7/21/2019 International Organization for Standardization http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/international-organization-for-standardization-56d99b89b13cb 1/18 International Organization for Standardization "ISO" redirects here. For other uses, see ISO (disambiguation). International Organization for Standardization [1] ISO membershi (see below) Abbreviation ISO Formation ! Februar# 1$%& Type 'ongoernmental organization Purpose International standardization Headquarters *enea, S+itzerland Membership 1 members [!] Ofcial languages • -nglish • French
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7/21/2019 International Organization for Standardization
• Member bodies are national bodies considered the most reresentatiestandards bod# in each countr#. 4hese are the onl# members of ISO that haeoting rights.
• Correspondent members are countries that do not hae their o+n standardsorganization. 4hese members are informed about ISO>s +or<, but do notarticiate in standards romulgation.
• Subscriber members are countries +ith small economies. 4he# a# reducedmembershi fees, but can follo+ the deeloment of standards.
Earticipating members are called 4E4 members, as opposed to observing members, who are
called 404 members.
Financing
$'0 is funded by a combination ofD (#)
• Organizations that manage the seciCc roects or loan e;erts to articiatein the technical +or<.
• Subscritions from member bodies. 4hese subscritions are in roortion toeach countr#>s gross national roduct and trade Cgures.
• Sale of standards.
"nternational !tandards and other publicationsSee also@ Dist of International Organization for Standardization standards
$'0As main products are international standards. $'0 also publishes technical reports, technical
specifications, publicly available specifications, technical corrigenda, and guides.(?)(!)
International standards
4hese are designated using the format ISO[/IEC] [/ASTM] [IS] nnnnn[-p]:
[yyyy] Title, +here nnnnn is the number of the standard, p is an otional art
number, yyyy is the #ear ublished, and Title describes the subect. IEC for
International Electrotecnical Commission is included if the standard results
from the +or< of ISO2I-0 3401 (the ISO2I-0 3oint 4echnical 0ommittee). ASTM
(?merican Societ# for 4esting and 5aterials) is used for standards deeloedin cooeration +ith ?S45 International. 4he date and IS are not used for an
incomlete or unublished standard and ma# under some circumstances be
ISO also sometimes issues "technical corrigenda" (+here "corrigenda" is the
lural of corrigendum). 4hese are amendments made to e;isting standards
due to minor technical Ha+s, usabilit# imroements, or limitedalicabilit#
e;tensions. 4he# are generall# issued +ith the e;ectation that the aEected
standard +ill be udated or +ithdra+n at its ne;t scheduled reie+. [18]
ISO guides
These are meta-standards covering 4matters related to international standardization4.(?) They arenamed using the format "#$O%&#'() *!ide +,----, .itle" .
For eampleD
• ISO2I-0 *uide !@!::% Standardization and related actiities *eneralocabular#
• ISO2I-0 *uide 6@1$$ *eneral re=uirements for bodies oerating roductcertiCcation
%ocument copyright
$'0 documents are copyrighted and $'0 charges for most copies. $t does not, however, charge
for most draft copies of documents in electronic format. lthough they are useful, care must betaken using these drafts as there is the possibility of substantial change before they become
finalized as standards. 'ome standards by $'0 and its official .'. representative and, via the
.'. ational /ommittee, the $nternational lectrotechnical /ommission5 are made freely
available.(2*)(2)
!tandardi&ation process
standard published by $'0B$/ is the last stage of a long process that commonly starts with the
proposal of new work within a committee. Gere are some abbreviations used for marking a
standard with its statusD(22)(23)(2")(29)(2+)(2#)(2?)
&roup - $'0B$/ CT/B'/2!B;&5. working group ;&5 of eperts is set up by the T/B'/
for the preparation of a working draft. ;hen the scope of a new work is sufficiently clarified,
some of the working groups e.g., @E&5 usually make open re%uest for proposalsIknown as a
4call for proposals4. The first document that is produced for eample for audio and video coding
standards is called a verification model J@5 previously also called a 4simulation and test
model45. ;hen a sufficient confidence in the stability of the standard under development is
reached, a working draft ;H5 is produced. This is in the form of a standard but is kept internal
to working group for revision. ;hen a working draft is sufficiently solid and the working group
is satisfied that it has developed the best technical solution to the problem being addressed, it
becomes committee draft /H5. $f it is re%uired, it is then sent to the E-members of the T/B'/
national bodies5 for ballot.
The /H becomes final committee draft F/H5 if the number of positive votes is above the
%uorum. 'uccessive committee drafts may be considered until consensus is reached on the
technical content. ;hen it is reached, the tet is finalized for submission as a draft $nternational'tandard H$'5. The tet is then submitted to national bodies for voting and comment within a
period of five months. $t is approved for submission as a final draft $nternational
'tandard FH$'5 if a two-thirds ma=ority of the E-members of the T/B'/ are in favour and not
more than one-%uarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. $'0 will then hold a ballot
with ational :odies where no technical changes are allowed yesBno ballot5, within a period of
two months. $t is approved as an $nternational 'tandard $'5 if a two-thirds ma=ority of the E-
members of the T/B'/ is in favour and not more than one-%uarter of the total number of votes
cast are negative. fter approval, only minor editorial changes are introduced into the final tet.
The final tet is sent to the $'0 /entral 'ecretariat, which publishes it as the $nternational
'tandard.(22)(2")
Products named a'ter "!O
The fact that many of the $'0-created standards are ubi%uitous has led, on occasion, to common
use of 4$'04 to describe the actual product that conforms to a standard. 'ome eamples of this
areD
• 5an# 07 images end in the Cle e;tension "ISO" to signif# that the# are usingthe ISO $: standard Cle s#stem as oosed to another Cle s#stemhence07 images are commonl# referred to as "ISOs". Jirtuall# all comuters +ith07O5 dries can read 07s that use this standard. Some 7J7O5s alsouse ISO $: Cle s#stems.
• 9hotograhic Clm>s sensitiit# to light (its "Clm seed") is described b# ISO ,ISO !!%: and ISO 68::. /ence, the Clm>s seed is often referred to as b# itsISO number.
• ?s it +as originall# deCned in ISO 618, the Hash hot shoe found on cameras isoften called the "ISO shoe".
brochure with hard figures for the benefits of implementing $'0As and other voluntary,
consensus-based standards.
• 7o+nload
For !ociety
$'0 has over ! 9** standards touching almost all aspects of daily life.
;hen products and services conform to $nternational 'tandards consumers can have confidence
that they are safe, reliable and of good %uality. For eample, $'0As standards on road safety, toysafety and secure medical packaging are =ust a selection of those that help make the world a safer
place.
To make sure that the benefits of $'0 $nternational 'tandards are as broad as possible, $'0
supports the involvement of consumers in standard development work with its /ommittee on
International Standards on air, +ater and soil =ualit#, on emissions of gases and
radiation and enironmental asects of roducts contribute to eEorts to resere
the enironment and the health of citizens.
$'0As standards on toy safety help make the world a safer place.
For government
$'0 standards draw on international epertise and eperience and are therefore a vital resource
for governments when developing regulations.
ational governments can make $'0 standards a regulatory re%uirement remember $'0standards themselves are voluntary5. This has a number of benefitsD
• #-pert opinion ISO standards are deeloed b# e;erts. G# integrating anISO standard into national regulation, goernments can beneCt from theoinion of e;erts +ithout haing to call on their serices directl#.
• Opening up +orld trade ISO standards are international and adoted b#man# goernments. G# integrating ISO standards into national regulation,goernments hel to ensure that re=uirements for imorts and e;orts arethe same the +orld oer, therefore facilitating the moement of goods,serices and technologies from countr# to countr#.
The ISO story
$'0 $nternational 0rganization for 'tandardization5 is the worldLs largest developer of voluntary$nternational 'tandards. ;e were founded in !"#, and since then have published more than
! 9** $nternational 'tandards covering almost all aspects of technology and business. Today we
7/21/2019 International Organization for Standardization