International Trade Absolute & Comparative Advantage
International TradeAbsolute & Comparative Advantage
Absolute AdvantageA party’s ability to produce more goods than a competitor using the same amount of input(s)
(assume single input : labor)
Example 1
Party Good/Hour
A 4
B 7
Example 1
Party Good/Hour
A 4
B 7
Party B has an absolute advantage over A
Example 2
Party Good2/Hour Good1/Hour
A 6 4
B 2 7
Example 2
Party Good1/Hour Good2/Hour
A 6 4
B 2 7
A has AA in Good1 and B has AA in Good2
Absolute Advantage TheoryBy Adam Smith
1. Specializing in production of one commodity2. Exchanging parts of output with other nation
Party Good1/Hour Good2/Hour
A 6 4
B 2 7
Two countries A, B
Party Good1/Hour Good2/Hour
A 6 0 (+1 L. hour)
B 0 (+1 L. hour) 7
Two countries A, B
Party Good1/Hour Good2/Hour
A 6 + 6 0
B 0 7 + 7
Two countries A, B
Comparative AdvantageSpea e No e :
A pe son has a ompa a e ad an a e a p odu n some h n he an p odu e a owe os han an one e se.
Ha n a ompa a e ad an a e s no he same as be n he bes a some h n . In a , someone an be omp e e uns ed a do n some h n , e s ha e a ompa a e ad an a e a do n ! How an ha happen?
F s , e 's e some mo e o abu a . Someone who s he bes a do n some h n s sa d o ha e an abso u e ad an a e. M hae o dan has an abso u e ad an a e a bas e ba . Fo a I now, M hae o dan ma a so be he as es p s n he wo d, n h m an abso u e ad an a e a p n , oo. S n e he's be e a p n han ou, an' he pe mo e heap han ou? Tha s, someone has an abso u e ad an a e n some h n , doesn' he au oma a ha e a ompa a e ad an a e n ?
The answe s no! I o dan a es me ou om shoo n hoops o do a h s own p n , he sa es he a e n ome he ea ns om en e a n n ans o bas e ba .
I , ns ead, h s se e a does he p n , he se e a es up an a e na e se e a a ob—o pe haps a mu h owe sa a p a n bas e ba . Tha s, he se e a s he owe - os p s .
Comparative Advantage1. A country should specialise in the production
of good or service in which it has lower opportunity cost
2. It should import commodities which have a higher opportunity cost of production
Example
Party Time/ painting Time/ handicraft
You 1 1
Your Neighbour 1.5 3
Commodity Profit
Painting 400
Handicraft 350
Case 1 : Not specializingSharing a 6 day work week among two.
Party Paintings Produced
Handicrafts Produced Total Profit
You 3 3 2250
Your Neighbour 2 1 1100
Total Units produced in all 9
Case 2 : SpecializingAnd producing the product with comparative advantage
Party Paintings Produced
Handicrafts Produced Total Profit
You 6 0 2400
Your Neighbour 0 4 1400
Total Units produced in all 10
Specializing is always goodAnd you can(should) specialize even if you are good at everything
Thank youShivek KhuranaCluster Innovation CentreUniversity Of Delhi