National Cooperative Highway Research Program American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Federal Transit Administration International Scan: Reducing Congestion and Funding Transportation Using Road Pricing American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Federal Highway Administration Federal Transit Administration National Cooperative Highway Research Program May 2010
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International Scan: Reducing Congestion and Funding Transportation Using Road Pricing
International Scan: Reducing Congestion and Funding Transportation Using Road Pricing. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Federal Highway Administration Federal Transit Administration National Cooperative Highway Research Program May 2010. Why Road Pricing?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
International Scan:Reducing Congestion and Funding Transportation Using Road Pricing
International Scan:Reducing Congestion and Funding Transportation Using Road Pricing
American Association of State Highway and Transportation OfficialsFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationNational Cooperative Highway Research ProgramMay 2010
American Association of State Highway and Transportation OfficialsFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationNational Cooperative Highway Research ProgramMay 2010
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
Revenue GenerationPay for roadway infrastructure,
operations and/or transportation system capacity with charges road user charges (i.e. flat toll rates, variable
charges, distance based user fees)
Why Road Pricing?
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Demand Management
Reduce traffic congestion, promote environmental goals, improve cost of doing business, and
support community livability based on amount of traffic
reduction sought (i.e. congestion pricing,
cordon/urban area pricing, facility pricing)
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
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US Road Pricing Context1. Traffic congestion in major urban areas is a significant and
growing problem
2. Lack of sustainable funding sources for multimodal surface transportation is a growing concern
3. Enhanced environmental, sustainability and livability concerns related to the roadway network and its use
4. Variable road pricing limited primarily to High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lane projects and a few existing toll road facilities. No large area or regional variable road pricing projects have been implemented
5. Opportunity to learn from the experience of others who have implemented road pricing as a transportation demand management tool and/or for revenue generation
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
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Purpose of the Scan
“Identify new ideas and workable models for integrating variable road pricing approaches into
state, local and regional policies, programs, and practices.”
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
Scan Team Participants
PANYNJ
FHWA
FTA
VDOT
GA DOT
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Mn/DOTWSDOT
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
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Scan SitesDemand Management• Stockholm
• London
• Singapore
Revenue Generation• Germany
• Czech Republic
Revenue Generation & Demand Mgmt.• Netherlands
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
Stockholm Congestion Tax Purpose
─ Reduce congestion (primary)
─ Increase accessibility, promote transit and reduce emissions (secondary)
Description• Cordon around center city• Time of day pricing structure• License plate reader
technology• Lidingo Rule• 30% of vehicles are exempt
Results• 20% reduction in traffic• 10-14% decrease of emissions;
2-10% better air quality• Net revenues of £137 million
($220 million) in 2008
Swedish Road Administration (Managing Authority)
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
London Congestion Charge
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Purpose ─ Reduce Congestion
(primary)─ Promote Transit and
Reduce Emissions (secondary)
Description• Area charge in center city• Flat daily fee structure• License plate reader
technology• 90% discount for residents
within the zone• 30% of vehicles are exempt
Key milestones• Open (Feb 2003)• Western extension (Feb
2007)• Repeal of Western Extension
(2010)
Results• 25% and 19% reduction in
traffic (central and western extension respectively)
• Net revenues of £137 million ($220 million) in 2008
Transport for London (Managing Authority)
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
Singapore Electronic Road Pricing
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Purpose ─ Congestion Management
(primary)─ Promote Transit
(secondary)
Description• Cordon around city center, with
expressway pricing – rates vary by time of day
• Fee structure adjusted quarterly based on 85th percentile speed
• Transponder based with value-added services via smart card
• No exemptions
Key milestones• Open (1975)• Electronic charging (1998)
Results• Smart card technology
protects user privacy• Achieved target speeds of
45-65 kph on expressways 20-30 kph on arterials
• Net revenues of SGD 100 million ($75 million) in 2008
Land Transport Authority (Managing Authority)
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
German Truck Tolling
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Purpose ─ Revenue Generation
(primary)─ Reduce emissions, mode
shift to rail and water (secondary)
Description• GPS based with DSRC
interrogation and license plate reader enforcement
• Fee based on distance, vehicle type and emissions class
• 35% are foreign trucks
Key milestones• System opens (January 2005)
Results• Violations < 2%• Empty truck trips declined by
7% • 58% shift from dirtier (Euro
class 1,2,3) to cleaner trucks (euro class 4,5)
• Revenues of 3.5 billion Euros ($5 billion) in 2008
• Net revenues split 50% roads, 38% rail, 12% waterways
Ministry of Transport (Managing Authority)
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
Czech Truck Tolling
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Purpose ─ Revenue Generation (primary)
Description• Transponder/DSRC based with
license plate reader enforcement• Fee based on distance, vehicle type
and emissions class• 40% are foreign trucks• Special law prohibiting truck
operations on Sundays and peak times on Friday evening and Saturday morning
Key milestones• System opens, all trucks 12,000
kg or more pay (Jan 2007)• Expansion to include trucks 3,500
kg or more (Jan 2010)
Results• Average toll rate of $0.35 per mile
on freeways• Revenues of 6 billion CZK ($350
million) in 2008
Ministry of Transport (Managing Authority)
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
Netherlands Distance-Based Charge
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Purpose ─ Reduce Congestion,
Generate Revenue to replace fixed taxes, shift to “User Pays” Principle (primary)
─ Promote Transit and Reduce Emissions (secondary)
Description• Shifting from purchase and
ownership tax to a distance-base fee structure
• GPS based with DSRC interrogation and license plate reader enforcement
• Fee based on distance, vehicle type, emissions class and time of day
Key milestones• All trucks (2012)• All vehicles (2018)
Forecasted Results (2020)• 10%-15% reduction in VMT• 10% reduction in CO2
emissions• 6% increase in usage of public
transit• Revenue neutral (offset by
reduction in other transportation taxes)
Ministry of Transport (Managing Authority)
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
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International Road Pricing Scan
What were the major findings?
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
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1. Host countries with clearly defined and well-understood policy goals achieved their targeted outcomes most effectively.
─ Congestion management in Stockholm, London and Singapore
─ Revenue Generation in Germany and Czech Republic
─ Dutch user pays, revenue neutral, tax consolidation approach
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
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2. A large-scale demonstration project is a powerful tool for public acceptance, allowing people to experience the benefits of congestion pricing. ─ Stockholm trial demonstrated the benefits of
congestion pricing first-hand
Public Support for Pricing Project Implementation
of Pricing Project
Edinburgh & Manchester
Referendums
Demonstration Period
Outreach and Education Period
Stockholm Vote
Source: CURACAO State of the Art Interim Report, April 26, 2008. p. 94,
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
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─ Helps to manage the pricing program as an element of overall transportation system performance
─ Singapore: price adjusted quarterly to maintain targeted minimum speeds and using advanced analytics and traffic models to better understand network impacts of pricing on parking and transit.
─ Post-implementation planning and performance assessments used in Germany, London and Stockholm to ensure cost efficiency and operating effectiveness.
3. Thorough planning and performance measurement ensures achievement of overall goals
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
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4. Linking the pricing structure to benefits received by users contributes to public acceptance and helps to avoid the potential negative impacts from traffic diversion.
─ German truck toll rates are set to reflect infrastructure life cycle costs from trucks. Rates are low enough to ensure no significant diversion of truck traffic to non-tolled alternatives
─ Singapore’s ERP has most dynamic and flexible pricing structure of the sites visited
─ Swedish toll rates on new roadway infrastructure are set to reflect the value of reduced travel time and operating costs relative to existing non-priced routes
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
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5. Public outreach and communications key component of the program at every stage.
A. prior to making the implementation decision,
B. during the program design process
C. during the operational phase.
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
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6. Open-source system designs offer long-term advantages to manage costs of implementation and operations, ensure system flexibility and scalability, and establish a foundation for system interoperability.
− Dutch plan would have allowed multiple vendor solutions to create a competitive environment
− Singapore’s second generation smart card designed to be interoperable with the transit fare media, retail purchases and parking payment systems
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
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7. Interoperability among states and countries is recognized as a critical issue that needs to be addressed at high levels.
− Existing toll systems with large sunk costs in proprietary applications and equipment heighten the challenge of transition
− EU has adopted Directive 2004/52/EC− Intergovernmental coordination in sharing national vehicle registry
information between agencies is key to operations, enforcement, and interoperable systems of the future
EnforcementSystems and
equipment
Holder
Installation facility
ProductionTrusted
Element (TE)
EnforcementBack-office
Invoice
ServiceProvider
ServiceProvider
OBU
CertifyingBodies
Dedicated back officeCharging & Billing
TE
OBUTE
GNSSSatellite system
ProductionOn Board Unit
(OBU)
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
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8. Equity and privacy concerns are addressed by host countries through exemptions, revenue use, technology, and business rules.
─ Exemptions used in London and Stockholm to address issues of equity.
─ Privacy addressed in Singapore through use of a “smart cash card” that does not contain user data.
─ The Dutch plan addressed privacy through a smart client and on-board data aggregation
─ Using toll revenues to fund transit and other modes represents a transportation system view
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
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9. The urban area pricing projects integrated public transit investments and land use planning in order to manage congestion.
─ Stockholm and London made robust investments in public transit and alternative modes leading up to and following the introduction of road pricing.
─ Singapore has adopted and committed funding to realize a master transportation plan which integrates road pricing, transit, roadway expansion and land use.
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
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Next Steps1. Extend and enhance outreach and education efforts to
communicate international lessons and broaden the US discussion
2. Conduct further research to better understand key factors that contributed to success
3. Identify how these road pricing lessons learned are applicable in the US context at the national, state and regional levels to address economic and mobility needs
4. Develop a road pricing toolkit to aid implementation considerations
5. Address best practices in procurement and technology choices
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration
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Road Pricing Works !!!
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit Administration