPollution isnt the biggest problemMany nations across the world are undeveloped and have not constructed a clean water system

Roughly 1/4 of the worlds population does not have access to sanitary water.

14Sources of Conflict: Use of Polluted WaterThe reason:Only water available

15UNICEF: World Water Dayhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXR4Z_NBD-E16Solutions: DesalinizationProsConsTurns sea water into clean drinking waterA constant and reliable source for waterExpensive to power and maintainDoes not generate enough water alone to meet demand17Solutions: Desalination (cont.)Desalination is a process that is completely independent from rainfall or water sources.The downside is that the energy needed to produce water is high making the process cost-ineffective.The people who are affected depends on the producer18Solutions: Ionic Water TreatmentProsConsEffective and more efficient than other methodsCleans mine waterUses less power to runLess labor to maintainOnly works on water saturated with minerals and heavy metalsIs a big machineNot mobileCosts money to manufacture and to ship19Solutions: Large Scale Ozone Water TreatmentFor large cities and dams ozone can be used to purify the water supply.The downside is that ozone takes a large amount of electrical power to run.20Solutions: ChloraminesChemicals used to purify drinking water. Used in major water systems (i.e. pipes) as a secondary disinfectant.Packets of these chemicals can be issued or sold to people to purify the water they gather21Solutions: Delivering WaterClean water can be delivered via truck or anywhere water is donatedGood for small communitiesCan be cheap and reliableWill be clean water22Solutions: Increased RegulationA vigilant watch needs to be kept on water sources to prevent them from being pollutedThe water sources that are polluted need to be cleansed.This will most likely cost more for the individual countries but there will be long term benefits.

23Solutions: Short TermShort term solutions would be solutions that can be supplied within days or weeks of need.Water deliveryDonated water or supplied waterChemical packetsEnables people to purify water that they gather; best used on water filled with pathogens24Solutions: Long TermIncreased regulation of pollution will help supply clean water in the long term.Using powerful systems such as ozone water treatment in water management facilities when treating water on a large scale for a large populace.25Impact on the U.S.At least 36 states are anticipating local, regional or state wide shortages by 2013. (Even under non- drought conditions)About 772 communities have combined sewer systems, causing sewage over flow and pollutes the water.Ground water is being consumed faster that its being replenished.An American taking a 5 minute shower uses more water than a typical person in a developing country slum uses in a whole day.26Impact on the U.S. (cont.)The number of closing and advisory days at ocean, bay and Great Lakes beaches topped 18,000 for the fifth consecutive year.This survey happened in a 20 year period, confirming that most of the beaches in the U.S. are suffering dearly. The illnesses associated with polluted beach water include conditions such as skin rashes, pinkeye, respiratory infections, meningitis and hepatitis. 27The Impacts We See:

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