International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes vol 2 issue 1

International Journal of

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Dr Shashi Bhushan Food and Nutraceutical Lab, Division of

Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Himachal Pradesh,

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Dr. P Mary AnupamaDepartment of Biotechnology, ANITS,

Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.), India

Dr. Biswajit Majumdar Calcutta University Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research [IPGMER]

/University College of Medicine [UCM], Kolkata, India

Dr. Indraneel GhoshManager Systems Biology Department Sun Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre

Limited, Vadodara (Gujarat), India

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University), Aurangabad (Maharashtra), India

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Research Institute Karnal (Haryana), India

Dr. Rajat BanerjeeDepartment of Biotechnology, University of

Calcutta, India

Dr. Devarakonda Srinivasa RaoDepartment of Biotechnology Acharya

Nagarjuna University, Guntur (DT), India

Dr. Venu Perla West Virginia State University Research &

Development Corporation, Washington, USA

Dr. Avinash Tiwari School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University,

Gwalior, India

Dr. Sanjay Mahendrakumar Dave Department of Biotechnology,

Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Gujarat, India

Dr. Sukhjeet KaurDepartment of Biotechnology, SUS College of Engineering and Technology, Tangori-Mohali,

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Dr. Anjali PriyadarshiniDepartment of Biotechnology,

PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Soma RoyDepartment of Biotechnology,

CBIT, Hyderabad, India

Dr. K.S. KarthikeyanEndocrinology and Metabolism Division,

National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India.

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Aseel Mahmood AljamaliSurgery Department, College of Medicine,

Kufa University, Iraq

Dr. M. Anusuyadevi JayachandranMolecular Gerontology Laboratory,

Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Guru PrasadBasavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital

and Research Institute, Hyderabad, India

Vishwanath B ChachadiDepartment of Biochemsitry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India

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Dr. P. Udaya SriDepartment of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh,

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Dr. Kakali PurkayasthaScientist, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly

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Prokaryotic cell, Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell, Cell communication, Cellular senescence?, Cell growth,

differentiation, migration, Signal transduction, Protein secretion and transport, Gene expression and

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It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Cell Biology and Cellular

Processes readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Cell Biology and Cellular

Processes.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Relationship Between Evolution and Mass Extinction Saurav Majumdar 1

2. Coelomic Fluid (Vermiwash) of Earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae as Hormone Substitute in Callus Induction of Adhatoda vasica Nees D. Srinivasa Rao, K.R.S. Sambasiva Rao 4

3. Lysine Overproduction by S. cerevisiae – A Myth BusterK.S. Karthikeyan, K. Sivarama Sastry, M. Rajender, M. Shilpa 9

4. Cellular Senescence and Its Role in CancerShashasvi Gupta 12

5. Neural Development: ReviewTarun Sareen 15

Contents

IJCBCP (2016) 1–3 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Relationship Between Evolution and Mass Extinction

Saurav Majumdar* Sobhasariya Group of Institutions, Rajasthan Technical University, Sikar, Rajasthan, India

Abstract

Evolution is the process of inhibiting changes in the inherited characteristic traits of living

beings. It gives rise to diversity and causes variation in living organisms. Mass extinction is

also a gradual event that has a sudden burst out result. It can also be explained as an event

which gets triggered when a long-term pressure bursts due to a sudden dramatic pulse. It has

a catastrophic effect on the total biotic world and results in dying of more than 50% percent

of the world’s total living population of animals and trees.

Keywords: evolution, mass extinction, super dominance and super evolution

INTRODUCTION

In this paper I will introduce a

characteristic relation, the two different

biological events share, with respect to

their virtual and past effects. Evolution

backs variations which lead to such

diverse world in which we live. It is just

not evolution which makes the world far

different from the pre-historic one. These

great devastating mass extinctions have

great devastating effects on earth but is it

really as much devastating as it looks from

its killing figures. I do not think so, let us

see how?

Every bits and pieces of this world which

is made up of organic tissue possess a

supernatural potential of changing

themselves gradually according to their

need and it occurs over a long period of

time, that’s all what we know about

evolution but what is the cause behind it,

does it only depend on the animals

need?[1–3]

This makes a big question. Do we possess

such power that we could develop in such

a manner that it could make such a big

difference in our anatomical and

homological stats. From the birth of life on

earth it has travelled a fascinating journey

of 4.5 billion years. From the first single

cell body to a super body like human it has

faced many difficulties, such as five mega

extinction, and anyhow managed to retain

its existence by evolution. Till today it

looks like it is true and evolution favors

life as a friend, whereas mass extinction

plays a role of foe in nature’s community.

Like many times when reality differs from

the actual in these major events of life too

this seems to be right. To know how these

are related and what are their respective

effects on our life.

Life started its journey on earth with very

first single celled body somewhere around

or inside water body. This single celled

organism was the primitive one which

resulted in such complex organisms,

known as Homo sapiens. Throughout the

journey from primitive to supermative, has

seen five mass extinction events, which

almost consumed life but somehow, we

managed to survive and not only survive

IJCBCP (2016) 4-8 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 4


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Coelomic Fluid (Vermiwash) of Earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae as

Hormone Substitute in Callus Induction of Adhatoda vasica Nees

D. Srinivasa Rao*, K.R.S. Sambasiva Rao

Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract

Adhatoda vasica belongs to the Acanthaceae family. Extracts of its leaves are extensively

used in treating various respiratory ailments like cough, asthma, bronchitis and allergy. The

pharmaceutical value of Adhatoda vasica is associated with levels of two important alkaloids,

namely vasicine and vasicinone. The amounts of these alkaloids in the plant are too low to

exploit commercially. Hence, a plant technological approach has been tried to enhance the

vasicine and vasicinone content. The callus was induced by leaves in MS medium

supplemented with the coelomic fluid of Eudrilus eugeniae and in commercially available

growth hormones IAA and 2,4-D for comparison. The results indicated that the growth and

alkaloid content in the callus culture of A. vasica was higher in medium having coelomic

fluid (2.0 ml l-1

) of E. eugeniae than media having IAA and 2,4-D.

Keywords: Adhatoda vasica, coelomic fluid, Eudrilus eugeniae, growth hormones

Abbreviations: 2,4-D,2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid; MS,

Murashige and Skoog

INTRODUCTION Adhatoda vasica, a plant native to India, is

popularly known by its name vasaka. It

has been recommended for the treatment

of various respiratory diseases.[1]

In the

indigenous system of medicine, A. vasica

is included as an expectorant in many

proprietary of cough remedies

manufactured in the country.[2]

The main

advantage of these herbal preparations is

that they are virtually free from side

effects unlike allopathic medicine.[3]

The

pharmacological activities of the two main

alkaloids, namely vasicine and vasicinone,

in A. vasica are claimed to have

therapeutic value. Vasicine has been

reported to produce bronchodilatation,

relaxation of tracheal muscles and

protection against histamine-induced

bronchospasm.[4]

Herbal medicines are

used both in developed and developing

countries for the last few years for primary

health care because of better cultural

acceptability, better compatibility and

lesser side effect, than the synthetic

drugs.[5]

Alkaloids are classified as

secondary metabolites of plants and serve

basically to compact infections.[6]

In terms

of cellular economic secondary

metabolites are generally metabolically

expensive to produce and accumulate, and

therefore they present in plants in much

smaller quantities than the primary

metabolites.[7]

Plants are of medicinal

value for the secondary metabolites

accumulated in different tissues. They

contribute to specific physiological

functions in human body. The more

important of these substances are

alkaloids. Alkaloid production as has been



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Lysine Overproduction by S. cerevisiae – A Myth Buster

K.S. Karthikeyan,* K. Sivarama Sastry, M. Rajender, M. Shilpa

Department of Microbiology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

Abstract Contrary to popular belief that yeast can be used for the industrial production of basic amino

acid lysine. This work has totally disproved and has shown that only Corynebacterium

glutamium – which is the standard organism used for many years – is the best organism.

Keywords: C. glutamicum, Gln40

and Gln50

, S. cerevisiae

INTRODUCTION Lysine is one of the essential amino acids

which need to be used in our daily diet.

The sole industrial production organism to

do this is Corynebacterium

glutamicum.[1,2]

However, due to the fact

that Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be

grown easily in the laboratory using

minimal conditions and is used as

chromium supplement, and due to the

unusual mode of lysine production in yeast

it was thought worthwhile to investigate if

it could be possible to use S. cerevisiae

strain NCIM3555 for lysine

overproduction. Several approaches were

tried and proved to be unsuccessful, and it

has been proved beyond doubt that S.

cerevisiae is unfit for this purpose.

MATERIALS AND METHODS All chemicals used were that of Merck

(AR) grade. Two strains were obtained

from NCIM Pune (NCIM 3555 &3558)

and used.[3]

The usual media used was that

of YEPD (Yeast Extract = 1%, Peptone =

2% Dextrose = 2%) for routine

subculturing weekly and for all

experimental purposes Watson’s Minimal

media[4]

was used. N-source being 1 mM

ammonium sulfate and C-source being 1%

glucose.

The strain of S. cervisiae NCIM 3558 was

used by growing on successive high

concentrations of L-glutamine (since it is

the precursor for L-lysine synthesis, details

not mentioned herein) and the maximum

concentrations that were suitable were 50

and 40 mM for the strain.

Now the strains were routinely subcultured

on such slants (these were –N and –C

wherein the N and C source was L-

glutamine only).

Now these cultures were transferred to

liquid media 10 mL in 50 mL conical

flasks growth monitored for 24 hours and

such cultures were centrifuged at 6000

rpm for 30 min at 30°C and lysine

estimated by Vogel and Shimura method[5]

in the supernatant for the extracellular

lysine content, if any.

The “cell crop” was tolueneized and with 5

mL of toluene for three successive times

and the toluenized supernatant was washed

with double distilled water twice

successively and lysine content analyzed.



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Cellular Senescence and Its Role in Cancer

Shashasvi Gupta*

Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India

Abstract

Cells persistently encounter pressure and distress from exogenous and endogenous sources,

and their reactions range from complete recuperation and healing to cell death. Cells that

are in the proliferating stage after reaching a certain stage in the cell cycle can receive

certain signals that can make them achieve a state of permanent cell cycle arrest, also termed

as cell senescence. Understanding the causes and outcomes of cell senescence has given

novel bits of knowledge into how cells respond to stress, particularly genotoxic stress, and

how this cell reaction can influence complex organismal procedures, for example, the

occurrence of cancer and ageing.

Keywords: cell death, ageing, cancer, senescence

A BRIEF REPORT

Senescence is not a general phenomenon.

It was once believed that senescence did

not happen in single-celled living beings

that duplicate through the procedure of cell

mitosis Recent examination has uncovered

a more complicated scenario.[1–3]

Single

cells do experience age-related

impairment. On mitosis the debris and

waste material is not equitably separated

between the new cells. Rather it goes to

one of the cells leaving the other cell

perfect. With progressive eras the cell

populace turns into a mosaic of cells with

half ageless and the rest with fluctuating

degrees of senescence.[4–7]

Besides, cell senescence is not seen in a

few organisms, including perennial plants,

sponges, corals, and lobsters. In those

species where cell senescence is seen, cells

in the long run get to be post-mitotic when

they can no more duplicate themselves

through the procedure of cell mitosis; i.e.,

cells experience replicative senescence.[7–

10] How and why a few cells get to be post-

mitotic in a few animal categories has been

the subject of much research and theory,

yet it is at times proposed that cell

senescence has advanced as an approach to

keep the onset and spread of malignancy.

Substantial cells that have separated

ordinarily will have accumulated DNA

changes and would in the long run pose as

a risk factor for development of cancer.[3–7]

Accordingly, it is getting to be evident that

senescent cells experience transformation

to an immunogenic phenotype that

empowers them to be cleared out by the

immune system.

Of late, the part of telomeres in cell

senescence has stirred general interest,

particularly with a perspective to the

conceivable hereditarily unfriendly

impacts of cloning. The progressive

shortening of the chromosomal telomeres

with every cell cycle is likewise accepted

to constrain the quantity of divisions of the

cell, in this way adding to maturing.[11,12]

There have, then again, likewise been

reports that cloning could change the

IJCBCP (2016) 15-16© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 15


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Neural Development: Review

Tarun Sareen* Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, U.P., India

Abstract

Nerve cells, or neurons, are one of the most specialized cell types. A neuron has a

phenomenal structure, with a long axon and diverging dendrites linking it through synaptic

joints to different cells. A major task of neural development is to describe how the axons and

dendrites develop, and create a fully functional system with the help of synapse.

Keywords: axon, dendrite, neurons, neural development, synapse

INTRODUCTION

Neural development signifies the

procedure that creates, shape, and reshapes

the nervous system, from the initial phases

of embryogenesis to the last years of life.

The investigation of neural advancement

expects to define the procedure of brain

development and to address different

mechanisms. The study of neural

development is further assisted by the core

areas of neuroscience and developmental

biology that helps in further understanding

of the complex cellular and molecular

mechanisms that aid in the development of

the nervous system as a whole. Faults in

neural development can further lead to

cognitive and motor damage, along with

neurological disorders, for example, Rett

disorder, and intellectual disability.[1–3]

A few points of interest of neural

development incorporate the birth and

differentiation of neurons from

undifferentiated stem cells, the passage of

immature neurons from their place of

origin in the developing fetus to their late

stages, outgrowth of axons and dendrites

from neurons, direction of the motile

development cone through the incipient

organism towards postsynaptic

accomplices, the era of neurotransmitters

between these axons and their postsynaptic

accomplices, lastly the long lasting

changes in neural connections, which are

thought to underlie learning and

memory.[1,3,4]

Regularly, these neurodevelopmental

procedures can be extensively isolated into

two classes: activity-independent

mechanisms and activity-dependent

mechanisms.[2,5]

Action independent mechanisms are for

the most part accepted to happen as

hardwired procedures controlled by

hereditary programs played out inside

individual neurons. These incorporate

differentiation, migration and axon

direction to their underlying target regions.

These procedures are considered as being

autonomous of neural action and tactile

experience. When axons achieve their

targeted areas, activity-independent

mechanisms become possibly the most

important factor. Despite the fact that

synapse formation is an action independent

mechanism, alteration of synapses and

synapse disposal requires neural

movement.[6,7]

International Journal of

Cell Biology and

Cellular ProcessesJan – June 2016IJCBCP

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

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