International Congress on Ports in Proximity: Competition, Cooperation and Integration Antwerp / Rotterdam, December 5 – 7 2007 Port Hinterland Divergence along the North American Eastern Seaboard Jean-Paul RODRIGUE Department of Economics & Geography Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA Changqian GUAN Intermodal Transportation & Logistics Program, Department of Marine Transportation, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, New York, USA
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International Congress on Ports in Proximity: Competition, Cooperation and Integration Antwerp / Rotterdam, December 5 – 7 2007 Port Hinterland Divergence.
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International Congress on Ports in Proximity:Competition, Cooperation and IntegrationAntwerp / Rotterdam, December 5 – 7 2007
Port Hinterland Divergence along the North American Eastern SeaboardJean-Paul RODRIGUEDepartment of Economics & GeographyHofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA
Changqian GUANIntermodal Transportation & Logistics Program, Department of Marine Transportation, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, New York, USA
Ports in Proximity along the Eastern Ports in Proximity along the Eastern SeaboardSeaboard
A. Globalization, Trade and Port Divergence in North America
B. Cargo Volume Growth and Shipping Services
C. Port Regionalization and Potential Port Hinterland Divergence
D. Conclusion: From Divergence to Convergence?
A. Globalization, Trade and Port Divergence A. Globalization, Trade and Port Divergence in North Americain North America
1. Factors of Port Divergence• What are the main processes behind divergence?
2. Containerized Traffic Trends• How containerization has evolved along the East Coast in
recent years?
3. Traffic Concentration• What is the extent of the divergence taking place?
1. Factors of Port Divergence1. Factors of Port Divergence
SiteSite Conventional factor (modal access and accessibility). Reinforced by new generations of containerships.
Ocean CarriersOcean Carriers Choice of port calls and frequency of service. Choice of network structure.
Port OperatorsPort Operators Choice of asset allocation. Differences in terminal productivity.
PolicyPolicy Port governance and public funding. Landlord ports and privately developed ports. Shape of private / public partnerships.
HinterlandHinterland Access to long distance transport corridors. Access to the regional customer base.
Supply Chain Supply Chain ManagementManagement
Production and distribution requirements (scheduling, frequency).
2. A Schematic Representation of the Eastern Seaboard
St. Lawrence“The Funnel”Direct to the
bottleneck: Montreal
Upper Range“The Empty Sink”
Weak handles: Halifax and Boston
Mid Range“The Full Sink”
Strong handles: New York and Hampton
Roads
Lower Range“The Filling Sink”
Strong center:Charleston / Savannah
Upper RangeUpper RangeMid RangeMid Range
Lower RangeLower Range
St. LawrenceSt. Lawrence
2. Container Traffic at Eastern Seaboard 2. Container Traffic at Eastern Seaboard Ports, 2006Ports, 2006
3. Concentration of Containerized Traffic, 3. Concentration of Containerized Traffic, 1985-20061985-2006
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
20062000199519901985
Other
Top 5
Diffusion of ContainerizationDiffusion of Containerization
Hinterland EffectHinterland Effect
3. Concentration of Containerized Traffic, 3. Concentration of Containerized Traffic, 1985-2006 (Lorenz Curve)1985-2006 (Lorenz Curve)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1Cumulative Ports
Cum
ulat
ive
TEU
s
2006
2000
1995
1990
1985ConvergenceConvergence
DivergenceDivergence
B. Cargo Volume Growth and Shipping B. Cargo Volume Growth and Shipping ServicesServices
1. Traffic trend among major East Coast Ports• From convergence to divergence?
2. The resurgence of All Water Services• What are the underlying factors?
3. Service routes and transit times• How Landbridge and All Water Services compare?
1. Change in Container Traffic at Eastern Seaboard Ports
0.77 M TEU0.77 M TEU8.36 M TEU8.36 M TEU
1.31 M TEU1.31 M TEU
+0.04 M TEU+0.04 M TEU
+0.28 M TEU+0.28 M TEU
+3.02 M TEU+3.02 M TEU +2.01 M TEU+2.01 M TEU
7.19 M TEU7.19 M TEU
1. Strong Divergence: Montreal and Halifax1. Strong Divergence: Montreal and Halifax
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000Halifax
Montreal
1. Strong Divergence: Montreal and Halifax1. Strong Divergence: Montreal and Halifax
-25%
-15%
-5%
5%
15%
25%
35%
45%
Halifax
Montreal
ConvergenceConvergence DivergenceDivergence
Zero-sum game?Zero-sum game?
1. From Convergence to Divergence: the 1. From Convergence to Divergence: the American East CoastAmerican East Coast
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
Charleston
Norfolk
New York
Savannah
1. From Convergence to Divergence: the 1. From Convergence to Divergence: the American East Coast (Annual Growth Rates)American East Coast (Annual Growth Rates)