Jan 15, 2016
International Training Workshop on Groundwater Modelling for Arid and Semi-Arid Areas
&G-WADI Asia Meeting
Dr Muhammad Akram Kahlown and Dr Ashfaq Ahmed SheikhPakistan Council of Research in Water Resources
Ministry of Science and Technology11-17 June 2007
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
CURRENT SITUATION
• In arid and semi-arid areas, the problems of water scarcity are exacerbated by: population growth, expansion of agricultural activities, induced salinity and agricultural/urban pollution
• Pakistan has mainly arid to semi-arid climate• Rainfall ranges from 125 mm in the extreme
southern plains to 1500 to 1900 mm in the mountains and northern plains
• More than 85% of the area receives rainfall less than 250 mm
• About 70 per cent of total rainfall in monsoon and remaining during winter
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
CURRENT SITUATION
WATER AVAILABILITY Vs POPULATION GROWTH
3888
2751
2129
15551282
1066915
858
34
46
65
84
115
139.5
195.5
167.72
208.4
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2002 2010 2020 2025
YEAR
PE
R C
AP
ITA
AV
AIL
AB
ILIT
Y (
M)
3
30
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
230
PER CAPITA AVAILIBILITY
POPULATION GROWTH
WA
TE
R A
VA
ILA
BIL
ITY
(M
AF
)
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N (
Mill
ion
)
160 Million (2007)
1080 m3 (2007)
5260
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
BALOCHISTAN• Balochistan province is unique in its geo-political
position in Pakistan: south-western part (44% area)• An arid mountainous region receiving an average
annual rainfall of about 200 mm
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
BALOCHISTAN• Groundwater is the main dependable source of water as
most of the streams are ephemeral • Rainwater in small to large streams/rivers plays a major
role in groundwater development and arid agricultureAnnual Rainfall in Quetta
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
Years
An
nu
al
Rain
fall
(m
m)
Annual Rain Average Rainfall
Annual Rainfall in Zhob
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Years
An
nu
al
Rain
fall
(m
m)
Annual Rain Average Rainfall
Annual Rainfall in Sibi
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Years
An
nu
al
Rain
fall
(m
m)
Annual Rain Average Rainfall
Annual Rainfall in Kalat
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Years
An
nu
al
Rain
fall
(m
m)
Annual Rain Average Rainfall
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
BALOCHISTAN• Due to scarcity of water, out of 186,000 km2 culturable land,
less than 50% area is under cultivation• The province suffered due to inefficient use of its
resources: water, bio-diversity, rangelands, forest and soils
GROUNDWATER RESOURCES
• Growing population is increasing water demand and reduced rainfall increased groundwater utilization.
Human Population in Balochistan
0
3
6
9
12
15
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Years
Hu
ma
n P
op
ula
tion
(m
illio
ns)
RIVER BASINS• There are fourteen major basins in the province
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
GROUNDWATER BALANCES.
No.River Basins Area
(km2)Districts Groundwater
Potential (million m3)
Groundwater Developed (million m3)
Balance(million m3)
Heavily Overdrawn:
1 Nari 21830 Ziarat, Loralai, Kohlu, Sibi, Zhob, Mastung 25.60 25.60 0.0
2 Pishin-Lora20360
Quetta, Mastung, Kalat, Pishin, Qilla Abdullah
129.60 129.60 0.0
3 Zhob 15535 Qilla Saifullah, Zhob 111.70 102.40 9.30
Part Utilized:
4 Porali 30326 Lasbela, Khuzdar, Awaran 149.10 74.60 74.50
5 Hingol 40926 Awaran, Khuzdar, Washuk, Panjgur, Kalat 265.00 132.70 132.30
6 Hamun-e-Lora 9500 Nushki, Chagai 33.90 16.84 17.06
7 Gaj 6105 Khuzdar, Kalat 34.00 18.00 16.00
8 Kachhi32178
Kohlu, Sibi, Bolan, Nasirabad, Kalat, Jafferabad, Dera Bugti, Barkhan, Khuzdar, Jhal Magsi, Mastung
37.80 11.90 25.90
9 Mula 5930 Khuzdar, Kalat 23.00 9.00 14.00
Surplus Potential:
10 Hamun-e-Mashkhel 79590 Chagai, Nushki, Washuk, Kharan, Kalat 61.00 4.70 56.30
11 Rakhshan 12410 Panjgur, Washuk 24.00 4.40 19.60
12 Dasht 30765 Kech, Panjgur, Awaran, Gwadar 45.50 8.90 36.60
13 Gwadar Omara 21008 Gwadar, Awaran, Kech
130.3(not fully
assessed) 64.80 65.50
14 Others (Kaha, Kand, Kadanai)
20727
Musa Khel, Barkhan, Dera Bugti, Zhob
Zhob
Qilla Abdullah, Pishin
Total 347190 1070.50 603.44 467.06
PILOT BASINSPishin LoraMulaHamun-e-Mushkel
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
ASSESSMENT CASE
• The case study focused on assessment of status of groundwater utilization, present potential, responsible factors and future scenario
• Data collection through monitoring and field activities
• Secondary data from relevant agencies: WAPDA, Irrigation and Power Department, Agriculture Department, Population Census, etc.
• Further strategic and research activities
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Pishin-Lora Basin
S.# Salient Features Value
1 Location 66o 15′ - 67 o 42′ E28o 42′ - 30 o 54′ N
2 Total Area 20,360 km2
3 Sub-basins Quetta, Mangochar, Mastung, Pishin, Kuchlagh
4 Major stream/river Pishin-Lora river
5 Districts Quetta (1688 km2), Mastung (4843 km2), Kalat (4266 km2), Pishin (7782 km2), and Qilla Abdullah (1781 km2).
6 Topography/Elevation Hilly to moderate (1100 to 1800 m)
7 Rainfall 150 to 250 mm(falls out of monsoon belt)
8 Average Temperature 28 oC (max.)9 oC (min.)
9 Major crops/ fruits/ vegetables Wheat, sunflower, apple, apricot, cherry, onion, potato
10 Soils sandy loam to silt loam
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Groundwater MonitoringSub-basin Open surface wells Piezometer Automatic recorders Total
Quetta North
Original 1988 33 05 10 48
December 1996 13 02 09 24
Quetta South
Original 1988 20 02 00 22
December 1996 08 01 00 09
Pishin
Original 1988 48 01 00 49
December 1996 33 01 00 34
Mastung
Original 1988 44 02 04 50
December 1996 16 00 04 20
Mangochar
Original 1988 04 01 01 06
December 1996 00 00 01 01
Total
Original 1988 149 11 15 175
December 1996 070 04 14 088
Groundwater DeclineSub-basin Period Average Decline in water level
(m)
Quetta North 1969-1989 4.58
1989-1996 4.27
1997-2000 4.39
Quetta South 1967-1988 2.44
1988-1996 1.83
1997-2000 2.44
Pishin 1976-1989 3.97
1989-1996 6.40
1997-2000 6.71
Mastung 1976-1989 6.40
1989-1996 2.78
1997-2000 4.27
Mangochar 1976-1990 15.25
1990-1996 28.89
1997-2000 6.10
Water Balance in the Basin
Basin Sub-basinRecharge (cusecs)
Extractions (cusecs)
Drawn out of storage (cusecs)
Pishin Lora Quetta-North 38.4 67.2 28.8
Pishin-Lora Mastung 21.8 31.7 9.8
Pishin-Lora Mangochar 10.0 24.7 14.7
Pishin-Lora Pishin 28.5 84.0 55.5
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Water Demand and Utilization
• Water is supplied through: tubewells, hand pumps, wells, karezes and springs
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1981 1995 2000 2005 2020 2045
Years
Po
pu
latio
n (
mill
ion
s)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Hu
ma
n W
ate
r D
em
an
d (
MC
M)
Population Human Water Demand
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Agriculture Water Utilization• Basin is good for crops, fruits and vegetables• Major crops: wheat, sunflower, fodder• Major fruits: apple, apricot, almond, grapes,
peach, plum, cherry, pomegranate, pistachio etc.
YearsTotal Cultivated
Area(km2)
Area under Fruits(km2)
1990-91 1935 116 (6%)
2002-03 4037 361 (9%)
% Increase 109 211
Agriculture Water UtilizationIrrigation Sources in Pishin Lora Basin: 1990-91
Rainfed67% Karezes/sprin
g3%
Canal1%
Tubewells29%
Canal Tubewells Karezes/spring Rainfed
Irrigation Sources in Pishin Lora Basin: 2002-03
Canal1%
Karezes/spring
3%Rainfed
73%
Tubewells23%
Canal Tubewells Karezes/spring Rainfed
Pishin Lora Basin
6896 69257854
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
1990-91 1993-94 2002-03
Years
No
. o
f T
ub
ew
ell
s
Electric Diesel Total
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Water Quality
Sub-basinsSamples Collected
EC(S/cm)
SARTDS
(mg/l)Prevalent Salts
Pishin 811 560-11800 0.2 - 17 400 - 7413 NaHCO3, NaCl,
Na2 SO4
Kuchlagh 400- 7900 0.6 – 1.7 265- 5526
Patki Shahnawaz 1300- 5500 3.6- 19 886- 3593
Shirinab 360- 45000 0.8- 57 274- 32044
Mangochar 570- 4100 0.6- 21 442- 2742
Quetta 450- 4500 0.6- 12 260- 2970
Kalat 520- 4100 0.6- 28 342- 2784
Mastung 180- 15000 0.9- 11 129- 8978
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Main Observations
• High rate of electrical tubewells installation due to flat charge rates and led to indiscriminate and inefficient use of groundwater
• Most agriculture by traditional irrigation techniques (flooding)
• Most tubewells either abandoned or further drilling done to pump water
• Situation led to drying of most fruit orchards• Groundwater extraction beyond sustainable limit
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Mula BasinS.# Salient Features Value
1 Location 66o 18′ - 67 o 39′ E27o 45′ - 30 o 54′ N
2 Total Area 5,930 km2
3 Sub-basins Lahri, Orchino, Arjira
4 Major river Mula River
5 Districts Kalat (1593 km2), Khuzdar (4337 km2)
6 Topography/Elevation Moderate slope (600 to 1000 m)
7 Rainfall 190 to 220 mm (outside monsoon belt)
8 Average Temperature 29 oC (max) 11 oC (min)
9 Major crops/ fruits/ vegetables Wheat, Apple
10 Soils Clay and clay loam
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Water Demand and Utilization
• Water is supplied through: tubewells, hand pumps, wells, karezes and springs
• No monitoring groundwater network
Mula Basin
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1951 1961 1972 1981 1998 2030 2050
Years
Po
pu
lati
on
(m
illi
on
s)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Wat
er D
eman
d (
MC
M)
Human Population Water Demand
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Agriculture Water Utilization
• Basin is good for crops, fruits and vegetables• Major crops: wheat, barley, cumin, fodder• Major fruits: apple, peach, plum, apricot
YearsTotal Cultivated Area
(km2)Area under Fruits
(km2)
1990-91 234 6 (3%)
2002-03 407 16 (4%)
% Increase 74 155
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Agriculture Water Utilization
Irrigation Sources in Mula Basin: 1990-91
Tubewells24%
Canal5%
Karezes/spring4%
Rainfed67%
Canal Tubewells Karezes/spring Rainfed
Irrigation Sources in Mula Basin: 2002-03
Tubewells30%
Rainfed57%
Karezes/spring7%
Canal6%
Canal Tubewells Karezes/spring Rainfed
Mula Basin
696
875
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1990-91 2002-03Years
No
. o
f T
ub
ew
ell
s
Electric Diesel Total
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Water Quality
Sub-basinsSamples Collected
EC(S/cm)
SARTDS
(mg/l)Prevalent Salts
Lehri 157 400- 1900 0.1- 9.6 322- 1218 Na/MgHCo3,
NaCl
Orchino 750- 1320 4.3- 9.2 480- 844
Arjira 740- 1800 1.2- 8.4 472- 1152
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Main Observations
• High rate of electrical tubewells installation due to flat charge rates and led to indiscriminate and inefficient use of groundwater
• Most agriculture by traditional irrigation techniques (flooding)
• No permanent monitoring network• Sufficient groundwater potential available as
balance is 14 MCM, out of 23 MCM.
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Hamun-e-Mushkel BasinS.# Salient Features Value
1 Location 60o 51′ - 66 o 15′ E27o 11′ - 29 o 48′ N
2 Total Area 79,590 km2
3 Sub-basins Nushki, Badoo Rud, Ladgasht, Basima, Dalbandin, Nokundi, Koh-e-Dalil, Buzurg
4 Major river Hamun-e-Mushkel river (40,460 km2)
5 Districts Chagai (38,923 km2), Kalat (1,236 km2), Kharan (39,431 km2)
6 Topography/Elevation Moderate to hilly (700 to 1100 m)
7 Rainfall 30 to 180 mm
8 Average Temperature 32 oC (max)8 oC (min)
9 Major crops/ fruits/ vegetables
Wheat, Barley, Jawar, fodder, apple, apricot, pomegranate, dates, cumin, onion, melon
10 Soils Silt loam, sandy loam, silty clay calcareous in nature
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Water Demand and Utilization
• Water is supplied through: tubewells, hand pumps, wells, karezes and springs
• Groundwater monitoring non-existentHamun-e-Mushkel Basin
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1951 1961 1972 1981 1998 2030 2050
Years
Po
pu
lati
on
(m
illi
on
s)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Wate
r D
em
an
d (
MC
M)
Human Population Water Demand
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Agriculture Water Utilization
• Basin is good for crops, fruits and vegetables• Major crops/vegetables: wheat, fodder, onion,
potato• Major fruits: apricot, pomegranate, dates, melon
YearsTotal Cultivated Area
(km2)Area under Fruits
(km2)
1990-91 1005 19 (2%)
2002-03 1099 29 (3%)
% Increase 9 54
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Agriculture Water Utilization
Irrigation Sources in Hamun-e-Mushkel: 1990-91
Rainfed90%
Karezes/spring2%
Canal1%
Tubewells7%
Canal Tubewells Karezes/spring Rainfed
Irrigation Sources in Hamun-e-Mushkel: 2002-03
Karezes/spring14%
Rainfed52%
Canal1%
Tubewells33%
Canal Tubewells Karezes/spring Rainfed
Hamun-e-Mushkel Basin
686
2034
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1990-91 2002-03
Years
No
. o
f T
ub
ew
ell
s
Electric Diesel Total
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Water Quality
Sub-basinsSamples Collected
EC(S/cm)
SARTDS
(mg/l)Prevalent Salts
Nushki 480 700-78000 0.9-75 467-46234 NaHCO3, NaCl,
Na2SO4
Badoo Rud 1000-35000 4.5-48 630-22134
Ladgasht 630-5500 - 432-3601
Basima 540-16800 1.8-37 387-11239
Dalbandin 900-23000 3.8-30 611-13676
Nokkundi 450-50000 1.8-100 342- 31104
Koh-e-Dalil 30000-52800 31-79 16855 - 29711
Buzurg 1300-8500 7.0-28 851 - 5642
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
Main Observations
• High rate of diesel tubewells installation due to scanty population in desert area
• Most agriculture by traditional irrigation techniques (flooding)
• No permanent monitoring network• Sufficient groundwater potential available as
balance is 56 MCM, out of 61 MCM• The quality of groundwater and sparse
population density have been limiting factors for development.
Overall Water Balance in Balochistan
Water
1998 2010 2025 2050
million cubic meters (MCM)
Available water:Surface (Indus):Surface (flood/runoff):Groundwater: Total:
4,780.012,460.01,071.0
18,311.0
7,050.012,460.01,071.0
20,581.0
7,050.012,460.01,071.0
20,581.0
7,050.012,460.01,071.0
20,581.0
Water Used:Surface (Indus):Surface (flood/runoff)Groundwater: Total:
4,780.01,568.5603.6
6,952.1
7,050.03,876.0685.0
11,611.0
7,050.08,193.0815.0
16,058.0
7,050.011,130.01,050.0
19,235.0
Balance:Surface (Indus):Surface (flood/runoff)Groundwater: Total:
0.010,891.5
467.411,358.9
0.08,584.0386.0
4,523.0
0.04,267.0256.0
4,523.0
0.01,330.0
16.01,346.0
RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
• Enforcement of a water management authority including community members to coordinate water resources planning/ development
• Long term sustainable resource management strategy including: reduced groundwater utilization; development of new surface supplies involving storage dams, leaky dams for recharge; reduction in demand from some sectors notably agriculture through adoption of efficient water management techniques.
• In rural areas, establishing a relationship between power charges and water consumption for agriculture. The present flat rate charges should be abolished.
• Future prices of water and electricity should reflect the commodities opportunity cost.
• A policy of controlled groundwater mining must be acknowledged. A strategy should be established in those areas where the aquifer storage can be proven sufficient to provide resource until such time as sustainable resources may be available.
• Establishment of a regular groundwater monitoring network
• An awareness campaign to deliver the message of efficient water conservation and management techniques for all water users.
Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
ACTIVITIES AND PROPOSED ESTIMATE FOR
PILOT BASINS S.No. Activities Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
1 Establishment/Rehabilitation of surface flow measurements
30,000 - -
2 Establishment/Rehabilitation of groundwater monitoring network
30,000 - -
3 Capacity Building of Technical Personnel
10,000 - -
3 Field data collection activities 8000 8000 8000
4 Operational expenses/overheads 8000 8000 8000
5 Technical and Field Personnel PCRWR and allied Departments
6 Research Infrastructure for Database Maintenance
PCRWR and allied Departments
7 Miscellaneous 3000 3000 3000
Total (US$) 89,000 19,000 19,000
US$
Total: US$ 127,000Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
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