International Journals Radio Frequency Design (Vol 2 Issue 2)

International Journal of

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IJRFDJul–Dec 2016

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International Journal of Radio Frequency Design is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects of radio

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Focus and Scope of the Journal Radio frequency oscillators Transmitters and transmission lines Radio frequency connectors Antennas Receivers and tuners Amplifiers Modulators, demodulators and detectors Radio frequency filters Radio frequency shielding and ground plane Digital radio Radio frequency module Wireless alarm systems Industrial remote controls Smart sensor applications Wireless home automation systems

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From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Radio Frequency Design. This journal is part of the

Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, and is devoted to the scope of present

Radio Frequency Design issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies

and the validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of

Radio Frequency Design as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral

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International Journal of Radio Frequency Design focuses on Radio frequency oscillators, Transmitters and

transmission lines, Radio frequency connectors, Antennas, Receivers and tuners, Amplifiers, Modulators,

demodulators and detectors, Radio frequency filters, Radio frequency shielding and ground plane, Digital

radio, Radio frequency module, Wireless alarm systems, Industrial remote controls, Smart sensor

applications, Wireless home automation systems, GPS & GLONASS Modules

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Telecommunication Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of

Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Design of Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna for RF Power Harvesting Rahul Chouhan, Pramod Kumar Singhal 1

2. A Review-Issues and Challenges in Wireless Network Security D. Santhadevi, V. Kareer, S. Tokas 8

3. A Review Paper of RFID Tags: Principles, Advantages and LimitationsSanjay Singh Gehlot 14

4. Radio Frequency-Based Fire Fighting and Grappling RobotRahul Sharma 20

5. Resonant Frequency Analysis of Coaxial Feed Square Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Artificial Neural NetworkRohit Jha, Ravindra Pratap Narwaria 25

6. Emerging Techniques, Approaches and Challenges in Device Free LocalizationR. Priyadarshini, A.M.S. Pradhan, R.M. Mehra 32

Contents

IJRFD (2016) 1–7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Radio Frequency Design Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Design of Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna for RF Power

Harvesting

Rahul Chouhan*, Pramod Kumar Singhal Department of Electronics Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, MP, India

ABSTRACT

RF power harvesting has drawn the interest of research scholars over the past four decades. In this paper a multiband patch antenna has been designed and tested upto 3 GHz. This antenna can be used to harvest energy from GSM/2G/Bluetooth and Wi-Fi frequency thus a single antenna can be used rather than designing different antennas for different frequencies. The reflection coefficient (S11) at 891 MHz (GSM) Band is found to be –24.677 dB and S11 at 2.526 GHz (ISM) Band is –16.83 dB. The VSWR is found to be 1.123 at 891 MHz and 1.336 at 2.526 GHz. As the VSWR is near to unity means that matching is almost perfect at the designed frequency. The maximum power radiated at 891 MHz is 52.07 dBµW/m2 while it is 50.29 dBµW/m2 at 2.526 GHz and efficiency is approximately 51.35%. Thus, it is cost effective and easy to utilize for RF power harvesting.

Keywords: rectenna, rectifier, RF-DC conversion, wireless sensing network

INTRODUCTION

In this paper, a rectangular microstrip patch antenna (rmpa) is designed to operate at GSM Band as defined by IEEE i.e., 890–960 MHz. This antenna can be used to harvest energy from cell towers, mobile phones etc. The rectangular microstrip patch antennas are low-profile antenna used in satellites, aeroplanes, missiles and other defense purposes. This antenna is designed using CST. The Rectenna also known as rectifier antenna is used to harvest RF power radiated by Cell Towers or other antennas for specific purpose. Rectenna comprises of a receiving antenna (rmpa), a matching line, a microstrip filter, again matching line, and rectifier as shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Block diagram of RF power

harvesting system. DESIGN OF ANTENNA

The design parameters of microstrip rectangular patch antenna i.e. length and width are calculated at resonating frequency fo = 933 MHz using the design equations. Figure 2 shows the basic microstrip patch antenna designed using substrate of FR-4 (lossy) material having height of 1.6mm, relative permittivity Ɛr = 4.3, loss tangent tan δ = 0.025 and PEC of thickness 0.038 mm for patch and ground. It is found that dielectric constant Ɛr of substrate is an important parameter in designing of antenna at desirable resonant

IJRFD (2016) 8-13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8


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A Review-Issues and Challenges in Wireless Network Security

D. Santhadevi1*, V. Kareer2, S. Tokas3 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, KIIT Group of Institutions, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

2Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada 3Department of IT, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, India

ABSTRACT

The wired networking is rapidly switching over to the wireless form which is cheaper, faster and accessible. This ambience of the wireless network has made our life easier and more comfortable. Hence, at this point of time we simply cannot think of living without networking. The comfort and competence of wireless networking is challenged and endangered due to many reasons. These include hacking, theft, unauthorized access, pilfering etcetera. All these forms of thievery are detrimental for the safety and security of the data being processed, procured and transferred. Therefore creating a safe and confidential environment for users is inevitable. This paper surveys popular forms of wireless data protection through different forms of wireless network protocols and wireless security protocols. It also examines the advantages and disadvantages of both the past and future implementations of certain protocols and analyses their effectiveness in different forms of attack on wireless networks. After an analysis of such security protocols, we will establish that the best use of wireless security today is a medley of different patches to several vulnerabilities.

Keywords: wireless network, wireless network security, wireless network protocols, wireless security protocols

INTRODUCTION

The advancement in the science and technology has restructured all walks of human life. From kitchen to cockpits and from clicking an image to producing movies ICT has brought magnificent transformation in conceptual, operational and manifestation of equipment’s, machinery and devices. The next generation change in ICT has come in the field of data transfer and its security [1]. As data travels through air in the form of radio waves; it is important to keep track of it and ensure its security. This need is being fulfilled by different security systems known as Wireless Security Protocols. Prior to this task was being done by the wired network; which was sufficiently secure but the rate of data transfer i.e. data rate was quite slow and

limited. The major difference between wired and wireless networks is the media or channel that transfers data. As far as the security risk is concerned, the main difference between wired and wireless networks is in the mode of access of the transmitted data. In wired networks this is only feasible by tapping the media that is used for the network communication. In wireless networks the media that is used for transmission is air. The transmitted data via radio frequency can be accessed by equipment (antenna) that is readily available in the market for a cheap price. From the early development stages of wireless technology and its security needs; experts knew that security would be the



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A Review Paper of RFID Tags: Principles, Advantages and

Limitations

Sanjay Singh Gehlot* Department of Electronics and Communication, SGSITS, Ujjain, India

ABSTRACT

This paper gives an outline of the present condition of radio frequency identification (RFID) innovation. Beside a brief prologue to the standards of the innovation, significant current and visualized fields of utilization, and also points of interest, and constraints of utilization are examined. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a bland term that is utilized to portray a system that transmits the personality (as an exceptional serial number) of a question or individual remotely, utilizing radio waves. It's assembled under the general classification of programmed distinguishing proof advances. RFID is progressively utilized with biometric advances for security. In this paper Basic Principles of RFID innovation alongside its sorts are talked about. Keywords: components of RFID, receive, RFID tags, transmit

INTRODUCTION

As of late, radio frequency identification technology has moved from lack of clarity into standard applications that speed the treatment of made products and materials. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) empowers recognizable proof from a separation, and not at all like prior standardized identification innovation, it does as such without requiring a viewable pathway. RFID labels bolster a bigger arrangement of one of a kind IDs than standardized identifications and can join extra information, for example, producer, item sort, and even measure natural components, for example, temperature. Besides, RFID system can observe a wide range of labels situated in a similar general zone without human help. Conversely, consider a store checkout counter, where you should situate every bar-coded thing toward a reader before examining it. So why has it assumed control 50 years for this innovation to end up standard? The

essential reason is cost. For electronic distinguishing proof innovations to contend with the absolute bottom estimating of printed images they should either be similarly minimal effort or give enough increased the value of an association to recoup the cost somewhere else. RFID isn't as shoddy as conventional naming advances, yet it offers included esteem and is currently at a basic value point that could empower its expansive scale appropriation for overseeing customer retail products. Here, we present the standards of RFID, talk about its essential advances and applications, and survey the difficulties associations will confront in sending this innovation. RFID is utilized to programmed information catch permitting contact less distinguishing proof of articles utilizing radio frequency.


International Journal Radio Frequency Design Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Radio Frequency-Based Fire Fighting and Grappling Robot

Rahul Sharma* Maharana Pratap Group of Institutions, Institute of Technology and Sciences, Lucknow, India

ABSTRACT

The part of automation industry to take care of genuine issues is expanding step by step. In some sort of crisis circumstances like fire control in a building, it is so troublesome for an individual to go inside the fire to smother it. Thus, in future angles there is a need to construct some exceptional robots/machines having better warmth safe properties under high temperature conditions. The robot ought to consequently distinguish the fire with the assistance of temperature sensors which are mounted on the robot's surface and to make fast move to quench the fire. Another most essential component is required in the firefighting robot ought to be associated with the control live with the assistance of remote association. This study speaks to the outline of a completely robotized firefighting robot and incorporates different modules, for example, temperature sensor LM35, microcontroller AT89C2051& AT89S52, 16*2 LCD and RF (Radio-Frequency) module at 433 MHz. A 12V dc engine is utilized to infer developments. At the point when fire in a specific zone gets identified by the robot then it naturally came to that zone with the assistance of wheels associated with the robot with the assistance of dc engine. Every one of the modules of the study venture, for example, RF transmitter and collector unit, temperature sensor with LCD interface and dc engine control unit are mounted on a solitary employ board. The schematic of PCB for each module is designed with the help of software. In this paper, all the stages to design a fire fighting robot are discussed. Keywords: firefighting, receiver, RF module, transmitter

INTRODUCTION

Radio frequency based robotic vehicle is designed using a robotic vehicle that is interfaced with radio frequency remote control [1]. RF transmitter is utilized by control board or controlling individual and RF collector is associated with the mechanical vehicle that will be controlled remotely. Radio frequency remote control works over a sufficient range (upto 200 meters) by encouraging with appropriate reception apparatus. Robotics has gained popularity due to the advancement of many technologies of computing and nanotechnology making human life easier and comfortable [2]. Here, the enthusiasm of this study is to make a completely computerized putting out fires robot which

can help in managing fire issues in families and little scale ventures. Numerous family unit things burst into flames when somebody is either resting or away and that prompt to numerous risky conditions if the fire is not put off. In this way, this study helps a PC specialist to plan and manufacture a system that can consequently identify and smother fire [3]. This study utilized an extremely essential idea, simple to comprehend from the imminent of beginners or for the experts of this field. RF based robot can also be used as fire fighter i.e. it sprinkles water on the fire. RF is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of 3Hz -300GHz. The RF

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Resonant Frequency Analysis of Coaxial Feed Square Microstrip

Patch Antenna Using Artificial Neural Network

Rohit Jha*, Ravindra Pratap Narwaria Department of Electronics Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India

ABSTRACT

In this paper an innovative technique is proposed for the estimation of the resonant frequency of coaxial feed square microstrip patch antenna. The Artificial Neural Network is used in forecasting the resonant frequency of Coaxial Feed square shaped microstrip patch antenna as a function of its sides. Three different types of Artificial Neural Networks have been used namely Multilayer Perceptron Feedforward Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network (MLPFFBP-ANN), Radial Basis Function (RBF) and Layer Recurrent Network in order to implement the neural network model. The result for training and validation data is obtained by designing the Square Shaped Patch Antennas on Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS) Software. The results obtained from the Artificial Neural Network Models are equated with the results obtained from the simulating software, and the results show satisfactory agreement, and also it is concluded that among all the three networks MLPFFBP-ANN gives least mean square error.

Keywords: artificial neural network, computer simulation technology studio software, layer recurrent network, multilayer perceptron feedforward back propagation, radial basis function

INTRODUCTION

Microstrip antennas, due to their many attractive features have drawn attention of research organisation and agencies for best solution for wireless medium. The existing era of wireless communication has led to the design of a productive, wide band, low cost, light weight and small scale antennas which can be promptly incorporated into a broad spectrum of systems. This needs very precise solution of various designs of microstrip patch antennas. Patch measurements of microstrip antenna is very important parameter in deciding the utility of a microstrip antennas [1, 2]. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are appropriate models for estimation of microwave circuits and statistical models. Neuro models are computationally much more efficient than Electromagnetic (EM) models, once they are trained with true learning data obtained from a fine model

by either Electromagnetic (EM) simulation or measurment, the neuro computational model can be used for effective and precise optimization and design with in the range of training. ANNs provide very fast and precise models for microwave modeling, simulation and optimization [3]. A number of papers [2–9] indicates that how ANN models can be efficiently used for the estimation of various parameters of microstrip antennas, filters, resonators and couplers, analysis and synthesis of various microwave circuits. Sufficient amount of work has been done using ANN in designing of rectangular and circular microstrip patch antennas[2, 4–6]. In this paper an attempt has been made to exploit the capability of ANNs to calculate



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Emerging Techniques, Approaches and Challenges in Device Free

Localization

R. Priyadarshini, A.M.S. Pradhan, R.M. Mehra* Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sharda University, Gr. Noida, UP, India

ABSTRACT

Tracking systems such as Global Positioning System, Radio Frequency based systems, Ultrasonic based systems and Infrared base systems were used traditionally as localization systems. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the adoption of emerging sensing technologies like Device-Free Localization that uses wireless sensor networks for localization systems. Unlike traditional tracking systems, where tracked entities have to carry tracking devices, Device-Free Localization system can track any entity without accompanying device for the localization process. A benefit of this system is that these are inexpensive to install as it does not require extensive wiring between nodes and the data acquisition system. This paper is intended to serve as a collective review on the emerging techniques of the device-free localization system. Keywords: device free localization, radio tomographic imaging, received signal strength, tracking systems, wireless sensors networks INTRODUCTION

Before advent of device-free localization (DFL), in localization process, the person being tracked had to be carrying a device that would participate in the localization process. Actually, the device is tracked which is assumed to be with the person to be tracked. In global positioning system (GPS), a device has to be present which would actively participate in the tracking process. Similarly, there are also other technologies such as infrared, ultrasonic and radio frequency (RF) require the tracked object to carry a device [1]. With the emergence of newer techniques of DFL that uses wireless sensor networks, a person can be tracked without carrying a device has now become possible[2, 3]. For tracking a person, received signal strength (RSS) is required to be measured between the nodes of the wireless sensor networks (WSN) and an imaging technology known as radio tomographic imaging (RTI) gives

the image of attenuation caused by the person present in WSN deployed area [4]. WSN have an advantage that they do not need a fixed infrastructure [5]. This review presents the contributions in the field of DFL by various researches. Various techniques in DFL using wireless sensor networks and the updated efforts that make the DFL system more accurate and robust have been given in detail. Results of Differential RSS measurement instead of normal RSS measurement to make the DFL system more robust have also been reviewed. A discussion on the Accurate and Efficient Multi-Entity Device-Free WLAN (ACE) for localization which promises in accurate tracking of less than 1.3 meter has also been included.



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