International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.14 No.6

8/4/2019 International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.14 No.6

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IRRN GUIDELINES

The International Rice Research

Newsletterobjective is:

To expedite communication among

scientists concerned with the

development of improved technologyfor rice and for rice-based cropping

systems. This publication will report

what scientists are doing to increase

the production or rice, inasmuch as

this crop feeds the most densely

populated and land-scarce nations in

the world ... IRRN is a mechanismto help rice scientists keep each other

informed of current research

findings.

The concise reports contained in

IRRN are meant to encourage rice

scientists and workers to communicate

with one another. In this way, readers

can obtain more detailed information on

the research reported.

guidelines, and research categories thatfollow.

please write the editor, IRRN, IRRI,

P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. We

look forward to your continuing interest

in IRRN.

Criteria for IRRNresearch reports

Please examine the criteria,

If you have comments or suggestions,

has international, or pan-national,

has rice environment relevance advances rice knowledge uses appropriate research design

and data collection methodology

reports appropriate, adequate data applies appropriate analysis, usingappropriate statistical techniques

reaches supportable conclusions

relevance

Guidelines forcontributorsThe International Rice Research

Newsletteris a compilation of research

briefs on topics of interest to ricescientists all over the world.

Contributions to IRRN should be

reports of recent work and work-in-

progress that have broad interest and

application. Please observe these

guidelines in preparing submissions:

The report should not exceed twopages of double-spaced typewritten

text. No more than two figures

(graphs, tables, or photos) may

accompany the text. Do not cite

references or include a

bibliography. Items that exceed the

specified length will be returned.

research objectives and project

design. The discussion should bebrief, and should relate the results

of the work to its objectives.

Report appropriate statisticalanalysis.

Provide genetic background fornew varieties or breeding lines.

Specify the environment (irrigated,rainfed lowland, upland, deep

water, tidal wetlands). If you must

use local terms to specify landforms

or cropping systems, explain or

define them in parentheses.

Specify the type of rice culture(e.g., transplanted, wet seeded, dry

seeded).

weather (wet, dry, monsoon) andby months. Do not use national or

local terms for seasons or, if used,define them.

When describing the rice plant andits cultivation, use standard,

internationally recognized

designators for plant parts and

growth stages, environments,

management practices, etc. Do not

use local terms.

Include a brief statement of

Specify seasons by characteristic

When reporting soil nutrientstudies, be sure to include standard

soil profile description,

classification, and relevant soil

properties.

diseases, insects, weeds, and crop

plants; do not use common namesor local names alone.

Survey data should be quantified(infection percentage, degree of

severity, sampling base, etc.).

When evaluating susceptibility,resistance, tolerance, etc., report the

actual quantification of damage due

to stress used to assess level or

incidence. Specify the

measurements used.

Use international measurements.Do not use local units of measure.

Express yield data in metric tons

per hectare (t/ha) for field studiesand in grams per pot (g/pot) or per

row (g/row) for small-scale studies.

Express all economic data in termsof the US$. Do not use national

monetary units. Economic

information should be presented at

the exchange rate $:local currency

at the time data were collected.

Use generic names, not tradenames, for all chemicals.

When using acronyms orabbreviations, write the name in full

on first mention, following it with

the acronym or abbreviation in

parentheses. Thereafter, use the

abbreviation.

Define in a footnote or legend anynonstandard abbreviations orsymbols used in a table or figure.

Provide scientific names for

Categories of researchreportedGERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT

genetic resources

genetics

breeding methods

yield potentialgrain quality and nutritional value

disease resistance

insect resistancedrought tolerance

excess water tolerance

adverse temperature tolerance

adverse soils tolerance

integrated germplasm improvement

seed technology

research techniques

data management and computer

modeling

CROP AND RESOURCE

MANAGEMENTsoils and soil characterization

soil microbiology and biological N

physiology and plant nutrition

crop management

soil fertility and fertilizer managementdisease management

insect management

weed management

managing other pests

integrated pest management

water management

farm machinery

environmental analysis

postharvest technologyfarming systems

research methodologydata management and computer

fertilizer

modeling

SOCIOECONOMIC AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

environment

production

livelihood

EDUCATION AND

COMMUNICATION

training and technology transfer

communication research

information storage and retrieval

research


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CONTENTSGERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT

Genetic resources

4 Diseases and mycoflora ofOryza indandamanica Ellis.

Genetics4 External budding in rice aleurone grains

5 Genetic diversity in rice Oryza sativa L.

Yield potential

5 Effect on rice yield of root damage to seedlings

6 Source-sink relationship at postflowering of rices under low light

stress

Grain quality and nutritional value

7 Effect of pyrile and NPK on nutritional quality of rice

7 Milling characteristics of aromatic rices

Disease resistonce

8 Reaction of rice germplasm to sheath blight (ShB)

8 Genetic sources for resistance to rice blast (Bl) caused by

Pyricularia oryzae Cav. in Guilan Province, Iran

Insect resistance

9 Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera (Horvath)

9 Reaction to brown planthopper (BPH) of varieties originating from

survival and nymph emergence on some rice varieties

Oryza officinalis

varieties

Adverse soils tolerance

10 Leaffolder (LF) damage and yield loss on some selected rice

10 Performance of selected rice genotypes in alkaline, saline, and

11 Extragenic basis of salt tolerance in rice Oryza sativa L.

normal soils and their interaction with climate factors

Integrated germplasm improvement

12Release of new rice cultivar Jasmine 85 in USA

12 TTB15-1, a promising rice variety for Assam

12 Medium-duration Taichung Sen Yu 285 released in Sichuan as

Chuan Mi 2

13 TTB14-1 fits ahu (autumn) season in double-cropped areas of

Assam

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer

13 Effect of boiling water treatment on germination and growth of

Sesbania rostrata

Physiology and plant nutrition

14 Effect of herbicides on nutrient leaching from rice leaves

15Effect of aqueous azolla extract and NaCl stress on rice

Crop management

15 Physiological characteristics of seedlings grown in dry-wet nursery

(DWN)

16 Effect of N application timing on ratoon rice

16 Yield of rice sown in standing water

17 Herbage production from deepwater rice in farmers' fields

Soil fertility and fertilizer management

17 Effect of topdressing potash on rice nutrient uptake and yield

18 Influence of rate and time of N application on growth and yield of

18 Effect of humic acid on wet season rice

rice in Pakistan

19 Influence of potassium-kinetin synergism on rice grain weight

20 Effect on rice of partial substitution of N by azolla

20 Response ofrice to sources, methods, and levels of N

21 Effect of azolla and N on rice grain and straw yield

Disease management21 Effect of N on bacterial leaf streak (BLS) and bacterial blight (BB)

diseases in some scented rice varieties

22 Rhizoctonia solani: an agent of rice boot blight

22 Effect of roguing on rice tungro virus (RTV) incidence and rice

23 Use of phytoalexin-inducing chemicals to control rice sheath bligh

23 Sensitivity of three sclerotial rice pathogens to plant oils

24 Fungicide timing to control rice sheath blight (ShB)

24 Influence of rice plant density and spacing on brown leaf spot

24 Effect of N on false smut (FS) in upland rice

yield

(ShB)

incidence

Insect

25

26

27

28

28

29

30

30

30

32

32

33

33

management

Using fluorescent dye to map dispersal pattern of rice green

Effect of neem seed and leaf bitters on oviposition and developmen

of green leafhopper (GLH) and brown planthopper (BPH)

Color morphism of rice swarming armyworm larvae

Feeding behavior of threeNephotettix species on selected rices and

graminaceous weeds

Effect of neem oil on courtship signals and mating behavior of

brown planthopper (BPH) females

Functional response ofLycosa pseudoannulata on brown

planthoppers (BPH) and green leafhoppers (GLH)

Insects feeding on rice grain in Bhutan

Predatory coccinellids in ricefields at Agricultural College and

Research Institute, Madurai

Vertical distribution of two hopper species on rice plantsRice leaf minerHydrellia griseola in Australia

Yield loss caused by rice stem borers (SB) in southern Bhutan

Crop losses due to hispa beetle damage in deepwater rice (DWR)

Predation of wolf spider on mirid bug and brown planthopper

leafhopper (GLF)

(BPH)

Managing other pests

34 Control ofHirschmanniella oryzae nematodes in rice

Farming system

34 Introducing high-yielding rice into a jute cropping system with

limited nutrient supply

SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Livelihood

35 Profitability of urea supergranules in rice

EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION

Training and technology transfer research

35 Information gaps in transmitting rice recommendations to farmers

ANNOUNCEMENTS

36 IRTP now INGER

36 New IRRI publications


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GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT

Genetic resources

Diseases and mycoflora of

Oryza indandamanica Ellis.

M. M. Ansari, Central Agricultural Research

Institute (CARI), Port Blair (present address:

Plant Pathology Division, Central Rice

Research Institute, Cuttack 753006); and T.

V. R. S. Sharma, CARI, Port Blair, India

A new species of wild rice O.

indandamanica was recently reported

from Rutland, a small island of South

Andaman in the Andaman and Nicobar

group. To enable its use in breeding,

knowledge of its tolerance or resistance

to various diseases and pests is needed.

Samples of O. indandamanica

collected from the Rutland locality

exhibit typical symptoms of blast (Bl)

and sheath blight (ShB) as well as

necrotic areas on the leaves.

Isolations from ShB- and Bl-

affected samples produced cultures of

Rhizoctonia solani and Pyricularia

oryzae. In addition, isolations from

necrotic leaves revealed the presence o

Pestalotia, Fusarium, and Curvularia

spp.

Pathogenicity of R. solani and of

P. oryzaewere proved on O.

indandamanica and on cultivated rice

C14-S. However, the Fusarium sp.,

Curvularia sp., and Pestalotia sp. failed

to produce typical necrotic

symptoms.

Genetics

External budding in rice

aleurone grains

N. E. Alyoshin, E. R. Avakyan, E. V. Lebedev,

V. E. Lebedev, and E. P. Alyoshin, All-Union

Rice Research Institute, P.O. Belozernoe,

Krasnodar 353204, USSR

The nature of aleurone grains

(aleurone protein bodies) is an

important problem in Poaceae

cytology: Are the subcellular particles

of vacuolar or plastid origin?

We have produced electron

microscopy pictures that confirm

plastid origin; they show external

budding of rice aleurone grains.

15-35 d after flowering were used.

Ultramicrosections of the aleurone

layer were fixed with gluteraldehyde

and osmiate, contrasted with uranyl

acetate, stained with lead-

citrate, andstudied under the electron microscope.

Some aleurone grains showed external

buds (see figure). In some sections, the

ultramicrotomic knife went through

the bud and made visible the

connection of the grain and bud

matrices.

feature of the semi-autonomous Electron microscopy pictures of the aleurone layer of Krasnodarsky 424 endosperm. a and b show external headcompartments (mitochondria, plastids,

c shows connection of grain and bud matrix.

Caryopses of Krasnodarsky 424 at

Budding is the characteristic

3 IRRN 14:5 (December 1989)


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etc.) that have their own genetic

material.

The aleurone grains may be

regarded as a specific type of plastids

(alongside with chloroplasts,

chromoplasts, amyloplasts,

proteoplasts, etc.).

Genetic diversity in rice Oryza

sativa L.

Bui Chi Buu and Tran Minh Tuan, Cuu

Long Delta Rice Research Institute, Omon,

Haugiang, Vietnam

Divergence analysis was performed to

identify diverse genotypes for

hybridization and to generate crosses

that give transgressive segregants in

later generations.

The parental divergence study

used varieties released in Mekong

Delta. Materials came from IRRI (21),

India (3), Korea (l), Sri Lanka (l), and

Vietnam (6).

The experiment was conducted at

Omon in 1989 dry season, with 32

treatments in a randomized block

design with three replications. Plots

were 10 m2, spacing was 15 20 cm.

Clustering (Mahalonobis D2

statistics) was based on plant height,

days to 50% flowering, panicle length,

grains per panicle, unfilled grain

percentage, effective tillers per plant,

grain weight, and grain yield.

Table 1. Varieties partitioned into clusters on

the basis of eight characters. Omon, Vietnam,1989 dry season.

Cluster Varieties

I OM576, IR13240-10-1, IR25588-7-3-1, IR31868-64-2, IR19728, IR66,IR31802-48-2, OM296, IR17433-641-1, IR36, IR17434, IR9782-

111-2, OM91, IR1352, IR39357-133-3, IR65, IR64, IR74, IR9129-192-2, IR21015-80-3,OM201,IR13240-10-1, OM620, IR4265-269-4-2

II IR42, OM80, Bharain, Basmati 370

III A69-1, IR48

IV IR68

V Basmati 3 70

(mutant)

Table 2. Average intracluster and intercluster D 2 -values, showing divergence of variety clusters

Omon, Vietnam, 1989 dry season.

Cluster I II III IV V

I 7.1751 14.6391 16.5844 19.6446 21.3976II 9.0341 15.7413 23.3252 14.0877

III 8.9537 10.9978 21.4578IV 0.0000 27.1334

V 0.0000

The materials were grouped into Plant height (frequency 8-43%)

five clusters by Tochers method (Table and days to 50% flowering (frequency

1). Clusters separated by the largest 7-37%) contributed to divergence the

statistical distance (D2) show the most.

maximum divergence (Table 2).

Yield potential

Effect on rice yield of rootdamage to seedlings

used in a split- plot design with three

replications (see table). Plot size was

4 m2.

G. R. Das and T. Ahmed, Regional

Agricultural Research Station, Titabar

785630, India

During droughts, uprooting of rice

seedlings is difficult particularly in clay

soils. Seedlings sustain severe root

damage, in extreme cases losing almost

all their roots. We evaluated the effect

of different levels of root damage on

yield in a field experiment during 1986ahu (autumn). Six varieties and four

levels of seedling root damage were

Seedlings were pulled at 25 d afte

seeding and transplanted 29 May,

1 seedling/hill at 15- 20-cm spacing.

No fertilizer was applied.

variety and root damage for any of the

characters considered (see table).

Seedlings with 50% roots removed did

not differ from seedlings with intact

roots in survival, yield attributes, and

yield, but they flowered earlier.Seedlings with 98% roots removed by

cutting at the bottom nodes and

There was no interaction between

Effect of seedling root damage and variety on yield, yield components, hill mortality, and flowerinduration of rice. Titabar, India, 1986 autumn.

Grain Hill Panicle Days toPanicles

(t/ha) (%) (g) flowerin

Treatment yield mortalitya weight 50%

Seedling root damageIntact roots 2.4 24 287.1 0.88 9250% removed 2.2 24 310.3 0.71 9098% removed 1.7 35 232.2 0.78 94100% removed 0.4 69 67.4 0.50 98

LSD (0.05) 0.4 7 40.4 0.20 1

VarietyPusa 2-21 1.9 38 201.5 0.81 96IET6155 2.2 30 268.6 0.79 102IET6148 1.6IET7983

32 230.51.6 42

0.70 100217.7

IET76170.77 94

1.5 46 204.9 0.67 90Culture 1 1.3 39 222.5 0.56 80

LSD (0.05) 0.4 9 ns ns 2

aAngular transformed data.

IRRN 14:6 (December 1989) 5

(no./m2 )


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seedlings with all roots removed by

cutting at ground level showed

increased mortality and yield reduction.

Seedlings with 98% roots removed

could be used at higher numbers/hill to

counteract hill mortality.

IET6155 and IET6148 had

significantly lower hill mortality under

all levels of root damage, indicatingtheir ability for quick establishment.

Source-sink relationship at

postflowering of rices under low

light stress

the source-sink relationship. Seedlings

(25 d old) of 15 early- and medium-

duration rice varieties were

transplanted at 10- 10-cm spacing.

Four uniform tillers/hill were selected

at flowering. Five hills each were

subjected to normal light and low light

(50% normal), with two replications.

The desired light intensity wasobtained by covering the rice canopy

with a wooden screen fitted on iron

frames and adjusting the distance

between the slats.

Data on shade index (ratio of

grain yield under low and normal light)

indicate variation in varietal response

(see table). Under low light, Co 41,

C. R. Dash, M. Panda, J. N. Tripathy, and Archana, Jalgaon 5, and Ptb 10 showed

Ch. N. Rao, Central Rice Research Institute about 50% yield reduction. Other

(CRRl), Cuttack 753006, India varieties had higher yield reductions.

Shading during ripening increased

We screened cultivars for tolerance for sterility and decreased 1,000-grain

low light during ripening and assessed weight. Ratna, Pusa 33, Indira, and

Influence of low light during ripening on yield and yield characters of 15 rice varieties. CRRI, India.

Pallavi had more than 85% sterility.

radiation or leaf area and

photosynthetic rate at flowering was

taken as the source of carbohydrate.

The product of spikelet number and

test weight was taken as the sink.

The correlation between source

and sink under normal light was positive and significant (r = 0.76**a an

0.64**b), resulting in good correlation

between source and grain yield (r =

0.54*). Those relationships were

observed under low light.

between stem weight ratio at flowerin

and yield was positive (r = 0.72**). The

stem losses were higher under low

light.

natural light appears to be disturbed

under low light stress, causing more

stem loss.

The product of leaf area and sola

Under low light, the association

The balance of source and sink unde

Yielda (g)Shading

index

Grain no. Stem loss (g) Sterility (%) 1000-grain wt

Variety (flowering-harvest) (g)

100% light 50% light Normal Low Normal Lowlight light Normal Low light light Normal Lo

light light light lig

Pusa 33Co 41

CauverySaket 4

Jalgaon 5RatnaADT3 2KarikalanSwarnaprabhaPtb 10Indira

ArchanaIR36Pallavi

Mean

LSD (0.05)

CR157-190

Variety (V)Shading (S)V S

14.313.411.712.2

14.411.125 .017.618.819.311.314.511.215.712.8

14.9

1.67.94.23.8

7.30.88.77.57.79.22.03.16.43.92.3

5.1

1.20.41.7

11

593631

519354341471722

582518

33

9

787764572611

6806281206

7427937715516835697 25635

714

114 2.38546 0.42281 0.47231 0.92

375 2.1455 5.36546 2.21364 2.40348 8.56388 5.30136 1.68176 4.08369 5.32219 1.01140 1.02

286 2.88

4.024.71

6.253.24

10.486.483.388.38

14.148.573.577.289.904.791.73

6.48

19 0.707 0.25

27 0.99

67.9 91.5 18.3 14.53.8 58.0 17.5 14.71.7 73.0 20.4 14.57.3 76.6 19.9 16.

72.9 77.5 21.1 19.61.8 93.0 17.7 15.42.5 62.6 20.7 15.34.7 51.8 23.7 20.64.7 65.1 23.8 22.

29.6 62.2 25.1 23.

70.4 86.2 20.5 14.

63.8 83.1 21.3 17.65.1 70.5 19.7 17.59.0 80.0 21.6 17.55.9 87.5 20.1 16.

58.1 74.6 20.8 17.

1.5 0.70.6 0.32.2 1.0

aFrom 20 tillers.

The International Rice Research Newsletter invites contributions of concise summaries of significant current rice research for

publication. Contributions should be limited to no more than 2 pages typed double-spaced, accompanied by no more than 2 figures,

tables, or photographs. Contributions are reviewed by appropriate IRRI scientists and those accepted are subject to editing and

abridgment to meet space limitations. Authors are identified by name and research organization. See inside front cover for more

information about submissions.



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Grain quality and nutritional value

Effect of pyrite and NPK on

nutritional quality of rice

C. P. Awasthi, A. Singh, A. K. Shukla, S. K.Addy, and R. Singh, Food Technology

Department/Soil Science Department, N.D.

University of Agriculture and Technology,

Faizabad 224229, India

Nutritional quality of rice can vary with

soil type, fertilizer, and soil

amendment. We studied the effect of

pyrite and NPK fertilizers on the

biochemical and nutritive makeup of

rice grain.

with moderate pH and exchangeablesodium. Experimental treatments were

150, 300, and 600 kg pyrite/ha and 40-

20-20, 80-40-40, and 120-60-60 kg

NPK/ha in nine combinations. To

ensure complete oxidation, pyrite was

applied 10 d before transplanting Saket

4. Half the N as urea and all the P as

single superphosphate and K as

The soil was slightly saline-alkali

muriate of potash were applied at

transplanting; the remaining N was

applied 30 d after transplanting.

Grain samples were harvestedwith a sickle, dried in an oven at 60 C,

hand-pounded to brown rice, ground to

powder, and passed through a 60-mesh

sieve. Defatted samples were used to

determine proximate composition

following standard procedures.

increased in most treatments (see

Protein and total free amino acids

table). The highest value was with 600

kg pyrite and 120-60-60 kg NPK/ha.

However, lysine and tryptophan

content decreased slightly with pyrite

and NPK application. Totalcarbohydrate (mainly starch) content

declined slightly. Amylose content

decreased progressively with increase

in NPK.

It appears that protein synthesis

and its accumulation in the grain

intensified with pyrite and NPK, at the

expense of carbohydrates.

Influence of pyrite and NPK on nutritional quality of brown rice. Faizabad, India, 1985-86 wet

season.

Character

Content (% dry basis)LSD

Control Treatment at5%

Range Mean

Protein 8.06 8.10-9.05 8.63 0.40Total free amino acids 0.25 0.35-0.95 0.73 0.12Lysine 0.30 0.22-0.30 0.26 0.04Tryptophan 0.11 0.08-0.10 0.09 0.01Total carbohydrates 78.67 71.44-77.48 74.34 2.46Amylose 21.98 20.06-21.43 20.56 0.58

Milling characteristics of

aromatic rices

T. P. Yadav, Genetics Division, Indian

Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New

Delhi 110012, India; and V. P. Singh, Plant

Breeding Department, IRRl

Long slender rice grains (an important

quality character of aromatic rices) are

more prone to breakage during milling

than shorter grain rices. We evaluated

brokens in 102 traditional aromatic

varieties (120-140 d) received from the

International Rice Germplasm Center

Jun-Nov 1986 at MI.Harvested rice was hand threshed,

air-dried at 30 C to 14% moisture,

cleaned, and stored 4 mo at room

temperature. Samples of 100 g rough

rice were dehulled in the Satake Rice

Machine, Type THU, and milled in the

ONEPASS Rice Whitening and Caking

Machine, Type MC250. Broken grains

were separated by hand.

Table 1. Milling characteristics of aromatic rices evaluated Jun-Nov 1986 at IARI, India.

Hulling (%) Milling (%) Head rice recoveryShape and L:W (%) Varieties

Range Mean Range Mean (no.)

Range Mean

Group I. Slender, >3.00 74.0-80.6 77.9 65.4-72.8 68.7 32.0-68.4 47.5 71Group II. Medium, 76.0-80.2 77.5 67.4-74.8 69.8 41.0-67.4 53.0 13

Group III. Bold, 2.0-2.39 76.6-79.6 77.8 65.4-73.4 70.4 38.8-66.8 54.5 10Group IV. Round,


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M. Izadyar, Plant Pests and Diseases

Research Laboratory of Guilan, P.O. Box

133, Bondar-Anzali, Iran

Genetic sources for resistance

to rice blast (BI) caused by

Pyricularia oryzae Cav. in Guilan

Province, Iran

for resistance to ShB during wet

seasons (May-Dec) of 1986,1987, and

1988. Each entry was transplanted in 3

rows (2 m long) 21 d after seeding at

20- 15-cm spacing. ShB infection was

rated during panicle emergence and atinitiation of ripening.

Each entry was also tested in the

laboratory through artificial

inoculation (detached leaf method)

with isolates of Thanatephorus

cucumeris. Of the lines evaluated, 19

showed good tolerance for ShB (see

table). Considering days to 50%

flowering, plant height, panicle

numbers, panicle length, and yield,

HM34-6-4-F and F47 appear

promising.

N. D. Majumder, M. M. Ansari, and A. B.

Mandal, Central Agricultural Research

Institute, Port Blair744101,India

Reaction of rice germplasm to

sheath blight (ShB)

Varieties were classified into four head rice recovery increased with a better choices for improving these

groups on the basis of grain length-to- decrease in L:W, to a 63.5% average in characteristics in long- and slender-

width ratio. The ranges of variation in the round-grain group. grain, high-yielding varieties. In

hulling and milling percentage in all Varieties with high head rice addition, accessions 27790, 27792,

four groups were similar, suggesting recovery and better hulling and milling 27829, and 27830 in group I; 27802 an

that these characters are independent qualities are listed in Table 2. 27816 in group II; and 733 in group IV

of grain shape (Table 1). However, Accessions 27796 and 27821 may be gave 80% hulling.

Disease resistance

We evaluated 1,200 varieties and lines

Promising rice cultivars with tolerance for ShB and their agronomic traits in Andaman, India. 1986-88 wet seasons. a

Disease score b Days to Height Panicles Panicle

Cultivar Cross 50% /plant length(cm)Field Laboratory flowering (no.) (cm) (g

HM23-3 IR29/Rasi 4 2 90 122.8 6.2HM33A-2-1-1-2F Mirikrak/Ngoba 3 4 94 114.3 5.9

HM22-25-7-121 IR29/Ngoba 5 2 96 116.3 6.4

DR92 Released variety 5 3 98 123.8 8.5

F47 CCI47F-112-18-4-106 1 1 92 113.7 6.5

HM33A-21-2 Mirikrak/Ngoba 2 1 92 113.2 6.5

HM37-16-7-110-1 DR92/Pusa 33 3 3 68 116.2 6.8

HM22-

18-

1-

132 IR29/Ngoba 3 2 113 125.3 8.9HM46-1-21-F IR28/Pawnbuh/IR28 3 1 98 121.2 8.2

HM23-2 IR29/Rasi 4 1 94 116.7 4.4

HM22-2-5-402 IR29/Ngoba 4 1 108 108.5 8.6

HM131-1-33 Mirikrak/Rasi 2 1 105 109.4 8.7

HM34-6-1-1 Mirikrak/Rasi 4 1 90 109.1 8.7

HM34-6-4-F Mirikrak/Rasi 1 1 88 112.7 8.9

HM44-30-7-1 IR28/Ngoba/IR28 2 2 90 108.7 7.4

HM16-2-6-1 IR29/Ngoba 3 1 88 119.1 8.3

HM33A-5-7-F Mirikrak/Ngoba 2 3 86 103.3 7.1

HM19-7 IR29/Khonorullo 4 3 98 116.6 6.2

HM22-23-4 IR29/Ngoba 2 5 95 110.6 6 .0

Mashuri (local check) Released variety 3 112 144.0 6.8

a Data are means of 1986, 1987, and 1988. bStandard evaluation system for rice.

23.624.324.426.022.422.518.2

23.523.820.823.121.622.824.924.019.621.826.122.022.5

20

202219

20

191816131323131728161212191519

We tested 1,265 rice cultivars in B1 collected at the 3- to 4-leaf stage from

screening nurseries at Rasht, Roudsar, different areas. Each year, susceptible

and Bandar-Anzali 1978-84. In entries were dropped and resistant

addition to natural infection, some entries tested against some additiona

artificial inoculations were made using strains the following year.-

conidial suspensions of international All cultivars except seven Irania

races identified in Guilan and from cultivars were susceptible to the races

lesions on heavily infected leaves and strains tested (see table). There


Yielplan

7


9/40

Cultivars screened for rice blast resistance a in

Guilan, Iran, 19784-84.

Cultivars (no.)Total

entries

Resistant Susceptibletested

Origin

(no.)

IRRI 139Japan 43

USA 35Taiwan 34India 28Pakistan 11China 9Iran 7

Philippines 6Italy 3Senegal 3Korea 2

Hong Kong 2Indonesia 2

USSR 2Vietnam 1Bangladesh 1Egypt 1

South America 1

Thailand 1

Total 328

25533

3211156

53713

6

2

24

2

1

937

39176

67454317

9544

193

9242

261113

2

1265

aStandard evaluation system for rice.

were no effective resistance genes in

Guilan cultivars, but many exotic

sources had genes for resistance to P.

oryzae races found in Guilan. In

general, varieties that possess Pi-a, Pi-i,

and Pi-ta resistance genes were

resistant to rice Bl in Guilan

Province.

Insect resistance

Whitebacked planthopper

(WBPH) Sogatella furcifera

(Horvath) survival and nymph

emergence on some rice

varieties

K. Ramaraju, P. C. Sundara Babu, and K.Gunathilagaraj, Agricultural Entomology

Department, Agricultural College and

Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural

University, Madurai 625104, India

We studied survival and nymph

emergence of WBPH on susceptible

TN1 and IR50; moderately resistant

Ptb 12, Ptb 19, CO 22, IR28, IR30 and

IR60, and highly resistant ARC10550

and ARC6650 rice varieties. We used

40-d-old plants in three replications.

Ten freshly emerged nymphs/plant

were enclosed in a polyethylene cage to

the adult stage. Three 3-d-old gravid

females/plant were confined to study

nymph emergence. After 10 d, the

adults were removed and emergingnymphs counted periodically.

in WBPH survival and nymph

emergence (see table). Survival was

lowest on ARC10550, followed by

The varieties differed significantly

ARC6650 and CO 22. Nymph

emergence was low on highly resistant

varieties. Among the moderately

resistant varieties, CO 22, IR28, IR30,

and IR60 permitted more nymph

emergence than Ptb 12 and Ptb 19.

Effects of resistant accessions on

nymph development were alsoobserved. Average nymph duration on

resistant accessions was longer than o

the susceptible check. In the resistant

and moderately resistant varieties,

nymph development was delayed.

Growth of WBPH nymphs on resistant and moderately resistant rice varieties.a Madurai, India.

VarietySurvival

(no.)

Nymphemergence

(no.)

Nymphduration

(d)

ARC6650

ARC10550

CO 22

IR28

IR30

IR50

IR60

Ptb 12

Ptb 19

TN1 (susceptible check)

LSD (P=0.05)

3.00 b(1.70)

1.66 a

3.66 c(1.91)

6.00 e

(2.45)

7.33 ef

8.00 g(2.82)

6.30 ef(2.52)

5.0 d(2.24)

4.66 d(2.16)

(1.27)

(2.70)

8.66 h(2.94)

0.19

13.0 (3.61

13.0 (3.6

12.6

(3.56

13.0 (3.61

13.0(3.61

12.0 (3.46

13.0 (3.6

13.0 (3.61

12.6 (3.56

11.6 (3.4

0.04

51.33 a(7.16)

55.00 a(7.39)

82.66 cd

(9.07)

94.33 de(9.71)

104.00 ef(10.16)

127.33 g(11.28)

108.66 f(10.41)

67.33 b(8.20)

71.66 bc(8.45)

164.00 h(12.80)

0.66

a

by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level.Mean of 3 replications. Figures in parentheses are transformed values. In a column, means follow

Reaction to brown planthopper

(BPH) of varieties originating

from Oryza officinalis

Luong Minh Chau and R. C. Saxena,

Entomology Department, IRRI

We screened 86 lines originating from

wild rice O. officinalis against BPH

using the modified seedling bulk test.

Test lines were sown 20 seeds/row in

10-cm-long rows in iron seedboxes 105

60 5 cm filled 3 cm deep with fin

soil, in a randomized complete block

design with three replications.

seeding with second- to third-instar

BPH biotype 2 nymphs at 8-10 nymph

plant. Plant damage was assessed wh

95% of susceptible check TN1 had

died.

BPH 19 lines at grade 1 and 21 lines

grade 3 (see table).

Seedlings were infested 10 d afte

Forty lines showed resistance to

IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)


10/40

Reaction to BPH biotype 2 of wild rice linesoriginating from Oryza officinalis.a IRRI, 1989.

Variety Damageratingb

IR54742-1-11-17-12-3IR54742-1-11-17-26-2IR54742-1-11-17-26-3IR54742-1-17-12-26-2

IR54742-

1-

17-

20-

8-

1IR54742-1-17-20-8-3IR54742-1-18-12-11-1IR54742-1-18-12-11-2IR54742-1-18-12-11-3IR54742-5-36-4-17-1IR54742-5-36-4-17-3IR54742-6-20-3-9-2IR54742-6-20-3-9-3IR54742-6-20-3-22-2

IR54742-6-20-3-22-3IR54742-11-1-9-15-2IR54742-11-2-8-2-1IR54742-11-2-8-2-3IR54742-11-17-10-5-2IR54742-18-17-20-15-3lR54742-22-14-24-22-2

IR54742-22-19-3-7-3IR54742-22-19-3-15-1IR54742-23-11-19-6-1IR54742-23-11-19-6-3IR54742-23-19-16-12-1IR54742-23-19-16-12-2IR54742-23-19-16-12-3IR54742-31-9-26-15-2IR54742-31-21-20-10-2IR54742-33-18-20-3-2IR54742-33-18-20-3-3IR54742-38-13-15-2-2IR54742-38-26-10-17-1IR54742-41-15-30-23-1IR54742-41-15-30-23-2IR54742-41-15-30-23-3IR54742-41-40-20-19-1

IR54742-4140-20-19-2IR54745-2-2-25-26-1IR54745-2-2-25-26-3IR.54745-2-10-17-8-2IR54745-2-21-12-17-1

IR54745-2-21-12-17-2IR54745-2-21-12-17-4IR54745-2-21-12-17-5IR54745-2-21-12-17-6IR54745-2-23-19-8-1IR54745-2-23-19-8-2IR54745-2-23-19-8-3IR.54745-2-28-22-7-2IR54745-2-37-5-26-1IR54745-2-37-5-26-2IR54745-2-37-5-26-3IR54745-2-45-3-24-2

IR54748-1-17-12-1IR54748-1-17-12-3IR54748-1-17-25-3IR54742-9-44

IR54742-9-4-5IR54742-19-2-3IR74 (resistant check)

TN1 (susceptible check)

1111

3111133

1113133333

33113113331311113

31

111311113111111

1113

1119

aAv of 3 replications. All entries, except TN1

showed resistance. b By the Standard evaluation system for rice.


Leaffolder (LF) damage and

yield loss on some selected rice

varieties

S. K. Shrivastava, Regional Agricultural

Research Station, Jagdalpur 494005, Madhya

Pradesh (MP), India (present address: IERP

[IGKVV], c/o Dy. Director of Agriculture,

Durg 491001, M.P., India)

We studied the effect of LF

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guene

infestation on panicle length and

weight during 1987 wet season.

Gurmatia, Safri 17, Makdo, and

CR1014 were transplanted in 5-

4.60-m plots at 20- 15-cm spacing.

The crop was fertilized at 40-30-20 kg

NPK/ha.

Kranti, Madhuri, Mahsuri, Asha,

After flag leaf emergence, 15 hills

of each variety were selected at

random. Infested and healthy leaves

were counted. Panicle length and

panicle weight were measured at

harvest.

The data suggested that all the

varieties were susceptible to LF (see

table). The degree of susceptibility wa

in order Kranti > Mahsuri > Madhur

> Asha > Gurmatia > Safri 17 >

Makdo > CR1014.

higher the infestation, the shorter the

panicle length and the lighter the

panicle weight. But correlation

coefficients were significant only

between leaf damage and panicle

weight in Gurmatia and Safri 17 and

only between leaf damage and panicle

length in CR1014, Kranti, and

Madhuri.

Correlations indicated that the

LF damage and yield of selected rice varieties. Madhya Pradesh, India, 1987 wet season.

Variety

CR1014KrantiMahsuriGurmatiaSafri 17MadhuriAsha

Makdo

Leafdamage

(%)

12.2124.6324.3215.9615.1323.4616.52

13.39

Panicle wt (g)

Range Mean

2.00-2.56 2.171.52-2.30 1.872.59-2.79 2.261.43-1.83 1.640.86-1.01 0.941.73-1.96 1.811.68-2.14 1.87

1.96-2.30 2.22

Panicle length (cm)

Range Mean

16.01-19.01 17.0717.01-20.09 18.0815.08-17.04 16.0517.06-21.01 17.0916.03-17.03 16.0817.06-22.05 20.0916.01-20.05 19.07

15.03-18.03 16.04

Correlationa

Damage- Damage- panicle wt panicle lengt

0.30 0.18 0.45 0.47 0.98* 0 0.68* 00.23 0.52* 0.41

0.39 0.14

a* = significant at the 0.05 level.

Adverse soils tolerance

Performance of selected rice We evaluated 81 cultivars and 9

genotypes in alkaline, saline, local lines and varieties for alkalinity

and normal soils and theirand salinity tolerance, under tempera

interaction with climate factorsclimate conditions (35 south latitude

The severely deteriorated alkali

J. E. Marassi, M. Collado, R. Benavidez, andsoil (Typic Natraqualf) of the Salado

M. J. Arturi, CIC, Prov. Bs. As.; and J. J. N.River basin is characterized by high p

Marassi, Central Experiment Station, Faculty (9.6), sodicity (exchangeab1e sodium

of Agronomy, La Plata National Universty, percentage exceeding 60), calcium

CC 46, Suc. 6, La Plata (1900), Argentina carbonate precipitation, clay texture.

Soil salinity was created artificially by

Soil salinity and alkalinity associated adding NaCl to 8 dS/m at seeding.

with low temperature are the major Normal soil was a Typic Argiudoll wi

problems of the coastal area of the excellent agronomic characteristics.

Salado River basin, Buenos Aires Entries were dry seeded in

Province. problem soils 1 and 2 Oct 1987 and in


11/40

Agronomic data for test entries. La Plata, Argentina, 1987. a

Alkaline Saline Normal

Designation Scores Germi- Plant Panicle Dura- Scores Germi- Plant Panicle Dura- Scores Germi- Plant Panicle Dura-

nation ht length tion nation ht length tion nation ht length tion

VP RP PA (%) (cm) (cm) (d) VP RP PA (%) (cm) (cm) (d) VP RP PA (%) (cm) (cm) (d)

Gz1368-5-2 6 4 5 15 59 17 175 6 5 5 30 67 19 6 3 5 20 79 19 165

Gz1368-5-54 6 4 5 5 62 17 168 6 4 4 20 65 17 166 6 3 5 20 82 21 165

IR10154-117-2-3-3-3 6 5 6 10 47 16 152 5 4 6 35 54 18 173 6 3 5 30 71 18 178

IR10206-29-2-1 6 6 6 5 57 18 5 4 4 20 72 29 5 2 4 30 84 21 168

IR19392-33-3 6 7 6 10 42 15 178 6 5 7 10 6 4 5 10 72 18 164

IR19743-25-2-2-3-1 5 5 5 35 51 16 148 5 4 5 10 60 18 162 6 4 5 5 70 17 174

IR28 6 5 4 35 56 18 152 5 3 5 30 62 18 151 6 4 5 10 90 21 161IR31375-3-3-3 5 4 5 15 72 20 178 4 3 8 20 169 7 2 6 30 92 21 IR32307-107-3-2-2 4 4 4 50 56 22 173 4 3 7 20 165 6 3 6 30 78 21 IR32429-47-3-2-2 4 4 4 40 60 17 154 3 3 6 25 147 6 4 5 20 65 20 174IR37379-20-1-2-1-1 5 5 7 55 45 16 141 5 4 7 20 50 16 131 6 2 5 40 56 14 169IR8238-B-B-57-2-1 5 5 5 30 73 19 174 KS-282

6 2 6 40 87 22

IR9129-209-2-2-2-3 6 5 6 55 53 18 163 5 4 6 50 64 19 160 6 3 5 30 72 20 1744 4 4 50 61 19 172 5 5 7 20 6 2 5 30 80 21 178

Local checksItape P.A. 4 4 5 40 153 5 2 3 50

5 3 5 35Yerua P.A. 153 4 2 3 303 2 4 60

4 2 4 10

3 2 3 304 2 4 25

3 2 3 30H175 4 2 3 45

a VP = vegetative phase, RP = reproductive phase, PA = phenotypic acceptability.

164153134160

146138152

H198-1-3-2-3-1 165 3 2 3 15H198-8-1-2-1 161 3 2 3 15

H238-5-1 164 3 2 3 10H238-20-1-1 162 3 2 3 20H238-47-1H238-82-2-1

was not seeded 3 2 3 20

169 was not seeded159 was not seeded

normal soil 20 Oct, at 1 row/entry and All exotic lines were affected phase. More plants died during the

25-cm spacing. Germination began 17 adversely, mainly by temperature and vegetative phase.

Oct, the test plot was irrigated 15 d photoperiod. Climate-adapted local Plant height and panicle length

later. Agronomic data were collected checks showed the best performance correlated strongly with soil problems

each 15 d and subsumed into values for under both treatments. and were more affected by alkalinity

vegetative phase, reproductive phase, Entries showed more tolerance in than by salinity.

and phenotypic acceptability (see the reproductive than in the vegetativetable).

Extragenic basis of salt CaCl2, and Na2SO4 in a 1:4:5:10 with three replications. Interrow and

tolerance in rice Oryza sativa L.equivalent ratio. intrarow spacing was 20 cm. Data for

The experiment was laid out in a yield and yield components were

M. S. Sajjad and M. A. Awan, Nuclearcomplete randomized block design recorded on 10 plants/replication.

Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB),

Faisalabad, Pakistan Inheritance of yield and yield components under normal and saline sodic soils. a Faisalabad, Pakistan

NIAB Rice-1 has been found to be

relatively salt tolerant and Basmati 370to be relatively salt sensitive. To clarify

the extragenic basis of salt tolerance,

we made reciprocal crosses between

the two genotypes. The F1 hybrids and

the parents were transplanted at 45 d

after seeding on nonsaline and saline

sodic field basins. Salinization of the

field basins was accomplished using

four commercial salts of MgCl, NaCl,

Nonsaline soilb Saline soilc

Parent or

F1 combi- Plant Productive Flag leaf Yield Plant Productive Flag leaf Yieldnation ht (cm) tillers area (g/plant) ht (cm) tillers area (g/plant

(no./plant) (cm2) (no./plant) (cm2)

Basmati 370 139.8 b 13.8 b 36.7 d 13.5 c 126.8 b 9.0 c 25.0 c 9.0 cBasmati 370/ 162.8 a 21.6 a 39.7 b 17.0 b 143.9 a 18.0 a 34.8 b 14.0 b

NIAB Rice-l/ 159.2 a 20.4 a 42.9 b 18.4 ab 144.9 a 19.0 a 34.1 b 12.9 b

NIAB Rice-1 143.8 b 19.0 a 59.0 a 20.4 a 122.7 b 15.6 b 51.4 a 17.1 a

a In a column, values followed by identical letters are not significantly different at the 5% level by

DMRT. b pH 7.6, EC 3.0 dS/m, SAR 9.0. c pH 8.7, EC 6.2 dS/m, SAR 20.0.

NIAB Rice-1

Basmati 370



12/40

T. Ahmed, R. K. S. M. Barua, K. C. Sarma,G. R. Das, K. K. Sarma, D. K. Barua, U.

Kalita, P. K. Pathak, and A. K. Pathak,

Regional Agricultural Research Station

(RARS), Assam Agricultural University,

Titabar 785630, Assam, India

TTB15-1 is a medium-duration variety

suitable for transplanted ahu (autumn)

season in Assam under rainfedconditions. The variety was developed

at RARS from IR24/CR44-118-1 and

has been recommended for cultivation

in relatively flood-free medium-altitudericelands.

Productive tillers/plant, flag leaf differ. The F1s showed heterosis over

area, and yield/plant of Basmati 370 Basmati 370 for all the traits studied.

and NIAB Rice-1 in both environments However, true heterobeltiosis was

differed significantly (see table). Plant observed only for plant height.

height did not differ. Performance of These results indicate the absence

the F1s of Basmati 370/NIAB Rice-1 of any extragenic basis of salt tolerance,

and NIAB Rice-1/Basmati 370 did not at least for these two genotypes.

Integrated germplasm improvement

Release of new rice cultivar

Jasmine 85 in USA

C. N. Bollich, Agricultural Research Service

(ARS), USDA, Route 7, Box 999, Beaumont,

Texas 77713, USA

The release of Jasmine 85, a new long-

grain rice cultivar, was announced by

ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture

and the agricultural experiment

stations of Texas, Mississippi,

Arkansas, and Louisiana.

the IRRI cross IR262/Khao Dawk Mali

Jasmine 85 (IR841) derives from

105. IR262 was from the cross Peta *3/

Taichung Native 1.

Jasmine 85 is an aromatic

(scented) rice possessing the flavor and

aroma of fragrant rices of Thailand.

Average amylose content is 17% and

alkali spreading value 6.5. This

characterizes Jasmine 85 as a low-

amylose, low-gelatinization-

temperature type similar to Thai

fragrant rices. Typically, cooked grains

of Jasmine 85, like those of the Thai

fragrant rices, are soft and cohesive

with the cooked kernels tending to

cling together.

TTB15-1, a promising rice

variety for Assam

Grain yield and duration of TTB15-1 in trials in Assam, India, 1984-88.

Growing

Year Location condition

TTB15-1 Check

Yield Duration Designation Yield Duration Increase

(t/ha) (d) (t/ha) (d) over check

(%)

1984 Titabar1984 Titabar1985 Karimganj

1986 Karimganj

1987 Karimganj

1987 Titabar1987 Titabar1988 Titabar

Ahu 4.3 115Ahu 3.6 123Ahu 2.2 116Ahu 2.8 114Ahu 2.8 118Ahu 2.9 124Sali 4.0 124Ahu 5.5 125

Ch 63 3.8 111

IR50 1.9 111

IR50 2.2 103

IR50 2.6 111

Ratna 2.9 116Ratna 4.0 128

TTB2-6-1-1 3.2 134

TTB2-6-1-1 2.4 132

15141732

8203437

Mean 3.5 120 2.9 23On-farm trial1986 Gelapukhuri Ahu 2.7 125 Takuguni 1.4 117 971988 Gelapukhuri Ahu 4.2 123 Takuguni 1.9 114 125


TTB15-1 is 90 cm tall with

intermediate tillering ability and 114-

125 d duration. It is awnless, medium-

grained, with fully exserted panicles.

The 1,000-grain weight is 22.0 g. It has

nonglutinous endosperm with

translucent white kernels and

acceptable cooking quality.

to bacterial blight, brown planthoper

and whitebacked planthopper but

susceptible to blast. It is resistant to

shattering.

In eight transplanting trials in

Karimganj and Titabar, yield was 8-

36.8% higher than that of check

varieties (see table). In on-farm trials,

its yield advantage was higher because

a low yielding local traditional ahu

variety was used as the check.

TTB15-1 is moderately resistant

Medium-duration Taichung Sen

Yu 285 released in Sichuan as

Chuan Mi 2

Deng Jutao, Luo Wenzhi, Yuan Zuolian, and

Yin Guoda, Rice Research Institute (RRI),

Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,

Luzhou, Sichuan, China

Taichung Sen Yu 285, an InternationaRice Testing Program (IRTP) entry

from Taiwan, evaluated in Sichuan

since 1983at RRI for 3 yr and in

regional provincial tests for 2 yrwas

released in Mar 1989 as Chuan Mi 2 fo

cultivation in Sichuan.

Mean grain yield over 3 yr in RR

trials was 7.6 t/ha, 7% higher than the

local check (see table). In the 1986-87

regional test for grain quality, mean

grain yield was 7.4 t/ha, 6% higher tha

the local check. In 1988 Adaptive

Research Trials in three counties,mean grain yield was 7.4 t/ha, 7%

higher than the local check.

Chuan Mi 2 is a semidwarf (90-95

cm), heavy-tillering rice with 135-140

duration. Grain is medium slender, fin

and white, with 3.6% amylose and

10.73% protein content. It has 73%

milling recovery and good cooking

quality.


13/40

Performance of Chuan Mi 2 at the Sichuan RRI

in regional tests, and in adaptive research trials.

Luzhou, Sichuan, China, 1983-88.

Grain yield (t/ha)

Chuan Mi 2 Local checkYear

Rice Research Institute trial1983 7.2

1984

6.9

8.31985

8.07.2 6.4

Mean 7.6 7.1

19861987

Regional test in Sichuan Province

7.7 7.47.1 6.6

Mean 7.4 7.0

7.4 6.91988 Adaptive research trial

Chuan Mi 2 was screened in the

greenhouse for resistance to important

diseases of the area: it is resistant to

blast.

TTB14-1 fits ahu (autumn)

season in double-cropped areas

of Assam

T. Ahmed, R. K. S. M. Barua, K. C. Sarma,

G. R. Das, K. K. Sarma, P. K. Pathak, and A.

K. Pathak, Regional Agricultural Research

Station (RARS), Assam Agricultural

University, Titabar 785630, Assam, India

TTB14-1, a semidwarf variety derived

from CRM13-3241/Kalinga 2 at RARS,

Titabar, is suitable for ahu (autumn)

season in rainfed high to medium-

altitude lands in Assam. Optimum

sowing and transplanting dates are

Mar/Apr and Apr/May, respectively.

In transplanting experiments

1984-88, average TTB14-1 yield was 3.4

t/ha. This variety has been gaining

Table 1. Characteristics of TTB14-1. Assam,

India, 1984-88.

Plant height 95 cmPanicle length 23.0 cmGrain type Medium1000-grain weight 22.0 gGrain length 7.89 mmGrain length/width 2.94Kernel length 5.75 mm

Kernel length/width 2.36Kernel color White

popularity among farmers because of planting in double-cropped areas.

its high yield potential and because its General characteristics and yield

110-120 d growth duration enables are given in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 2. Yield and duration of TTB14-1 at different locations. Assam, India, 1984-88.

TTB14-1 Check

Year Location SeasonaYield Duration Designation Yield Duratio

(t/ha) (d) (t/ha) (d)

1984 Titabar Ahu 3.1 118 Ch63 1.7 113

1986 FTS, Gelapukhuri Ahu 2.5 117 Takuguni 1.4 117

1987 Titabar Sali 3.0 110 Ratna 2.9 118

1988 Titabar Ahu 4.7 120 Ratna 4.0 128

1988 FTS, Gelapukhuri Ahu 4.0 110 Takuguni 1.9 114

Mean 3.4 115 2.4 118

aAhu = fall, sali = winter.

CROP AND RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT

Soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer~

Effect of boiling water treatment

on germination and growth of

Sesbania rostrata

M. N. Sheelavantar, R. S. Bhat, and P. S.

Mattiwade, Agronomy Division, University of

Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580005,India

Dormancy in S. rostrata seeds can be

broken by boiling water treatment. We

studied the effect of length of boiling

water treatment on germination and

growth in a pot experiment Jan-Mar

1989.

Well-developed seeds (25/set)

were treated with 98 C water for 0 to

75 s at 15-s intervals, with 3

replications. Seeds were sown in pots

filled with Vertisol and grown for 65 d

with regular watering. Plants were

uprooted and root and shoot portionsseparated and dried in a hot air oven a

65-70 C to a uniform moisture

content.

Treatment with boiling water

significantly improved germination

(see table). Duration of treatment did

not significantly affect dry matter

production.

Influence of boiling water (98 C) seed treatment on germination and dry matter production o

Sesbania rostrata at Dharwad, India.

Treatment Plants/pot Germination

Shoot Root

(no.) (%) dry weight dry weight(g/pot) (g/pot)

Control (no treatment) 1.0Treatment with 98 C water for

15 s 15.330 s45 s

17.3

60 s19.019.0

75 s 19.3

SE 0.4LSD (P=0.5) 1.4

4 1.47

62 4.9370 6.5076 5.7576 5.5078 5.98

0.752.36

0.30

0.831.100.900.960.81

0.12

0.36

Total

dry weig(g/pot)

1.77

5.767.606.656.46

6.79

0.852.69



14/40

R. D. Vaishya, V. K. Singh, and M. F. Qazi,

Agronomy Department, Narendra Deva

University of Agriculture and Technology,

Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Effect of flooding duration on

germination and growth of

Sesbania rostrata

M. N. Sheelavantar, R. S. Bhat, and P. S.

Mattiwade, Agronomy Division, University of

Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580005,

India

Alley cropping of green manure with

irrigated rice could save time and crop

area. We conducted a pot culture

experiment Jan-Mar 1989 to study the

effect of six irrigation schedules on

germination and growth of S. rostrata.

cm from the brim. Seeds treated with

sulfuric acid for 40 min were sown at

25/pot. Six treatments were imposed

with three replications. The crop was

grown for 65 d.

Pots were filled with Vertisol to 5

Germination was drastically

Influence of irrigation on germination and dry matter production of Sesbania rostrata. Dharwad,India, 1989.

TreatmentPlants/pot Germination Shoot Root Total

(no.) (%) dry weight dry weight dry weight(g/pot) (g/pot) (g/pot)

Control (no flooding) 20.3 81.2 5.05 0.51 5.56Flooding throughout 5.6 22.4 0.23 0.04 0.27

Flooding 7 d after sowing (DAS) 10.6 42.4 1.42

Flooding 15 DAS

0.13

16.3

1.55

65.2 2.51 1.03Flooding 22 DAS 3.5418.6 74.4 3.03Flooding 30 DAS 18.0

1.18 4.2172.0 4.00 1.21 5.21

SE

LSD (P=0.05)2 .06.4

0.32 0.0321.00

0.340.100 1.08

reduced when irrigation started aff.ect total dry matter production. S.

immediately after sowing (see table). rostrata could be established as an alley

Flooding 22 days after sowing (DAS) crop with rice if irrigation is delayed to

did not affect germination significantly. 15 DAS. For better establishment and

Shoot dry weight significantly dry matter production, the green

decreased with continuous flooding but manure crop should not be flooded

increased with delay in flooding. before 30 DAS.

Flooding 30 DAS did not significantly

Physiology and plant nutrition

Effect of herbicides on nutrient

leaching from rice leaves Treatment 10 DE 15 DE 20 DE 25 DE 30 DE

Effect of herbicides on nutrients in rice leaf leachates. Uttar Pradesh, India, 1987 wet season.

Na (g/kg fresh leaves)Control 10.9 15.0 15.5 14.7 15.9

Thiobencarb 13.0 16.8 19.6 14.9 17.0

Butachlor 11.9 15.5 15.5 15.5 17.6

LSD (0.05) 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5

Pesticidal spray is known to alter the

constituents of leaf leachates, which in

turn have a direct effect on disease

incidence, yield, and yield quality.

Certain fungicides are known to induce

leaching of different micronutrients.

We studied the effect of thiobencarb

and butachlor on leaching of Na, K,

and Fe from rice leaves.

randomized block design with four

replications during 1987 wet season.Saket 4 was seeded and recommended

fertilizers and irrigation practices were

followed. Thiobencarb and butachlor at

1.5 kg/ha were sprayed 3 d after seeding

as preemergence herbicide. Control

plots were not sprayed.

Rice leaf samples were collected

10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 d after emergence

(DE). Leaf leachates were collected by

The experiment was laid out in a

ControlThiobencarbButachlor

LSD (0.05)

ControlThiobencarb

30.045.343.1

1.7

2.84.9

K (g/kg fresh leaves)38.4 43.647.8 49.146.6 52.0

1.4 1.2

Fe (g/kg .fresh leaves)2.5 3.65.0 6.9

42.758.353.9

1.8

3.66.5

43.561.558.4

2.1

4.56.8

Butachlor 4.4 5.8

LSD (0.05) 0.2 0.4

immersing freshly collected leaves in

distilled water for about 6 h. Free Fecontent was estimated using potassium

persulphate reagent, Na and K content

by Flame photometer method.

Nutrients in leaf leachates

increased from 10 to 30 DE in

untreated and treated leaves (see

table). Na content increased between

10 and 20 DE, decreased at 25 DE, and

increased again at 30 DE.

6.5 7.5 7.2

0.3 0.4 0.3

Herbicides significantly increased

Na, K, and Fe content. Application ofthiobencarb resulted in more leaching

of Na at 10, 15, and 20 DE; K at 10, 25,

and 30 DE; and Fe at 10 and 20 DE.

Application of butachlor resulted in

more leaching of Na at 25 and 30 DE;

K at 20 DE; and Fe at 15, 2.5, and 30

DE. At 15 and 20 DE, the differences

in leaching of K due to thiobencarb and

butachlor were not significant.



15/40

Effect of aqueous azolla extract

and NaCl stress on rice

S. A. Ali, A. Rami, and S. M. Alam, Atomic

Energy Agricultural Research Centre, Tando

Jam, Sind, Pakistan

We studied the allelopathic effects of

Azolla pinnata extract on rice seedlings.

A 2.5% (wt/vol) extract was prepared

by soaking dried azolla in distilled

water for 24 h. Five ml azolla extract

was added to 0.8% sterilized agar gel

with 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% sodium

chloride. Fifty ml of the media was

poured in glass bowls. A similar set

without azolla extract also was

prepared. All treatments were in

randomized design with four

replications.

sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite

for 3 min and rinsed with distilled

water. Ten seeds were planted in a

circle on the surface of each bowl with

Seeds of rice cultivar IR6 were

Crop management

Physiological characteristics of

seedlings grown in dry-wet

nursery (DWN)

Zonghong Huang, Institute of Rice, Guizhou

Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang

City, Guizhou Province, China

A flexible dry-wet method of raising

rice seedlings developed for rainfed

regions of Guizhou Province, China,

could be adapted for areas where water

deficit affects seedling growth and

development.

We evaluated physiological

differences of seedlings grown in dry-wet nursery (DWN), wet nursery

(WN), and dry nursery (DN) in thegreenhouse. Pregerminated seeds of

Ef-15, IR20-3, IR545-39, IR8-8, and

IR8-1 were sown in 16-cm-tall, 15-cm-

diameter plastic pots 18 Feb 1989 at

Kansas State University, USA. Each

pot was fertilized with 3 g 18-45-0

NPK. Seeds were sown 14 Mar, 24 Mar,

3 Apr, and 13 Apr at 30/pot.

Effect of azolla and salt on germination and seedling growth of rice.a Sind, Pakistan.

TreatmentShoot Decrease Root Decreaselength over control length

(cm) (%) (cm)

over contr

(%)

No azolla, no salt 7.49 a 7.31 aAzolla alone 6.67 ab 10.9 4.66 b 36.20.2% salt 6.14 a 10.0 7.13 a0.4% salt

2.5

0.6% salt

6.56 a 10.2

51.5 5.08 b0.2% salt + azolla 6.08 b 18.8 5.31 b

30.5

0.4% salt + azolla 5.27 c 29.6 4.48 b27.4

0.6% salt + azolla 3.33 d 55.5 2.23 c 69.538.7

aIn a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

5.19 c 30.7

3.63 d

the embryo side up and pointing

inward. The bowls were covered with

petri dishes and incubated at 30 C for

7 d. Shoot and root lengths were

measured. Results are the average of

duplicate experiments.

Azolla alone and 0.2% salt alonehad no significant effect on seedling

growth (see table). But 0.2% salt with

azolla extract significantly reduced

seedling height. At 0.4 and 0.6%

salinity, a significant reduction in

seedling height occurred in all

treatments. All salinity levels combin

with azolla extract significantly reduc

root length. Even azolla alone had

significant depressing effect on root

growth. The effect of 0.2 and 0.4%salinity alone was not significant.

We concluded that azolla

depresses root growth under saline

conditions.

For WN, the soil was puddled and

water depth after sowing kept at 3 cm.

For DN and DWN, soil was lightly

sprinkled before sowing to keep

moisture at about 80% of field

capacity. After sowing, DN received400 ml water daily. DWN received 400

ml water daily to 25, 35, 45, or 55 d

after sowing (DAS), when it was

submerged to 3 cm depth for 10 or 20 d

before pulling seedlings. Thus, there

were four seedling ages for all nursery

methods and two flooding durations

before pulling seedlings for DWN

At 35, 45, 55, and 65 DAS, 3

seedlings/pot were removed to measure

plant fresh weight (PFW). Three fully

developed leaves (second from top

leaf) were excised to measure leaf water

potential (LWP) with an ISSD 34693-3

pressure chamber.

DWN seedlings were as tall as was similar to WN (see table). Boththose in the conventional WN and DWN and WN showed higher PFW

taller than those in the conventional than DN.

DN. Roots were deeper and thicker DWN seedlings therefore were

and growth more vigorous than in WN more vigorous than DN seedlings and

or DN (see figure). DN had the highest used less water than WN seedlings.

LWP; DWN with submergence for 10 d


Seedlings of Ef-15 by WN (A), DWN (B), and DWN

at 45 DAS. 1989.


16/40

In large areas of Assam, flooding

frequently destroys the wet season rice

crop transplanted in Jul. In such

situations, farmers direct seed rice in

Sep, when floodwaters have receded.

We experimented with sowing in

standing water, to move direct seeding

to earlier in the season.

Cultivars Culture 1 and CR666-

68 were tested on a clay loam soil

L. Saikia, A. K. Pathak, and B. P. Baruah,

Regional Agricultural Research Station,

Assam Agricultural University, Titabar

785630, Assam, India

Yield of rice sown in standing

water

The International Rice Research

Newsletter is published to expedite

communication among scientists

concerned with rice research and the

development of improved technology for

rice and rice-based farming systems.

Readers are encouraged to write authorsat their published addresses to discuss

the research and obtain more details.

Effect of 3 methods of raising rice seedlings on leaf water potential and fresh weight, 1989. a

Seedling Leaf water potential (Pa) Fresh weight (g/plant)

age(d) WN DN DWN WN DN DWN

10 d 20 d 10 d 20 d

35 7.7 1.1 1.05 1.1 1.2 1.245

5565

1.0 1.1 0.95 0.95 1.2 1.30.96

1.41.2 0.97 1.04 3.2 2.3 2.6 2.6

1.7

1.0 1.1 1.06 1.04 1.4 1.2 1.7 1.7

LSD (0.05) = 0.6 LSD (0.05) = 0.3

a Mean of 5 cultivars or lines. WN = wet nursery; DN = dry nursery; DWN = dry-wet nursery.

Effect of N application timing on

ratoon rice

K. Srinivasan, National Pulses Research

Centre, Pudukkottai 622303; and S.

Purushothaman, Agricultural College,Madurai 625104, India

N rate and frequency are critical factors

in managing rice ratoon crops. We

studied split N application during 1988

wet season.

The ratoon crop received 100-50-

50 kg NPK/ha. N was applied to

Effect of N application timing on ratoon yield. Madurai, India, 1988 wet season.

Yield (t/ha) at given time of N application

Complete Two splits Three splits Mean basal

(t/ha)

Variety

Ponni 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.8Bhavani 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.8

Mean 2.5 2.2 2.1

SE LSD (0.05)Variety 0.118 0.263Time of N 0.142 0.294Interaction 0.203 ns

medium-duration rice varieties Ponni

and Bhavani as complete basal a factorial randomized block design produced a ratoon yield of 2.5 t/ha (see

immediately after harvest of main crop; with three replications. Soil was sandy table). Basal application significantly

half as basal and half 30 d after harvest clay loam with pH 7.3. improved all yield attributes and grain

of main crop (DH); and one-third as Bhavani produced significantly and straw yields, probably because of basal, one-third 15 DH, and one-third higher ratoon yield (2.8 t/ha, 50% of its early sprouting and healthy ratoon

30 DH. The experiment was laid out in main crop yield). All N as basal tillers.

during 1988 wet season. Two seed seed germinated well and more

treatments were used: soaking in water seedlings emerged better than those

12 h and soaking until seed sprouted. from sprouted seed. Panicle weight and

Seeds were sown in 12 cm standing grain yield were significantly higher

water on 25 Aug; water depth was with nonsprouted seeds (see table).

maintained for 12 d. Panicles/m 2 did not differ significantly.

In both varieties, nonsprouted Yield differences were possibly

Influence of underwater sowing on yield and yield-related attributes of rice. Titabar, India, 1988.

Panicles Panicle Grain

Variety Method (no./m2) weight yield(g) (t/ha)

Culture 1 Nonsprouted 192 1.94 2.2Culture 1 Sprouted 164 1.88 1.6CR666-68 Nonsprouted 190 1.89 2.0CR666-68 Sprouted 166 1.86 1.5

0.2LSD (0.05) 24 0.09



17/40

Effect of topdressing potash on

rice nutrient uptake and yield

T. Senthilvel and SP. Palaniappan, Tamil

Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 3,

India

We studied the effect on irrigated rice

of topdressing potash through NK

granules (27-0-27) during 1983-84 wet

(WS) and dry (DS) seasons. Soil was

Typic Haplustalf with pH 8.1 and 328kg available N/ha, 13.6 kg P/ha, and 53

due to floating or clumping of sprouted vigorous seedlings. The technology is done only when water temperature is

seeds, resulting in scattered or dense being tested under natural conditions low and oxygen level high. Studies o

stands. Nonsprouted seeds settled on in farmers fields. water temperature and oxygen level are

the underwater soil surface and Other researchers have found needed.

developed comparatively more that seeding into standing water can be

Herbage production from

deepwater rice in farmers fields

T. Kupkanchanakul and S. Roontun, Huntra

Rice Experiment Station, Ayutthaya 13000,

Thailand

We sampled eight deepwater rice

farmers fields for herbage and grain

yield at Amphur Bangpahan and

Amphur Maharat, Ayutthaya (central

plain) in 1988 wet season. Two

treatmentscut and not cutwerearranged in random complete block

design with 10 replications. The

varieties and agronomic practices of

the farmers are shown in Table 1.

In the cut plots, leaves were

removed at the collar of the last fully

developed leaf during vegetative

growth. Average herbage harvest was

1 t dry matter/ha. Leaf herbage protein

content has been shown to be high.

Leaf removal did not significantlyaffect agronomic characteristics, yield

components, and grain yield (Table 2).

On average, panicle number, yield, and

harvest index were improved by cutting

These results indicate that in the

floodplain of Thailand, where pasture

and herbage availability is minimal

during the rainy season, it is possible to

harvest herbage from deepwater rice

without decreasing grain yields.

Table 1. Deepwater rice varieties and farmers agronomic practices. Central Thailand, 1988-89 wet season.

Seeding Water Maximum water

Location Variety rate Sowing date Emergence Cutting dateHarvest

level Depth Date date(kg/ha) (cm) (cm )

BangpahanBangpahan

BangpahanBangpahan

MaharatMaharat

Maharat

Maharat

Khao Puang NakLuang PratharnKhao KasetKhao Prakuad

Khao PrakuadKhao Lod Chong

Pin Gaew 56

Sai Bua

150 15 May

120 28 May120 30 May

120 30 May

150 02 Jul150 10 May150 07 May

150 07 May

25 May10 Jun

12 Jun

12 Jun10 Jul

20 May15 May

15 May

15 Sep

25 Aug11 Aug02 Aug10 Sep

25 Jul19 Jul

02 Aug

60

15

1520

8

570

60

90 20 Oct45 15 Oct

40 15 Oct40 15 Oct30 20 Oct

195 15 Oct180 30 Oct

180 20 Oct

15 Jan

12 Jan25 Dec

25 Dec13 Jan

13 Jan07 Jan

05 Jan

Table 2. Grain yield, herbage yield, and production components of deepwater rice with and without herbage harvest. Ayutthaya, Thailand, 1988-89 we

season.

HerbageGrain yield Panicles Spikelets Fertility 1000-grain Harvest Height

(t/ha)(t/ha) (no./m

2) /panicle (%) wt (g) index (cm)Location Variety

Control Cut Control Cut Control Cut Control Cut Control Cut Control Cut Control Cu

Bangpahan Khao Puang Nak 0.90 2.3 2.3 106 112 151 156 92 92 24.6 24.9 0.20 0.21 248 23

Bangpahan LuangPratharn 0.95 2.2 2.6 113 129 122 114 89 88 24.4 24.2 0.24 0.30 153 14Bangpahan Khao Kaset 0.80 4.0 4.1 139 141 144 130 93 94 28.6 29.2 0.35 0.40 186 17Bangpahan Khao Prakuad 0.99 3.1 3.3 129 139 126 115 94 95 28.4 29.2 0.31 0.34 168 15Maharat Khao Prakuad 0.95 1.9 1.9 106 106 88 96 83 84 27.5 27.0 0.31 0.35 119 12Maharat Khao Lod Chong 1.33 0.9 1.2 68 77 97 104 91 92 26.8 26.9 0.25 0.25 193 20Maharat Pin Gaew 56 1.06 2.2 2.2 99 103 112 109 92 93 25.8 26.1 0.18 0.19 296 29Maharat Sai Bua 0.96 2.0 1.8 95 88 153 136 92 93 26.0 25.6 0.20 0.20 284 282

Average 0.99 2.3 2.4 107 112 124 120 91 91 26.5 26.6 0.26 0.28 206 202

Soil fertility

and fertilizer

management



18/40

kg K/ha. After deducting the N

supplied through NK granules, prilled

urea was broadcast at 75 kg N/ha m WS

and 100 kg N/ha in DS. P as

superphosphate was applied at 37.5 kg/

ha in WS and 50 kg/ha in DS. Irrigation

water was good quality (EC 0.15 dS/m)

and did not contribute any appreciable

K. Rice cultivars were IR50 in WS andCo 43 in DS.

Effect of topdressing NK granules on nutrient uptake and yield of rice. a Coimbatore, India, 1983-8

Wet Season Dry season

Treatment N uptake K uptake Yield N uptake K uptake Yiel

(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (t/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (t/ha

No K 91 b 147 b 4.2 b 101 d 158 d 4.6 Muriate of potash, all basal 112 a 186 a 5.9 a 115 a 204 aNK granules - basal 100 a 169 a 5.0 a 106 c 170 c 4.8

5.0 a

NK granules at tillering 107 a 178 a 5.1 a 112 ab NK granules at tillering + 118 a 177 b 5.1 170 a 5.8 a 109 bc 181 b 5.0 a

panicle initiation


randomized block design with three

replications (see table for treatment

details). In WS, nutrient uptake and

grain yield were similar across with basal application of muriate of tillering and at tillering + panicle

treatments, but higher than no K. potash, and grain yield equaled that initiation.

During DS, nutrient uptake was higher with NK granules topdressed at

aIn a column, means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at the 5% level bDMRT.

Influence of rate and time of N

application on growth and yieldof rice in Pakistan

T. Hussain, G. Jilani, and A. Ghaffar, Soil

Science Department, University of

Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

We studied the effect of different N

levels and timing of prilled urea

application on rice in a Typic

Camborthids soil (sandy clay loam

texture, pH 7.8, EC, 1.22 dS/m, CEC

9.2 cmol/kg, 0.038% N, 10.2 ppm

available P, 140.2 ppm K, and 3.4 ppmZn).

application at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150

kg N/ha were compared in a split-plot

design with three replications. Plot size

was 30 m2. All treatments received 28

kg P/ha as single superphosphate. Basal

N was broadcast and incorporated in

dry soil before transplanting Basmati

370.

Tillers/hill and straw yield

increased with each increment of N

Single basal and equal split N

Effect of timea and N level on growth and yield of rice. Faisalabad, Pakistan.

N level Tillers(kg/ha) (no./hill)

Grain

Yield (t/ha) N N-use

N uptake recovery efficiStraw (kg/ha) (%) (kg rice/kg

N applied BT0 8.1 f 2.6 i 4.4 i 32.2

30 12.7 c 3.2 f 4.7i

h 47.860 13.3 bc 3.5 d

g 52.06.0 f 59.4 f

18.8

90 13.2 bc 3.7 b45.3 14.8

7.1 d 80.2 d 53.3 12.0120 13.6 b 3.6 c150 16.4 a

7.8 c 82.8 c 42.23.5 d

8.49.1 a 95.9 b 42.5 6.4

N applied BT + at PI0 9.2 e 2.7 h 4.0

30 11.7 d 2.9 j 30.9

g 4.4 i 37.0 h60 12.5 c 3.3 e

20.35.2

6.7g 47.5

90 13.0 bc 3.3 eg 27.7 9.5

120 13.5 b 3.6 c

6.4 e 58.7 f 30.9 6.4

6.4 e 73.9 e150 16.6 a

35.8 7.53.9 a 8.3 b 99.9 a 46.0 7.9

j

aBT = before rice transplanting in dry soil, PI = at panicle initiation stage before flooding. In

column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT

fertilizer, and were higher with single N grain and straw yields. In general, N

application (see table). Grain yield was recovery and agronomic efficiency wer

reduced above 90 kg N/ha with all N lower with higher N rates applied once

applied as basal. Yields with split because of the yield decrease. With

application were not reduced up to 150 split placement of N fertilizer, the rate

kg N/ha. At lower N rates, split of yield increase was linear.

application resulted in relatively lower

Effect of humic acid on wet Humic acidsthe complex organic extraction containing 12% humic acid

season rice molecules formed by the breakdown on growth and yield of rice during 198

and neo-synthesis of organic matteras wet season.

B. K. Mandal, P. Chatterjee, and S. P. liquid salts may help maintain adequate Soil was gangetic alluvial

Bhattacharya, Agronomy Department, Bidhan amounts of organic matter in ricefields. (Entisol), sandy loam in texture, withChandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani We evaluated Energiser 12 PCT (a 0.6% organic C, 0.04% total N, 9.3 mg741235, West Bengal, India liquid formulation of alkaline [KOH] available (Olsen) P/kg, 50 mg availab



19/40

Table 1. Effect of humic acid on growth of rice. West Bengal, India, 1988 wet season.

Treatmenta

Root dry weight Top dry weight Tillers/m2 Plant height

(g/m2) (g/m2) (no.) (cm)

Maximum Panicle Panicle Flowering Panicle Flowering Panicle Floweringtillering initiation initiation initiation initiation

Untreated control (only NPK) 21.5 31.2 188 432 419 407 52.2

NPK + SD in HA @ 25 ml/liter of water 25.6 38.4 238 485 459 447 55.8 NPK + SD + FS of HA @ 1 ml/ liter 24.2 46.2 252 530 495 480 56.4

NPK + SD + FS of HA + FS of urea 2% 20.9 48.1 243 547 483 460NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 5 liters/ha

55.028.1 52.2 250 551 523 469

NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 10 liters/ha57.9

32.5 60.3 263 579 554 502NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 15 liters/ha

59.537.9 66.7 255 614 535 553

NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 20 liters/ha

56.731.1 57.1 200 562 467 480 55.5

LSD (0.05) 3.5 7.8 48.9 56.5 33.7 38.4 3.7

of water

aSD = Seedling root dipping in humic acid solution (HA), FS = foliar spray, SA = soil application. All plots received 60-13-25 kg NPK/ha.

80.784.486.4

84.084.387.286.985.0

ns

K/kg, and pH 7.4. Three application

methods were tested (Table 1). The

experiment was laid out in a

randomized block design with three

replications. Plot size was 15 m2.

All plots received 60-13-25 kg

NPK/ha as urea, single

superphosphate, and muriate of

potash.

All the P and K and 1/2 the N and

soil-applied humic acid were applied as

basal; 1/2 the N and soil-applied humic

acid were topdressed in equal splits at

maximum tillering and panicle

initiation. Foliar spray of humic acid

and urea were applied in equal splits at

tillering and panicle initiation. MW10

(25 d old) was transplanted 27 Jul and

harvested 16 Oct.

Root-dipped seedlings produced

more effective tillers and filled grains/

panicle and significantly higher grain

and straw yields than the control

Table 2. Effect of humic acid on yield components and grain and straw yield of rice. West BengaIndia, 1988 wet season.

Effective Filled 1000- Grain Straw Harves

(no./m2) (no./panicle) wt (g) (t/ha) (t/ha)Treatment tillers grains grain yield yield index

Untreated control (only NPK) 335 67 21.4 2.3 2.4 49 NPK + SD in HA @ 25 ml/liter of water 385 76 21.9 2.6 3.0 46NPK + SD + FS of HA @ 1 ml/liter of water 407 79 21.8 2.6 3.1 46NPK + SD + FS of HA + FS of urea 2%, 383 77 22.2 2.6 3.1 45 NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 5 liters/ha 425 78 21.8 2.8 3.2 46NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 10 liters/ha 453 84 22.4 2.9 3.3 46NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 15 liters/ha 487 93 22.3 3.1 3.6 46NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 20 liters/ha 443 83 22.1 3.0 3.4 48

LSD (0.05) 73 6 0.4 0.3 0.5 ns

(Table 1,2). Root-dipping + soil humic acid/ha produced the highestapplication of humic acid resulted in grain and straw yields.

better growth, yield-attributing Further study is needed regar

characters, and yields than root- the influence of humic acid on physical

dipping only. With soil-applied humic properties of soil and on the chemical

acid, 15 liters/ha produced the best reactions and biological activity in the

growth and yield attributes. Root- soil.

dipping + soil application of 15 liters

Influence ofpotassium-kinetin

synergism on rice grain weight

I. Sakeena and M. A. Salam, Kerala

Agricultural University (KAU), Cropping

Systems Research Centre (CSRC),

Karamana, Trivandrum 695002, India

We studied the effect of four levels of

K and four levels of kinetin on 1,000-

grain weight of cultivar Triveni during

summer 1987. Soil was sandy loam with

pH 4.5 and 84.3-13.6-63.8 ppm

available NPK. Treatments are given in

Potassium-kinetin interaction on 1000-grain weight of cultivar Triveni at Karamana, India, 1987.

1000-grain wt (g) at given K2O (kg/ha) level Mean

No K 17.5 35 70 Kinetin level 1000-grai

0 (water spray) 22.4 23.4 24.8 26.1 24.210 ppm at flowering 22.7 23.8 25.6 26.8 24.710 ppm 10 d after flowering 22.7 24.1 26.1 27.0 25.0

10 ppm at flowering + 10 DF 23.2 24.9 26.7 27.0 25.4(DF)

Mean 22.7 24.1 25.8 26.7

SEM LSD (0.05)0.074 0.2150.074 0.2150.148 0.430

KBK B



20/40

the table. The experiment was laid out

in a randomized block design with

three replications.

Grain weight increased with

levels of K. Kinetin also improved

grain weighttwo sprayings resulted in

the highest grain weight.

The potassium-kinetin

interaction was significant: plants

treated with 70 kg K2O/ha plus a single

spray of 10 ppm kinetin at 10 d after

flowering produced heavier grains.

Effect on rice of partial

substitution of N by azolla

M. K. Arvadia, T. M. Shah, F. N. Saiyed, C.

B. Pavagadhi, R. D. Seth, D. K. Patel, S. S.

Rathore, and S. Raman, National

Agricultural Research Project, Gujarat

Agricultural University, Navsari, India

We studied azolla as a N substitute for

rice in 1985 and 1986 wet seasons. Soil

was clayey with pH 7.5, 0.59% organic

C, 0.047% total N, 9.0 kg available P/

ha, and 315 kg available K/ha. All plots

received 22 kg P/ha through single

superphosphate at puddling. Rice

variety GR11 was grown both years.

Azolla alone and azolla with different

N levels (10 treatments) were laid outin a randomized block design with four

replications (see table). N as urea was

applied in two equal splits: at

transplanting and 20 d after

transplanting. Azolla was surface

applied at 300 g/m2, allowed to grow for

25 d, then incorporated.

Yields were better with azolla + N

than with N alone. Yield with 60 kg N/ha + one azolla crop statistically

equaled yield with 100 kg N/ha without

azolla: incorporation of one azolla crop

saved about 40% of inorganic N.

Azolla alone was not effective.

Response of rice to sources,

methods, and levels of N

S. K. Patra and A. K. Padhi, Regional

Research Station, NARP, G. Udayagiri

762100, Orissa University of Agricu1ture and

Technology, Bhubaneswar, India

We studied the effect of three N

fertilizers applied using different

methods and at different N levels on

IR36 in the northeastern Ghat region

of Orissa. Soil was sandy loam with pH

5.6, 0.35% organic C, 0.03% total N,

CEC 6.5 meq/100 g, 18 ppm available P

(Olsen), and 105 ppm available K

(NH4OAC extractable). Uniform 25 kg

K/ha was applied as basal through

muriate of potash; P was not added

because available P was high.

Urea and large granule urea

(LGU) were broadcast in two and thr

splits; urea supergranules (USG) wer

placed manually at 8-10 cm depth

between rows, 8 d after transplanting


random block design with threereplications. Seedlings were

transplanted at 20- 10-cm spacing.

N application significantly

increased grain yield (see table). Yield

increased with each increment of N,

irrespective of source and method of

application. USG recorded the lowest

number of tillers/hill, panicles/hill,

panicle length, and test weight.

The terraced, 2% slope of the

field plus the porous sandy loam soil

warranted irrigation at intervals of 3-4

d. N from USG applied all at basalmight have been subjected to greater

percolation and volatilization losses,

resulting in lower efficiency. At 30 and

60 kg N/ha, urea recorded the highest

yield attributes, but at 90 kg N/ha,

LGU had the highest. At each N level

yields were similar.

Highest return was with LGU at

90 kg N/ha. USG recorded lower

returns at all N levels because of its

high application cost combined with

lower efficiency.

Influence of source, method, and level of N on grain and straw yields, yield attributes, and return

NE Orissa, India.

Effect of azolla plus N on rice yield. Navsari,India, 1985 and 1986 wet seasons.

Yield (t/ha)

1985 1986 MeanTreatment

One crop azolla 2.9 2.0 2.9

Two crops azolla 3.2 2.9 3.1

Three crops azolla 3.4 3.1 3.2

One crop azolla 3.7 3.2 3.4

30 kg N/ha 3.5 3.0 3.260 kg N/ha 4.1 3.3 3.7100 kg N/ha 4.5 4.1 4.330 kg N/ha + 1 crop 3.9 3.8 3.9

60 kg N/ha + 1 crop 5.2 3.9 4.6

No azolla, no N 2.8 2.7 2.8

LSD (0.05) 0.6 0.7 0.6

incorporated

incorporated

incorporated

not incorporated

azolla incorporated

azolla incorporated


Straw Grain yieldTillers Panicles

Panicle 1000-Return

(t/ha) t/ha % increase(no./hill) (no./hill)

(cm) wt (g)($/ha)

Treatmenta yield length grain

No N 2.0 2.2 8.0 7.2 17.6 18.9 30 kg N/ha

As urea in 2 splits 3.2 3.1 41.7 12.0 8.5 18.0 19.5 182.0As USG 3.2 2.8 26.5 9.1 7.5 17.8 19.1 118.7As LGU in 2 splits 3.1 3.0 36.4 9.8 7.8 17.9 19.4 163.3

60 kg N/haAs urea in 3 splits 3.2 3.5As USG

59.1 13.1 9.5 18.3 19.8 222.72.9 3.1 40.1 12.2 9.2 18.0 19.5 135.3

As LGU in 3 splits 3.3 3.3 50.0 13.0 9.3 18.1 19.6 194.090 kg N/ha

As urea in 3 splits 4.2 4.1 85.6 14.0 10.2 18.4 20.2 303.6As USG 3.4 3.4 56.8 13.5 10.1 18.2 19.7 181.7As LGU in 3 splits 4.2 4.3 94.8 14.6 11.5 18.5 20.5 331.9

LSD (0.05) 0.2 0.2 0.75 0.23 0.23 0.40

a2 splits = broadcast at transplanting and at tillering; 3 splits = broadcast at transplanting, at tillerinand at panicle initiation.

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21/40


22/40

Rice panicles infected with Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn,

Imphal, India, 1988. A = fungal sclerotia, B = infected

panicle branches.

relative humidity to 90% and above

and decreased number of sunshine

hours. Temperatures remained

optimum for multiplication of BLS

from the diseased leaves, limiting

disease spread.

BB disease was severe at 60 and

90 kg N/ha, causing 15-42% leaf area

(Fig. 2). The decrease in severity from damage in Pakistan Basmati, T412,

55 to 65 DT might be attributed to IET8580, and IET8579. Basmati 370

reduced availabl

International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.14 No.6

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