International Migration Link to syllabus Link to WDI Chapter 15 of R&W Baldwin-Edwards pp. 5-20.

International Migration

Link to syllabus

Link to WDI

Chapter 15 of R&W

Baldwin-Edwards pp. 5-20

Theory ReviewMigration because of differences in wages (incomes), will raise wages in the sending country, lower them in receiving country. Total output will rise in receiving country, fall in source country.Modifications:

Many people intend to migrate for a brief period, then return home Migrants often move near to relatives or people of their own source town/village. This may reduce ‘cost’ of migration. For this and other reasons, costs of migration are declining. People migrate for non-economic motives – political/war refugees. Or perhaps migration as a rite of passage - adventure Oftentimes, those who migrate have above average skills, youth, etc, leading to a ‘brain drain’ which hurts the source country. Also, those

who return bring back new skills, savings… Migrants send money home (remittances), helping source country Migrants may be a drain on receiving countries, needing social services.

But migrants help their receiving country by inserting new energy (at low prices!)

Many countries are actively facilitating migration

Overview

Inward and Outward

Migration, ~2010: MENA

PopulationEmigrant

Stock % ofImmigrant

Stock %ofmillions Population Population

Algeria 34.9 1.21 3.4 0.24 0.7Bahrain 0.8 0.03 3.7 0.32 39.1Egypt 83.0 3.74 4.4 0.24 0.3Iran 72.9 1.30 1.7 2.13 2.8Iraq 31.5 1.55 4.9 0.08 0.3Israel 7.4 1.02 14.0 2.94 40.4Jordan 6.0 0.73 11.3 2.97 45.9Kuwait 2.8 0.26 8.5 2.10 68.8Lebanon 4.2 0.66 15.6 0.76 17.8Libya 6.4 0.11 1.7 0.68 10.4Morocco 32.0 3.01 9.3 0.05 0.2Oman 2.8 0.02 0.5 0.83 28.4Qatar 1.4 0.01 0.7 1.31 86.5Saudi 25.4 0.18 0.7 7.29 27.8Syria 21.1 0.94 4.2 2.21 9.8Tunisia 10.4 0.65 6.3 0.03 0.3Turkey 74.8 4.26 5.6 1.41 1.9U.A.E. 4.6 0.06 1.2 3.29 70.0WB&G 4.0 3.01 68.3 1.92 43.6Yemen 23.6 1.14 4.7 0.52 2.1

Source: WB Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011

R&W Table 15.3 p. 404 Foreigners as a Percentage of the Labor Force

See next slide

Table 15.2 p. 398 (R&W). Remittance Flows to Selected MENA

See next slide

Importance of Migrant Remittances: MENA and Others. Late 1990s

As % of Exports

Share of GDP

Net rate of Inward Migration (/1,000)

Algeria 8.5 2.3 -1.80

Morocco 20.1 6.3 -1.54

Tunisia 9.2 4.1 -0.84

Egypt 23.5 3.8 -1.23

Jordan 52.2 21.8 -0.66

Syria 6.9 2.6 -0.16

Yemen 28.5 13.2 0.09

MENA – not GCC 21.3 7.7 -0.88

GCC 5.91

Mexico 3.6 1.1 -3.26

Turkey 8.9 2.3 -0.85

Latin America 10.0 3.3 -1.60

Source: World Bank (2003), Trade, Investment and Development in MENA p. 87

Remittances/GDP

WDI data

05

101520253035

1970 1990 2010

Per

cen

t

Year

MENA Labor Remittances/GDP

Algeria

Egypt

Jordan

Morocco

Oman

Tunisia

Turkey

Yemen

WB&Gza

Countries with Largest Immigrant Stock

Source?

Countries with highest percentage of immigrants, in total population

Cities ranked by % foreign-born

Source: Benton-Short et al. “Globalization from Below: The Ranking of Global Immigrant Cities,” Int’l Journal of Urban and Regional Research Dec. 2005

DubaiMuscatMeccaTel AvivMedinaRiyadhJerusalem

Some omissions

Remittances into Egypt, by Region. 2003

Source: Yousef (2005) “The Changing Role of Labor Migration in Arab Economic Integration”

Educational Levels of Foreign Born Populations, 2000F

ract

ion

Abo

ve H

igh

Sch

ool

Foreign Born as Percentage of Total Population

Into Europe

Recall that several European countries have negative populationgrowth rates.

Workers in Europe from Maghreb Countries and Turkey, 1962-99

1962 ‘82 ‘99 Number of overseas workers in Europe, by home country (1,000s) Algeria - 287 245 into France 224 287 237 Morocco - 174 493 into France 20 145 227 Tunisia - 72 118 into France 12 71 84 Turkey - 781 1,637 into Germany 18 652 1,290

1962 ‘82 ‘99 Ratio of overseas workers to home labor force % Algeria - 5.5 2.5 in France 6.8 5.5 2.4 Morocco - 2.4 4.4 in France 0.4 2.0 2.0 Tunisia - 3.1 3.2 in France 0.9 3.1 2.3 Turkey - 3.9 5.4 into Germany 0.1 3.3 4.2

Source: mt Table 21a

Turkish Emigration, by decades

Source: Elitok and Straubhaar (2011) “Turkey as a Migration Hub”

On Illegal Immigrants in France. April 20, 2004 NYT

Ms. Alouache said her asylum request was refused last year and is pending appeal. She is angry that she still has no papers, but she said she was not about to go back to Algiers. Here, her son, Mohamed, 4, attends a public nursery school, and her family gets 100 euros a month, as well as food, clothing, housing and free medical care from the state. Until the fire, she spent her days in city parks with friends, waiting for her son to get out of school while her husband, 42, played soccer and acted as an informal coach for boys. She and her husband are not allowed to work, but many illegal immigrants do.Like most European countries, France rarely resorts to deportation, so people like Ms. Alouache hang on, often for years.SAMU Social handles about 3,000 such people in Paris, half of them children, Mr. Emmanuelli said. Through these agencies, he said, the state feeds, houses and clothes 9,000 to 10,000 immigrants lacking papers in Paris alone."It's difficult to deport as soon as these people have kids in school," Mr. Emmanuelli said.So far, France has offered residency only to illegal immigrants case by case, but offers of residency to large numbers by Italy and Spain have increased pressure on other European countries to do the same. "I think we will reach that point in France," Mr. Emmanuelli said.

MENA Countries as Hosts to In-migration

Turkey is an important host country, to people from Iran and Iraq, many of whom are hoping to get into Europe.Lebanon is currently being flooded by refugees from Syria.Jordan has accepted many Palestinians, letting them nationalize.

Foreign Workers in the Gulf: important shift from sourcing Arab workers to bringing in workers from South Asia.

There are important gender considerations: many women are brought into the Gulf as maids. Most workers from South Asia are males who come without their families.

Table 15.1 p. 393 (R&W) Foreign Workers in the Gulf, 2002

Ranking by receiving countries: Saudi, UAE, Kuwait… by sending countries: India, Pakistan, Egypt, Yemen

Table 15.3 Foreigners as a Percentage of the Labor Force, 1985-2003

Ranking by percentage: UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi, Bahrain.

Detail: does labor force include public sector?

Foreigners--Arabs and non-Arabs--in the GCC

1975 1985 1996 Total non-nationals in GCC 2,809 5,544 10,662 Number of expatriate Arabs in GCC 2,022 3,105 3,305 Number of expatriate non-Arabs in GCC 787 2,439 7,556 % Arab in expatriate population in GCC 72 56 31 % non-nationals in GCC population 31 33 38 % non-nationals in GCC workforce 51 72 70

Source: mt Table 20c, after Kapiszewski (2001) Nationals and Expatriates

Arab Labor Exporters to GCC (thousands and %) 1975 1997 Total In % in Total In % in pop. GCC GCC pop. GCC GCC Egypt 36,950 620 2 64,824 1,635 3 Jordan 1,800 503 28 4,322 410 9 Lebanon 3,090 53 2 - - - Oman 913 57 6 - - - Sudan 16,050 65 0 32,594 250 1 Syria 7,410 105 1 16,138 265 2 Tunisia 5,700 52 1 - - - Yemen, Rep. - - - 15,857 500 3 Y.A.R. 5,037 608 12 - - - YPDR 1,660 123 7 - - -

Source: mt Table 20a

Saudi Arabia: Population by Nationality, 1995

Source: Shah (2004) in Arab Migration, Globalization..

According to the WDI, the 1995 population of Saudi Arabia was 18.5 million

Saudi Arabia Private Sector Employment Saudis Non-Saudis

Total 687,261 2,253,588 Petroleum & Minerals 52,618 12,521 Manufacturing 99,136 450,071 Electricity Gas & Water 38,087 19,260 Construction 46,928 414,178 Wholesale & Retail Trade 258,100 790,649 Restaurants 25,831 137,581 Transport & Communication 51,651 89,992 Banking & Insurance 20,782 17,877 Real Estate 16,117 15,937 Consultants, Research etc. 34,336 162,639 Education 14,149 29,669 Health & Human Services 14,839 58,475 Community Services, Int’l 14,687 54,739

Source: Saudi Government’s web-site

In addition, there were some 900,000 gov’t employees, and 200,000 armed forces

Jordanian/Palestinians in GCC, 1965-97 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1992 1997 Total Population S. Arabia 537 281 311 292 270 Kuwait 78 148 204 231 274 380 B.,O.,Q. 24 44 32 32 U.A.E. 37 85 135 151 100 GCC Total

802

640

761

539

410

Libya 35 21 Grand Total

837

661

Workers S. Arabia 175 140 116 124 Kuwait 48 54 80 ?? B.,O.,Q. 8 11 10 10 U.A.E. 15 19 20 31 GCC Total 245 224 225 Libya 14 15 10 Grand Total 259 239 235

Source:?

Stocks of Egyptian Overseas Migrants, 1990s

Source: Wahba (2004) in Arab Migration in a Globalized World

According to the WDI, Egypt’s population in 1999 was 65 million.

Distribution of Arabs and Asians in Kuwait, 2001

Source: Shah (2004) in Arab Migration, Globalization…

Lebanon and Migration

Lebanon’s current population is about 4 million. There has not been a credible national population census since the early 1930s.

The (predominantly refugee) out-migration from Lebanon during the civil war (1975-1990) has been estimated at 600,000.In addition, there are estimates of outmigration after 1990 of the order of one million.

At the same time, estimates of Syrians living in Lebanon range from 300,000 to one million , mostly non-skilled workers. Not surprisingly, this is potentially an important political issue.In addition, there are 50,000? maids in Lebanon, from south Asia, Ethiopia, etc.

Iraqi Refugees

Source: NYT December 12, 2006

Populations, (millions):Iraq ~ 25Syria ~20Jordan ~5Lebanon ~3.5

Iraqi war deaths estimatesrange from 80,000-600,000

Workers in Israel, West Bank and Gaza

Labor in West Bank and Gaza, and in Israel 1970-2002

Total West Bank and Gaza Work Force (1,000s) 1970 1990 (2003) Total 183 422 Domestic 161 200 (557) In Israel 20 108 (30-70) In Other Countries 0 114 Labor in Israel (1,000s) 1970 1990 2002 Israel: Domestic Labor Force 963 1,492 2,284 Workers from WB & Gaza 21 108 30 Workers from elsewhere 0 3 247

Source: mt Table 20d, O&P p. 265, and PCBS

Distribution of Arabs of Palestinian Birth or Descent, %

1948 1952 1961pre-1967

post-1967 1970 1982 1992

Palestine 100 76 65 63 50 46 41 40 Israel 22 11 12 15 15 12 12 West Bank 47 37 34 22 20 18 16 Gaza 18 17 18 13 11 10 12Outside Palestine 24 35 37 50 54 59 60

East Bank 9 17 18 27 30 24 28 Leb./Syria 12 13 13 13 13 14 11 Other 0 5 6 10 11 21 21

Millions 1.4 1.6 2.2 2.65 2.7 3.0 4.5 6.0

Source: article by J. Abu-Lughod in Cambridge Survey of World Migration

Immigration into the US

Undocumented

(1,000,000s)Immigrant Unauthorized Undocumented OIS UnauthorizedPopulation Population Population Unauthorized Mexicans

March? CPS1990 3.51991 4.01994 4.81995 5.11996 5.61997 5.91998 6.11999 6.52000 31.1 7.0 8.4 8.5 4.72001 31.5 9.32002 33.0 9.42003 33.5 9.72004 34.3 10.42005 35.7 11.1 10.5 6.02006 37.5 11.3 11.3 6.62007 38.1 12.0 11.8 7.02008 38.0 11.6 11.6 7.02009 38.5 11.1 10.8 6.72010 40.0 11.2 10.8 6.6

Sources: P

assel, CP

S, O

ffice Imm

igration Statistics

US Population, 2000 Census

Population MedianAge

USA-Native Born 250,314,015 35

USA-Foreign Born 31,107,890 38From: (Place of birth) Canada 820,770 49

China & Taiwan 1,518,650 41 India 1,022,550 35 Korea 864,125 38 Philippines 1,369,070 43 Viet Nam 988,175 37

Germany 706,705 55 Poland 466,740 47 U.K. 677,750 50 Italy 473,340 60

Colombia 509,870Cuba 872,715Ecuador 298,625El Salvador 817,335Guatemala 480,665Haiti 419,315Honduras 282,850Jamaica 553,825Mexico 9,177,485Nicaragua 220,335

Egypt 113,395Iran 283,225Iraq 89,890Israel 109,720Lebanon 105,910

Median Median Full Time IncomeHousehold Males Females

US-Natives 42,299 37,948 27,393Foreign Born 39,444 30,288 25,260

Africa 41,196 35,774 27,508Asia 50,554 40,481 30,289Europe 42,763 44,682 29,930Latin Amer. 33,519 22,931 20,245

Mexico 31,503 20,814 16,518China &Taiwan 49,146 43,830 33,153India 69,076 56,645 36,540Philippines 61,827 35,701 31,658Vietnam 45,740 31,428 24,495Lebanon 49,708 47,004 31,236Iran 55,716 52,333 36,422Iraq 41,179 35,148 25,934Jordan 41,963 39,391 30,972SaudiArabia 22,562 37,257 27,902Syria 43,909 41,464 27,326Turkey 40,536 42,361 31,843

LFPR Males Females

USA-Native Born 64.4 70.7 58.6

USA-Foreign Born 60.7 71.0 50.5

Europe 54.2 65.2 45.2Asia 62.8 72.3 54.2Latin America 61.2 71.5 50.0Africa 71.1 79.0 61.2

Iran 63.2 74.9 49.5Iraq 58.7 71.9 42.2Israel 66.4 79.2 50.1Jordan 62.5 80.1 35.0Kuwait 56.6 65.6 40.9Lebanon 61.1 75.7 42.1Mexico 60.1 72.4 44.6China & Taiwan 61.5 69.2 54.7

Educational AttainmentHighSchool_or_higher Bachelor's or higher

US-Natives 83 25Foreign Born 62 24Africa 86 43Asia 79 43Europe 77 29Latin America 44 10Cuba 59 19Dominican Repub. 48 9Mexico 30 4

China (& Taiwan) 76 48India 88 69Philippines 87 45Lebanon 78 37Jordan 81 33Iran 87 51Iraq 64 25

U.S. Immigrants Admitted by Country of Birth (000s)

1980s 2001+2002

Total 7,338 1,129

Europe 706 349China+India+Hong Kong+Bangladesh

489 285

Iran 154 28Iraq 20 10

Jordan+Syria 53 14Lebanon 42 8Turkey 21 6Latin America 3,006 916

Source: USStat. Abs.2004

US Population with Arab Ancestry, 2000

Source: US Census Bureau (2005) “We The People of Arab Ancestry in the US”

Origin and Religions of Arab-Americans, 2000

Source: Arab-American Institute http://www.aaiusa.org/arab-americans/22/demographics based on US Census of 2000.Who knows how they got the estimates of religion?

Arab immigration to U.S. 1989-2010

19891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920100

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

Sudan

Somalia

Morocco

Libya

Egypt

Algeria

Yemen

United Arab Emirates

Syria

Saudi Arabia

Lebanon

Kuwait

Jordan

Iraq

Region and country of birth

Sources: Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2005, 2010

From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”

Fastest growing Arab immigrant groups in the US

By Year of Entry 1989-2010 Total by Country 1989-2010

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

SudanSomaliaMoroccoEgyptIraq

Iraq Egypt Morocco Somalia Sudan -

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

Sources: Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2005, 2010[From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”]

Nativity by place: Lebanese and Total Arab ancestries

Native0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

Lebanese

Total Arab

Foreign-born

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey (2007-2009)[From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”]

Language spoken at home:Lebanese ancestry and Total Arab

English only at home0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

Lebanese

Total Arab

Arabic spoken at home

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey (2007-2009)From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”

Education levels: Lebanese ancestry and Total Arab

0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00%

Total Arab

Lebanese

Less thanhigh school

High school diploma

Some College

Bachelor's Degree

Graduate Degree

Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey (2007-2009)[From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”]

Nativity by Ancestry: Lebanese, Total Arab, and (unspecified) “Arab”

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey (2007-2009)From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”

Native Foreign0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

Lebanese

Total Arab

"Arab"

2000 Total Median Total Median

Censu Populat. Famil Full Time Incom Pop’n. Famil Full Time In

in USA Incom Male Female in USA Incom M FemaleUS-Born 250,314 51 38 27

Foreign Born-All 31,108 42 30 25 China 1,519 57 44 33

By country of birth: India 1,023 75 57 37Argentina 125 55 41 31 Korea 864 47 39 28Brazil 212 41 32 25 Pakistan 223 50 38 27Colombia 510 40 30 22 Philippines 1,369 66 36 32Cuba 873 41 31 25 Viet Nam 988 47 31 24Jamaica 554 45 32 29Mexico 9,177 31 21 17 Egypt 113 58 44 35

Iran 283 65 52 36Nigeria 135 53 37 31 Iraq 90 46 35 26

Israel 110 63 51 37Australia 61 77 61 36 Jordan 47 46 39 31Canada 821 62 52 35 Kuwait 20 45 42 30Germany 707 57 48 29 Lebanon 106 55 47 31Ireland 156 65 50 35 Saudi Arabia 21 31 37 28Italy 473 54 44 29 Syria 55 49 41 27Poland 467 51 39 26 Turkey 78 52 42 32Russia 340 46 41 31 Yemen 19 32 26 24

Model of Immigrants’ Income

Overall Average difference

Income of immigrant

Minus

Income of

Similarly aged and educated native born

(percent)

Years in the US

0 10 20 30

-10

-20

-30

+10

0

Arab-AmericanPopulation

Distribution in Detroit

From: Arab Detroit

Arab Detroit II

Source: Sally?

From the UM Detroit Arab-American Study

http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2004/Jul04/r072904

Arab-Americans in Michigan:Ancestry and Recent Immigrants. ~ 2000

Source: Arab-American Institute: http://www.aaiusa.org/page/file/f6bf1bfae54f0224af_3dtmvyj4h.pdf/MIdemographics.pdf

Median Incomes for US and metro Detroit

Arab Ancestry in the US: Sub group changes over time

1980 2009

47%

17%

6%

2%

3%

3%

1%

15%

6%

Lebanese

Syrian

Egyptian

Jordanian

Palestinian

Iraqi

Moroccan

Arab

Other Arab

31%

9%

12%4%6%

5%

5%

17%

12%

Lebanese

Syrian

Egyptian

Jordanian

Palestinian

Iraqi

Moroccan

Arab

Other Arab

Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Decennial Census (1980-2000); American Community Survey (2007-2009)

[From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”]

Selected Arab sub group growth in US since 1980: Egyptian, Iraqi, Moroccan

Egyptian Iraqi Moroccan0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

200,000

1980

1990

2000

2009

Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Decennial Census (1980-2000); American Community Survey (2007-2009)

[From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”]

US: Arab arrivals – total immigrants vs. refugees, 2001-2010

Sources: Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2005, 2010[From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”]

Age distribution by ancestry: Total Arab, (unspecified - other) “Arab”, and Lebanese

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey (2007-2009)From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”

Under 18

18-34

35-64

65+

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

"Arab" Total Arab

Lebanese

Regresssion: Detroit DAAS Data, Including ReligionR2 = 0.33  Coefficients ‘t’

Constant 12.161 59.818

Experience 0.002 0.322

Experience2 0 -2.706

ed1 -1.262 -10.49

ed2 -0.941 -7.871

ed3 -0.795 -7.038

ed4 -0.527 -4.3

Iraqi -0.004 -0.023

Yemen -0.032 -0.157

Palestine/Jordon -0.002 -0.011

Lebanon/Syria 0.056 0.319

Egypt/N. Africa 0.068 0.272

Migr_pre_55 0.071 0.289

Migr_55_69 0.184 1.26

Migr_70s -0.097 -0.917

Migr_80s -0.325 -3.106

Migr_90s -0.753 -7.827

Migr_2000s -1.167 -7.809

Mulsim -0.329 0.084

Labor Importers: the GCC

1975 1994 Total Non- % Total Non- % - Pop.Nationals Pop. Nationals Bahrain 267 58 22 550 205 37 Kuwait 1,027 555 54 1,620 949 59 Oman 846 136 16 2,049 538 26 Qatar 180 127 71 532 403 76 Saudi Ar. 7,334 1,398 19 18,180 5,127 28 UAE 551 351 64 2,150 1,522 71 Total 10,204 2,625 26 25,082 8,744 35

Source: mt Table 20b

Workers’ Remittances as % of GDP; Egypt and Morocco

Source: World Bank: Trade Investment and Development in MENA Figure 2.12

Immigrants in Europe from Maghreb countries and Turkey, 1921-1999. (Data in thousands, and %)

1921 1936 1946 1954 1962 1982 1999 Ratio of foreign born to home population, % Algeria - - - - - 4.0 1.6 into France 0.6 1.0 0.3 2.3 3.2 4.0 1.5 Morocco - - - - - 3.2 3.9 into France - - 0.2 0.1 0.3 2.1 1.7 Tunisia - - - - - 3.6 2.6 into France - - 0.1 0.1 0.6 3.2 1.6 Turkey - - - - - 4.1 4.0 into Germany - - - - - 3.3 3.1

Source: mt Table 21b

Arab share in foreign populations, 1975-2002/4 

 1975

 1985

 1996

 2002/4

 Bahrain

 22

 15

 12

 15 

Kuwait 

80 

69 

33** 

30** Oman

 16

 16

 11

 6 

Qatar 

33 

33 

21 

19 Saudi Arabia

 91

 79

 30

 33 

UAE 

26 

19 

10 

13 GCC

 72

 56

 31

 32

Source: Kapiszewski (2006)

Table 1 Population of the GCC states,2004 and latest (2005-6) estimates

Nationals2004

 %

 Expatriates

2004

 %

 Total 2004

 Current total

 Bahrain

 438,209

 62.0

 268,951

 38.0

 707,160

 707,160

 Kuwait

 943,000

 35.6

 1, 707,000

 64.4

 2,650,000

 2,992,000

 Oman

 2,325,812

 80.1

 577,293

 19.9

 2,903,105

 3,102,000

 Qatar

 223,209

 30.0

 520,820

 70.0

 744,029

 855,000

 SaudiArabia

 16,529,302

 72.9

 6,144,236

 27.1

 22,673,538

 27,020,000

 UAE

 722,000

 19.0

 3,278,000

 81.0

 4,000,000

 4,700,000

 GCC

 21,184,323

 62.9

 12,486,349

 37.1

 33,677,832

 39,376,160

Source: Katiszewski (2006)