IJPR articles are Indexed in SCOPUSClick Here Impact Factor for Five Years is 0.13 (2013 - 2018). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH A Step Towards Excellence IJPR INCLUDED IN UGC-APPROVED LIST OF JOURNALS - REF. NO. IS SL. NO. 4812 & J. NO. 63703 Published by : Advanced Scientific Research ISSN 0975-2366 CURRENT ISSUE Volume 12,ISSUE 2, Apr - Jun, 2020 ARTICLE IN PRESS Prevalence and Risk Factors of Occupation Induced Asthma among Traffic Police in Bangalore City To Estimate the Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Adolescents in Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu A Study on Risk Factors of Anaemia among Pregnant Women An Approach of Nutritional Deficiency Disorder among Pregnant Women The Determinants of Self Care Practices By Using DSME to Facilitate the Patients In Kanchipuram District An evaluation of Epidemiological Factors Relating to Overweight, Obesity in Urban Chennai A study on the Pattern of Body Image Perception among Adolescents in Urban Chennai Impact of an External and Internal factors of overweight and obesity in urban A study on Anti-Rabies Vaccine among Dog Bite Victims in chennai region Hospital Based Cross Sectional Study: Distribution of Compliance for completion of ARV 4 dose among study participants 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... ADOBE READER (Require Adobe Acrobat Reader to open, If you don't have Adobe Acrobat Reader) Click here to Download IJPR 9[3] JULY - SEPTEMBER 2017 SPECIAL ISSUE July - September 9[3] 2017 Click to download GO Volume 11, Issue 4, Oct - Dec, 2019 REVIEW A narrative review of heavy metals in cosmetics; health risks SOMAYE SAFAVI, RAHELEH NAJARIAN, MORAD RASOULI-AZAD, SHAGHAYEGH MASOUMZADEH, AMIR GHADERI, RAZIE EGHTESADI RESEARCH Cytotoxicity Effecting of New Ligand (LCl) and it's Complexes on a breast cancer HUDA SAGBANLATEEF , AREEJ ALI JARULLAH, FADHILLAFTAFARAJ Study of Aminoacy lt RAN-SynthetaseComplex Interacting Multifunctional Protein 1 and Liver Enzymes in Iraqi Women with Breast Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy EIMAN A., BAYADER ABDUL HUSSEIN The Protective Activity of Broccoli Alcoholic Extract Against Augmentin effects In white Albino Male Rats NOOR AL-QARAGHULIA, SAHERMAHMOODJWADALJAMALIB, ESRAA MAHDI ZAHID Production of a therapeutically important Lasparginase enzyme under optimum conditions from Bacillus subtilusmutant isolate ASMAA HUSSEIN, MAYS T. ABDALLAH, HADEEL M. KHALAF Phenotypic and Genotypic Study of biofilm and some Antibiotic Resistance Gene in Staphylococcusaureus Isolated From Patients Suffering From Tonsillitis New method for the evaluation of propranolol with phosphotungstic acidvialong distance chasing photometer (NAG-ADF-300-2) using continuous flow injection analysis ELHAM MEZAAL, NAGAM S. TURKEY Interfacial and Thermodynamic Properties of Tween 80 Surfactant-Ibuprofen Drug System MARYAM A.AZEEZ, SAMEER H. KAREEM Synthesis and characterization of new 1,2,4-triazole, Oxazoline and Thiazoline derivatives from 2,5 dimarcaptothiadiazole MOHAMMAD R. AHMED Removal of Pharmaceutical Amoxicillin drug by using (CNT) decorated Clay/ Fe2O3 Micro/Nanocomposite as effective adsorbent: Process optimization for ultrasound-assisted adsorption ASEEL ALJEBOREE, ABASS NOOR ALSHIRIFI, AYAD F. ALKAIM Synthesis ,Characterization and Liquid Crystal Properties Study of NovelNematic Liquid Crystal Compound. MOHAMMED HASAN, SAWSANBUSHRA HASAN A one-pot Synthesisof 2,3-Dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)- onesvia Three-Component Cyclocondensation Reactionof Isatoic Anhydride, Amines,andAldehydesCatalyzed by NaHSO4 OBAID ABID, AHMED KHAMEES RAMADAN The Impact of methylenetetrahydrofolate reeducates gene polymorphisms on Iraqi patients with diabetic nephropathy SAFA. ALI, ZAYNAB.A.RAZZAQALSHARIFI, ALI.E.ELAWY Study Effect of Cigarette Smoking on the Liverenzymes SHEERIN ABBAS, ZAMEN AHMED HUSSEIN, SUMAIYAHAFET, WAFAA ALIMOTASHER Association of Ghrelin Levels with Insulin Resistance in Iraqi Patients with Myocardial Infarction HAMSAGHWAMER GHAZI, NAWALM.J.AL-SHAMMAA ONLINE SUBMISSION Click here for Online Submission USER LOGIN Author Reviewer Editor Subscriber Username Password Login | Register NEWS & EVENTS 0.12 2018 CiteScore 8th percentile Powered by Google Scholar Home Home About Us About Us Editorial Board Editorial Board Instruction to Authors Instruction to Authors Current Issue Current Issue Article In Press Article In Press Table Of Contents Table Of Contents View Issues http://www.ijpronline.com/ViewIssue.aspx?Volume=25&Issue=53 1 of 7 1/27/2020, 10:54 PM
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IJPR articles are Indexed in SCOPUSClick Here Impact Factor for Five Years is 0.13 (2013 - 2018).
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCHA Step Towards Excellence
IJPR INCLUDED IN UGC-APPROVED LIST OF JOURNALS - REF. NO. IS SL. NO. 4812 & J. NO. 63703
Published by : Advanced Scientific Research
I S S N
0975-2366
C U R R E N T I S S U E
Volume 12,ISSUE 2, Apr - Jun,
2020
A R T I C L E I N P R E S S
Prevalence and Risk Factors
of Occupation Induced
Asthma among Traffic Police
in Bangalore City
To Estimate the Prevalence of
Depression, Anxiety, and
Stress among Adolescents in
Kancheepuram District, Tamil
Nadu
A Study on Risk Factors of
Anaemia among Pregnant
Women
An Approach of Nutritional
Deficiency Disorder among
Pregnant Women
The Determinants of Self Care
Practices By Using DSME to
Facilitate the Patients In
Kanchipuram District
An evaluation of
Epidemiological Factors
Relating to Overweight,
Obesity in Urban Chennai
A study on the Pattern of Body
Image Perception among
Adolescents in Urban Chennai
Impact of an External and
Internal factors of overweight
and obesity in urban
A study on Anti-Rabies
Vaccine among Dog Bite
Victims in chennai region
Hospital Based Cross
Sectional Study: Distribution
of Compliance for completion
of ARV 4 dose among study
participants
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
A D O B E R E A D E R
(Require Adobe Acrobat Reader to
open, If you don't have Adobe Acrobat
Reader)
Click here to Download
I J P R 9 [ 3 ] J U LY -
S E P T E M B E R 2 0 1 7
S P E C I A L I S S U E
July - September 9[3] 2017
Click to download
GO
Volume 11, Issue 4, Oct - Dec, 2019
R E V I E W
A narrative review of heavy metals in cosmetics; health risks
The Impact of methylenetetrahydrofolate reeducates gene polymorphisms
on Iraqi patients with diabetic nephropathy
SAFA. ALI, ZAYNAB.A.RAZZAQALSHARIFI, ALI.E.ELAWY
Study Effect of Cigarette Smoking on the Liverenzymes
SHEERIN ABBAS, ZAMEN AHMED HUSSEIN, SUMAIYAHAFET, WAFAA
ALIMOTASHER
Association of Ghrelin Levels with Insulin Resistance in Iraqi Patients with
Myocardial Infarction
HAMSAGHWAMER GHAZI, NAWALM.J.AL-SHAMMAA
O N L I N E S U B M I S S I O N
Click here for Online Submission
U S E R L O G I N
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HomeHome About UsAbout Us Editorial BoardEditorial Board Instruction to AuthorsInstruction to Authors Current IssueCurrent Issue Article In PressArticle In Press Table Of ContentsTable Of Contents
717| International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research | Oct - Dec 2019 | Vol 11 | Issue 4 -Research Article Optimization of Stirring Speed on Physical Characteristics of Nanoemulsion on Mangosteen Rind (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Fraction NI PUTU AYU DEWI WIJAYANTI, PUTU SANNA YUSTIANTARA, IDA AYU SINTHA DEVI, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, University of Udayana, Bali, Indonesia. Email ID: [email protected]. Received: 18.08.19, Revised: 13.09.19, Accepted: 16.10.19 ABSTRACT Mangosteen rind fraction contains flavonoids and polyphenols. The direct use of mangosteen rind fraction in topical dosage formulations requires a delivery system that is good for supporting adsorption and percutaneous penetration. The delivery system that can be used is nanoemulsion with particle size <100 nm. This study aims to determine the stirring speed that meets the physical characteristics of nanoemulsion. The nanoemulsion of mangosteen rind fraction was made as much as 0.125%, using the Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) method with the formulation of Olive oil, PEG 400, and cremophore RH 40 which is 1:2:7. The stirring speed used in the optimization is 100 rpm, 300 rpm, and 500 rpm. The resulting nanoemulsion was then evaluated for physical stability, transmit percent, particle size, and zeta potential. The results of the analysis show that the stirring speed in the nanoemulsion system that meets the criteria is the speed of 300 rpm, and 500 rpm in 12 grams of nanoemulsion, with the results of successive physical characteristics ie no separation between the two phases, with the transmit percentagevalue 90.7±0.2 % and 91.7±0.4%, have particle sizes of 21.43 ±0.15 nm and 20.57 ± 0.26 nm, and potential zeta values of -4.02±0.30 mV and -5.55±0.97. The relationship between the stirring speed to the physical characteristics of nanoemulsion, where the increasing the stirring speed, the better the physical characteristics of nanoemulsion resulting from stability test, transmit percent, particle size, and zeta potential. Keywords: Fraction, Mangosteen, Nanoemulsion, SNEDDS, Stirring speed INTRODUCTIONMangosteen rind fraction contains polyphenols and flavonoids as many as 13% b / b (Kurniasari, 2018). According to Wijanti et al. (2018) research, mangosteen rind fraction has very strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 10.71 µg/mL. The usage of mangosteen rind fraction in topical dosage formulations requires a proper delivery system to support adsorption and percutaneous penetration. Nanoemulsion is a water-oil dispersion that is stabilized by surfactant molecules which has a droplet globule size less than 100 nm (Pratiwi et al., 2016). Nanoemulsion has the advantage to dissolve lipophilic drugs, thereby increasing bioavailability, not irritating, and increasing stability to prevent creaming, flocculation, coalescence, and sedimentation (Fanun, 2010). Nanoemulsion is applied in a drug delivery system called Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) (Sokolov, 2014). The drug target is affected by the molecular particle size of the drug, therefore it is important to know the nanoemulsion particle size (Pinto et al., 2006) besides particle size will affect the physical characteristics of physical stability, clarity, and zeta value of potential nanoemulsion. As one of the parameter stirring speed plays a role in reducing particle size and homogenizing liquids in the process to create nanoemulsion. As a result of Increasing the stirring speed leads to increase number of collisions between particles which causes more particles to split up to
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https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2019.11.04.053
Ni Putu Ayu Dewi Wijayanti et al / Optimization of Stirring Speed on Physical Characteristics of Nanoemulsion on Mangosteen Rind (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Fraction 718| International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research | Oct - Dec 2019 | Vol 11 | Issue 4 nanometer size (Gupta et al., 2010). Based on this, further research is required to determine effect on the stirring speed of the stirrer on the particle size of the nanoemulsion of the mangosteen rind fraction. Variations in the stirring speed of the stirrer used are 100, 300 and 500 rpm. Material � Mangosteen rind Fraction � Cremofor RH 40 (Asian Chemical) � PEG 400 (Asian Chemical) � Aqua Deion (Asian Chemical). Method The nanoemulsion was started by mixing the mangosteen rind fraction with a concentration of 0.125% b / b in olive oil and PEG 400 then stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 15 minutes. Chremofor RH 40 was added a surfactant and stirred again with a magnetic stirrer for 2 hours. The mixture is placed in a sonicator. The mixture is then added with 10 grams of deion water, then stirred to form nanoemulsion. Made of three nanoemulsion formulas, namely nanoemulsion which is stirred at speeds of 100, 300, and 500 rpm. EVALUATION OF NANOEMULSION Physical Stability The physical stability of nanoemulsion was carried out by centrifugating the nanoemulsion of mangosteen rind fraction at a speed of 1200 rpm for 15 minutes then to be observed. Stable nanoemulsion can be observed with color, visual clarity and no separation between the two oil phases and the water phase (Rachmawati et al., 2014). Transmittance Percentage Observation of the clarity of the formed nanoemulsion can be done by measuring UV-Vis spectrophotometer by using the percentage of transmittance parameter at a wavelength of 650 nm with aqua deion as blank. Good nanoemulsion will have clear visuals with a transmittance percentage value of 90-100% (Costa et al., 2012). Zeta Potential The potential zeta is determined by electrophoretic light scattering, using the Zeta Sizer Nano Series (Malvern Instruments). One gram of nanoemulsion mangosteen rind fraction was dispersed in 5 ml of aqua deion and measured. Potential zeta values obtained as nanoemulsions are -30 mV to +30 mV (Kale and Deore, 2017). Particle Size of Nanoemulsion The nanoemulsion droplet size and polydispersity index were determined using the laser light scattering method using Zeta Sizer Nano Series (Malvern Instruments). The polydispersity index is a particle size distribution used to estimate the particle size distribution range in a sample. Good particle size distribution ranges from 0.01-0.7 (Wahyuningsih and Putranti., 2015). One gram of nanoemulsion mangosteen rind fraction was dispersed in 5 ml of aqua deion and measured. Droplet size testing was performed to see whether the nanoemulsion preparations produced had droplet sizes that met the nanoemulsion droplet size criteria of <100 nm (Pratiwi et al., 2016). RESULT AND DISCUSSIONTable 1: Effect of Speed Stirrer on Physical Characteristics of Nanoemulsion Speed stirer Physical Stability % Transmittance Particle Size (nm) Zeta Potential (mV) 100 rpm Separate 89.933 ± 0.322 24.303 ± 0.050 -3.803 ± 0.353 300 rpm Not separate 90.700 ± 0.200 21.427 ± 0.152 -4.020 ± 0.308 500 rpm Not separate 91.700 ± 0.400 20.567 ± 0.259 -5.553 ± 0.966 Physical Stability The centrifugation test aims to observe the possibility of instability caused by gravity. The working principle of ultracentrifugation is the separation of particles based on molecular specific gravity by providing centrifugal force so that heavier particles will be at the bottom while lighter particles will be above (Zulfikar, 2008). Based on the results of the stability test by showing that there is no phase separation between the oil phase and the water phase in the
Ni Putu Ayu Dewi Wijayanti et al / Optimization of Stirring Speed on Physical Characteristics of Nanoemulsion on Mangosteen Rind (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Fraction 719| International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research | Oct - Dec 2019 | Vol 11 | Issue 4 formula with a stirring speed of 300 rpm and 500 rpm, the formula with a stirring speed of 100 rpm can be indicated that there is a separation between the oil phase and the water phase. This shows that nanoemulsions with stirring speeds of 300 rpm and 500 rpm are more stable with no separation between the two oil and water phases. Transmittance Percentage Fig.1: Effect of stirring speed on the transmittance percentage of mangosteen fraction of nanoemulsion The percentage of transmittance measurement was carried out to measure the clarity of the nanoemulsion produced, if the yield of percentage transmittance was close to 100%, then the sample had clarity or transparency similar to water (Thakkar et al., 2011). Based on data from the percentage of transmittance test, shown that nanoemulsion F2 and F3 meet the range of transmittance values according to good nanoemulsion standards of 90-100%. Where F2 has a transmittance value of 90.700 ± 0.200 and F3 has a transmittance of 91.700 ± 0.400. But for F1 with a stirring speed of 100 rpm, it does not meet the range of the transmittance percentage value as nanoemulsion with the % transmittance value of 89.933 ± 0.322. Rendered by the particle size produced was greater so that the physical appearance of the nanoemulsion produced was not clear so that the resulting transmittance percentage value is low. Zeta Potential Fig.2: Effect of stirring speed on the zeta potential of mangosteen fraction of nanoemulsion The potential zeta test results showed that the three nanoemulsion formulas with variations in stirring speed of 100 rpm, 300 rpm, and 500 rpm respectively had a potential zeta value of -3.803 ± 0.353; -4.020 ± 0.308; -5.533 ± 0.966. From these data, the best nanoemulsion formula, F3 with a stirring speed of 500 rpm, yielding a potential zeta value of potential zeta -5.533 ± 0.966 and F2 with a stirring speed of 300 rpm obtained a potential zeta value of -4.020 ± 0.308, nearing -30 mV, causing a force reject between high particles so as to prevent instability in the nanoemulsion system compared to F1 with a stirring speed of 100 rpm resulting in a potential zeta tilapia which is quite low at -3.803 ± 0.353. Particle Size of Nanoemulsion Based on the results of particle size testing, it has been shown that the three nanoemulsion formulas with variations in stirring velocity namely F1, F2 and F3 had particle sizes of 24.303 ± 0.050; 21.427 ± 0.152; and 20.567 ± 0.259. This is in accordance with the research of Seberi et al (2013), stating that in the manufacture of nanoemulsion systems, the increasing the stirring speed of the stirrer, the smaller the particle size produced. Nanoemulsion has particle size diameters that spread domains ranging from 1-100 nm, usually 10-50 nm (Kale and Deore, 2017), so that nanoemulsions with variations in stirring speed 100 rpm, 300 rpm and 500 rpm have met nanoemulsion particle size criteria, namely <100 nm. The results of this study note that nanoemulsions with variations in stirring speeds of 100, 300 and 500 rpm have
Ni Putu Ayu Dewi Wijayanti et al / Optimization of Stirring Speed on Physical Characteristics of Nanoemulsion on Mangosteen Rind (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Fraction 720| International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research | Oct - Dec 2019 | Vol 11 | Issue 4 consecutive polydispersion index values of 0.420; 0.310; 0.300. This shows that the nanoemulsion produced has a fairly good homogeneity and level of particle size distribution. Fig.3: Effect of stirring speed on the droplets of the size of mangosteen fraction of nanoemulsion CONCLUSION Based on the results of the data it can be concluded that different variations in stirring speed produce different sizes of nanoemulsion particles. The nanoemulsion system that meets the criteria is the stirring speed of 300 rpm and 500 rpm. The particle size of nanoemulsion affects physical stability, percentagetransmittance, zeta potential, and particle size. REFERENCES 1. Costa, J.A., Lucas, E.F., Queirós, Y.G. and Mansur, C.R., 2012. Evaluation of nanoemulsions in the cleaning of polymeric resins. Colloids and
Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 415, pp.112-118. 2. Gupta, P.K., Pandit, J.K., Kumar, A., Swaroop, P. and Gupta, S., 2010. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology novel nanoemulsion-high energy emulsification preparation, evaluation and application. The Pharma Research, 3(3), pp.117-138. 3. Kale, S.N. and Deore, S.L., 2017. Emulsion micro emulsion and nano emulsion: a review. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 8(1), p.39. 4. Kurniasari, N.L.Y. (2018). Optimasi Jumlah Penjerapan Fraksi Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia
mangostana L.) Dalam Sistem Nanoemulsi dengan Metode SNEDDS (Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System). OJS, 2(1), 1-6. 5. Pratiwi, L., Fudholi, A., Martien, R. and Pramono, S., 2016. Design and optimization of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of ethyl acetate fraction from mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana, L.). Int J PharmTech Res, 9(6), pp.380-387. 6. Reis, C.P., Neufeld, R.J., Ribeiro, A.J. and Veiga, F., 2006. Nanoencapsulation I. Methods for preparation of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 2(1), pp.8-21. 7. Adil f. Wali, ahlam mushtaq, muneeb u rehman, seema akbar, mubashir hussain masoodi (2017) bee propolis (bee’s glue): a phytochemistry review. Journal of Critical Reviews, 4 (4), 9-13. doi:10.22159/jcr.2017v4i4.20135 8. Saberi, A.H., Fang, Y. and McClements, D.J., 2014. Effect of salts on formation and stability of vitamin E-enriched mini-emulsions produced by spontaneous emulsification. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 62(46), pp.11246-11253. 9. PV Kamala Kumari, S Akhila, Y Srinivasa Rao and B. Rama Devi. "Alternative to Artificial Preservatives." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 10.1 (2019), 99-102. Print. doi:10.5530/srp.2019.1.17 10. Thakkar, H., Nangesh, J., Parmar, M. and Patel, D., 2011. Formulation and characterization of lipid-based drug delivery system of raloxifene-microemulsion and self-microemulsifying drug delivery system. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 3(3), p.442. 11. Wijayanti, N.P.A.D, A.A.G.R.Y. Putra, I.A.P Suryantari. (2018). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak dan Fraksi Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) Menggunakan Metode DPPH. Jurnal Kimia, 12(1), 74-78. 12. Wahyuningsih, I. and Putranti, W., 2015. Optimasi Perbandingan Tween 80 dan Polietilenglikol 400 Pada Formula Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Minyak Biji Jinten Hitam. Pharmacy: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 12(02). 13. Novia, D., Amelia, S. and Ayuza, N.Z., 2011. Kajian suhu pengovenan terhadap kadar protein dan nilai organoleptik telur asin. Jurnal Peternakan, 8(2).
Optimization of Stirring Speed onPhysical Characteristics of
Nanoemulsion on MangosteenRind (Garcinia Mangostana L.)
Optimization of Stirring Speed on Physical Characteristics ofNanoemulsion on Mangosteen Rind (Garcinia Mangostana L.)FractionORIGINALITY REPORT
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